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奶牛用頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)的安全性評價

2019-01-28 09:32華偉毅劉義明徐飛路永強孔梅王海挺黃慧麗王宏磊吳連勇李秀波
中國農業(yè)科學 2019年2期
關鍵詞:產奶量體細胞頭孢

華偉毅,劉義明,徐飛,路永強,孔梅,王海挺,黃慧麗,王宏磊,吳連勇,李秀波

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奶牛用頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)的安全性評價

華偉毅1,劉義明1,徐飛1,路永強2,孔梅3,王海挺3,黃慧麗1,王宏磊1,吳連勇3,李秀波1

(1中國農業(yè)科學院飼料研究所,國家飼料藥物基準實驗室/農業(yè)部飼料生物技術重點實驗室,北京 100081;2北京市畜牧獸醫(yī)總站,北京 100012;3齊魯動物保健有限公司,濟南 250100)

【目的】確定自主研發(fā)新獸藥——頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)對靶動物的安全性。【方法】選擇經產和初產健康泌乳期奶牛各6頭,入選前30日內未接受過全身性或乳房內抗生素給藥,產奶量在15-35 kg。給藥前1日、給藥當日(0日),記錄各試驗奶牛的日產奶量、直腸溫度,并采集奶樣進行體細胞檢測。采樣時先用清水沖洗乳房,用75%乙醇對乳頭及周圍進行消毒,待酒精揮發(fā)后,手工擠奶,棄去前三把奶后,采集奶樣于滅菌試管中,貼好標簽,低溫(4℃)保存并于6 h內送實驗室檢測。給藥當天,待奶牛擠完奶后,先用消毒毛巾清潔各乳區(qū),再用消毒藥液浸泡乳頭約30 s,然后進行乳頭內灌注給藥。灌注時輕輕推壓活塞,將藥物緩緩注入乳池內,使藥物均勻分布。按照推薦劑量,每頭奶牛的4個乳區(qū)分別單次注入頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)一支(含頭孢洛寧250 mg)。給藥后1日、3日、5日、7日和10日對4個乳區(qū)各采集奶樣。記錄奶牛標識、觀察時間、試驗日期和時間、每頭奶牛日產奶量及體溫等參數(shù)。檢測乳樣中體細胞數(shù)(SCC),對給藥當日(0日)和給藥后第10日各采集的乳樣進行細菌學檢查。將各奶樣接種至選擇性培養(yǎng)基分離各種病原菌。分離菌株經純化培養(yǎng)后,依據菌落形態(tài)、染色特征、生化特點鑒定其種類。主要分離金黃色葡萄球菌、鏈球菌(無乳鏈球菌、乳房鏈球菌)、大腸桿菌?!窘Y果】在整個試驗期間,給藥乳區(qū)未出現(xiàn)乳房紅、腫、熱、痛等臨床癥狀。給藥前1日、0日和給藥后的1、3、5、7和10日,體細胞數(shù)大多在25-40萬個/mL,平均體細胞數(shù)分別為33.26、32.74、32.70、31.63、31.24、30.62、30.04 萬個/mL,給藥后各時間點奶樣體細胞數(shù)與給藥前體細胞檢測結果相比,體細胞數(shù)有所降低,但經重復測量方差分析顯示無顯著性差異(>0.05);日產奶量在23-33 kg,平均日產奶量分別為27.30、27.35、27.25、27.40、27.64、27.83、28.00 kg,經重復測量方差分析顯示無顯著性差異(>0.05);所有試驗奶牛在給藥前和給藥后不同時間點的直腸溫度均在奶牛的正常溫度范圍內(38.4-39.2℃),直腸平均溫度分別為38.79、38.82、38.83、38.77、38.71、38.71、38.69℃,經重復測量方差分析顯示無顯著性差異(>0.05);故按推薦劑量單次給藥對奶牛的體細胞數(shù)、日產奶量、體溫無顯著影響。病原菌鑒定結果表明:在給藥當日(0日)采集的乳樣中,分離到鏈球菌、葡萄球菌和大腸桿菌分別為2、3和4株;給藥后第10日,僅檢測到葡萄球菌和鏈球菌各1株,給藥前后目標菌數(shù)量有顯著降低?!窘Y論】頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)對奶牛體溫、產奶量和奶中體細胞數(shù)等無不良影響,該制劑用于奶牛安全。

頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑;干乳期;安全性;產奶量;體細胞數(shù)

0 引言

【研究意義】奶牛乳房炎是細菌進入并感染牛乳腺組織時所引起的乳腺炎癥[1]。其特征是乳的物理、化學和通常的細菌變化以及乳腺組織的病理變化,通常由宿主、病原體、環(huán)境和管理相關的各種因素的相互作用引起,細菌病原體對乳腺構成主要威脅[2]。奶牛乳房炎造成牛奶產量及質量下降、奶牛淘汰、保費損失、動物福利和其他與健康有關的問題等[3],不僅給奶牛帶來痛苦,也導致全球乳業(yè)的經濟損失[4]。引起奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌有:葡萄球菌、鏈球菌和腸桿菌,尤其是金黃色葡萄球菌[5]。目前治療乳房炎主要的策略仍是使用抗生素,而抗生素的過量使用、濫用會導致食物鏈中耐藥性和耐藥菌侵襲的嚴重問題[6],因此合理的使用抗生素顯得尤為重要。干乳期是奶牛新感染乳房炎的高危時期,同時也是治療乳房炎感染的理想時期[7],在這一時期用藥有治療隱性感染、預防新感染的作用[8]。選擇干乳期治療具有以下重要的優(yōu)勢:(1)可以使用較高劑量的抗微生物藥物對抗早期病原體的入侵;(2)在沒有定期擠奶的情況下,乳房中的抗微生物藥物濃度可保持較長時間,并且適當使用會降低乳中藥物殘留的風險;(3)節(jié)省丟棄抗生素污染牛奶的成本[9-10];(4)產犢后體細胞數(shù)減少,牛奶產量提高10%左右[11]。β-內酰胺治療乳腺炎的使用頻率最高,經常采用直接將高濃度的藥物乳房內灌注的方法來治療乳腺炎[12]?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】頭孢洛寧(cefalonium)是屬于第2代頭孢類抗生素,首先由美國先靈葆雅(Schering-Plough)制藥公司開發(fā),針對奶牛干奶期乳房炎預防性用藥的產品,商品名為Cepravin?。頭孢洛寧具有對酸和β-內酰胺酶穩(wěn)定,殺菌力強、抗菌譜廣、過敏反應少、毒性低[13]等優(yōu)點,對由金黃色葡萄球菌、鏈球菌等引起的奶牛乳房炎有很好的殺菌作用[14-15]。MORONI等[16]從奶山羊乳中分離到70株葡萄球菌,評價其易感性,最小抑菌濃度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)測量顯示,所有β-內酰胺(頭孢哌酮除外)對表皮葡萄球菌和葡萄球菌均有效,而其他抗生素效果交叉或是沒有效果,其中頭孢洛寧對表皮葡萄球菌敏感(MIC90=0.24 mg·ml-1),而頭孢哌酮不敏感;從乳腺感染的山羊乳中分離到表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis, SEPI)、葡萄球菌(Staphylococus capre, SCAP),頭孢洛寧對SCAP、SEPI的MIC90分別為0.97和0.12 μg·ml-1[17];從亞臨床乳房炎奶牛中分離的68株金黃色葡萄球菌,測試其對藥物的抗菌敏感性,結果顯示,與頭孢哌酮相比,頭孢洛寧對金黃色葡萄菌更敏感,其MIC50和MIC90分別為0.12和2 μg·ml-1[18]。李維靜[19]等采用微量稀釋法研究頭孢洛寧、頭孢匹林、阿莫西林和氯唑西林對乳房炎病原菌的體外抗菌活性,結果顯示頭孢洛寧對金黃色葡萄球菌的MIC50、MIC90分別為0.125和16 μg·ml-1,表明頭孢洛寧具有良好的體外抗菌活性。OWENS[20]等研究結果顯示頭孢洛寧對奶牛乳房炎葡萄球菌的治愈率在85%以上,尤其是金黃色葡萄球菌,而BRADLEY[21]的研究要高于此結果(所有病原菌治愈率>90%),這與SHEPHARD[22]及NEWTON[23]的研究共同表明頭孢洛寧對奶牛乳房炎有良好的治愈率,證明該藥是治療干奶期奶牛乳房炎的有效藥物?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑對干乳期奶牛乳房炎具有良好的治療效果,國外已有相關乳房灌注劑,但在國內暫無該產品上市,也無關于此藥對奶牛安全性的報道。因此,中國農業(yè)科學院飼料研究所等單位自主研發(fā)了頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑,并開展了本制劑對奶牛的安全性研究?!緮M解決的關鍵問題】按推薦劑量給健康奶牛注入頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期),通過對比用藥前后奶牛的直腸溫度、產奶量、奶中體細胞數(shù)及奶中病原菌數(shù)量,驗證該制劑對奶牛的安全性。

1 材料與方法

1.1 受試藥物

頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期),規(guī)格:3g:250mg;批號1511001;齊魯動物保健品有限公司提供;推薦用藥方法:干乳期奶牛每頭牛每個乳區(qū)給藥1支。

1.2 試驗動物

該試驗于2016年9—11月,在北京順義某牛場進行。根據FDA和EMEA相關指導原則制定本試驗方案。試驗奶牛入選標準為健康泌乳期奶牛,奶牛在試驗前30 日內未全身性或乳房內給予抗生素,產奶量在15—35 kg/日之間。初產和經產健康泌乳期奶牛各6 頭(1—6號牛為初產,7—12號牛為經產)。

1.3 給藥

12 頭健康泌乳期奶牛(初產經產各半),4 個乳區(qū)分別單次注入頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)1支(3g:250mg),給藥1次。奶牛擠奶后,先用消毒毛巾清潔各乳區(qū),再用消毒藥液浸泡乳頭約30 秒,然后進行乳頭內灌注給藥。灌注時將含藥推注管頭插入乳頭,輕輕推壓活塞,將藥物緩緩注入乳池內,隨后輕輕按摩相應乳區(qū),使藥物均勻分布。

1.4 試驗過程

在給藥前1 日和0日;給藥后1、3、5、7和10日對4 個乳區(qū)采集奶樣,采樣前棄去前三把奶。

數(shù)據收集:記錄奶牛標識、觀察時間、試驗日期和時間、每頭奶牛日產奶量及體溫等參數(shù)。各時間點所采集奶樣檢測乳中體細胞數(shù)(SCC),觀察奶牛紅、腫、熱、痛等臨床癥狀。

1.5 病原菌分離和鑒定

分別對給藥前0 日和給藥后第10 日的奶樣進行細菌學檢查。采樣時先用清水沖洗乳房,用0.1%新潔爾滅或者75%乙醇對乳頭及周圍進行消毒,待酒精揮發(fā)后,手工擠奶,棄去前三把奶后,采集奶樣于滅菌試管中,貼好標簽,低溫(4 ℃)保存并于6 h內送實驗室分離檢測。

將各奶樣接種至多種選擇性培養(yǎng)基分離各種病原菌。分離菌株經純化培養(yǎng)后,依據菌落形態(tài)、染色特征、生化特點鑒定其種類。主要分離金黃色葡萄球菌、鏈球菌(無乳鏈球菌、乳房鏈球菌)、大腸桿菌。

1.6 統(tǒng)計分析

利用 SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計學軟件對給藥前后直腸溫度、平均日產奶量、乳中體細胞數(shù)進行重復測量方差分析。

2 結果

2.1 臨床癥狀觀察

12 頭奶牛4個乳區(qū)分別單劑量給藥頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期),在整個試驗期間,給藥乳區(qū)未出現(xiàn)乳房紅、腫、熱、痛等臨床癥狀。

2.2 體細胞計數(shù)

體細胞計數(shù)結果見表1。由表數(shù)據可知,12 頭奶牛給藥后各時間點奶樣與給藥前體細胞檢測結果相比體細胞數(shù)有所降低,但并未表現(xiàn)出顯著性差異(>0.05)。

2.3 日產奶量

12 頭奶牛各時間點的產奶量見表2。由表中數(shù)據可知,12 頭奶牛在給予頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)后,與給藥前相比各時間點產奶量無顯著差異(>0.05)。

表1 12 頭奶牛給藥前后奶樣中的體細胞數(shù)

表2 12頭奶牛各時間點的產奶量

2.4 直腸溫度

奶牛的直腸溫度統(tǒng)計表見表 3。所有試驗奶牛在給藥前和給藥后不同時間點的直腸溫度均在奶牛的正常溫度范圍內,說明按推薦劑量單次給藥對奶牛的體 溫無顯著影響(>0.05)。

2.5 細菌分離鑒定

試驗奶牛給藥后乳中細菌數(shù)比給藥前減少,在給藥前0 日采集的奶樣中,分離的鏈球菌、葡萄球菌和大腸桿菌分別為2 株、3 株和4 株;給藥后第10 日,僅在7號牛的右后乳區(qū)檢測鏈球菌1 株、11號牛的左前乳區(qū)檢測到葡萄球菌1 株(表 4)。

表3 12頭奶牛各時間點奶牛直腸溫度

表4 試驗奶牛各時間點不同乳區(qū)所采奶樣細菌分離情況

3 討論

研究表明,頭孢洛寧的急性毒性很低。大鼠、小鼠經口服給藥,LD50分別為>5 000和>12 000 mg·kg-1體重。經皮下給藥時,LD50均為>5 000 mg·kg-1體重。雌性的大、小鼠,經腹腔給藥,LD50分別為>2 680和3 400 mg·kg-1體重,腹膜內給藥有抑制自主運動、腹部下垂和鎮(zhèn)靜的副作用。病例顯示在口服和皮下給藥治療致死的情況下未發(fā)現(xiàn)腸內容物,但在腹腔給藥的動物中有局部的組織損傷,很少證據表明其有全身性的毒性,也未發(fā)現(xiàn)致畸毒性、生殖毒性和致突變性[13]。葡萄球菌是最常見的乳房炎病原體,而革蘭氏陰性菌次之。WENTE[24]從6 936個牛奶樣品培養(yǎng)1 635個細菌分離株,其中69 個樣本有2 個分離株。最常分離的病原體依次是:金黃色葡萄球菌、凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌和棒狀細菌。藥物的最小抑菌濃度(MIC)試驗結果顯示,頭孢洛寧對葡萄球菌敏感,治療效果優(yōu)于頭孢喹肟。

確保所開發(fā)產品的安全性和有效性,是獸醫(yī)藥品從業(yè)者的職責,以此能發(fā)現(xiàn)可能與臨床安全有關的不期望出現(xiàn)的藥理作用,通過評價研究中觀察到的不良反應或病理作用,可避免臨床使用中出現(xiàn)不必要的傷害和風險。因此,我們必須精心完善可持續(xù)的靶動物安全(Target Animal Safety, TAS)試驗標準。獸醫(yī)藥品(IVPP)注冊之前,通過實驗室試驗和實地研究證明在靶動物中是安全的[25]。本試驗參照獸藥注冊技術要求協(xié)調國際組織VICH GL43《Target Animal Safety for Veterinary Pharmaceutical Products》關于乳腺安全性研究指導原則和CVM GFI#49[26]等指導原則,對頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干奶期)進行靶動物安全試驗設計,試驗前對動物進行檢查(腫脹、紅斑、疼痛或發(fā)熱)以及對關鍵的安全性評價變量(包括乳腺刺激體征、升高SCC和奶產量的變化)等進行評估[27]。目前未見有關頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)安全性的報道,因此在制定本試驗方案時也參考了周緒正[28]、馮言言[29]等開展的頭孢菌素類抗生素對犬、奶牛的安全性研究,以及閆星[30]、瞿紅穎[31]等開展的硫酸頭孢喹肟對泌乳期奶牛的安全性研究,以此,對采樣時間、測量的指標進行合理的設計,具有一定的科學性。試驗的結果顯示給藥后奶牛臨床未見紅、腫、熱、痛不良癥狀,奶牛對該藥的耐受性好,對奶牛產奶量前后無變化,體細胞數(shù)量無變化,證明該藥安全可靠。

4 結論

泌乳期奶牛按照推薦劑量使用頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)(3g:250mg),在給藥前后并未發(fā)現(xiàn)奶牛乳區(qū)出現(xiàn)紅、腫、熱、痛等臨床乳房炎癥狀,證明乳腺體征良好。通過比較用藥前后產奶量數(shù)據,未出現(xiàn)顯著的差異(>0.05),在采樣的各個時間點(給藥1、0 d和給藥后12 h、3 d、5 d、7 d和10日),前奶中的體細胞數(shù)亦未有顯著的變化。在給藥當日(0 日)和給藥后第10 日分別采集奶樣并分離細菌,結果顯示給藥后細菌檢出數(shù)與給藥前相比降低。上述結果表明奶牛按推薦劑量單次給予頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)對奶牛無不良作用,安全性較高。

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The Safety Evaluation of Cefalonium Intramammary Infusion (Dry Cow)

HUA WeiYi1, LIU YiMing1, XU Fei1, LU YongQiang2, KONG Mei3, WANG HaiTing3, HUANG HuiLi1, WANG HongLei1, WU LianYong3, LI XiuBo1

(1National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Key Laboratory of Feed Biological Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081;2Beijing Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Beijing 100012;3Qilu Animal Health Products Co Ltd, Jinan 250100)

【Objective】The purpose of this paper was to investigate the safety of cefalonium intramammary infusion(dry cow) for target animals. 【Method】Six primiparous and six multiparous healthy dairy cows were selected, which have not been treated with any antibiotics by systemic or intramammary administration 30 days before. Their daily milk yield was 15-35 kg. At day 1 and day 0 prior to administration of the tested drug, the daily milk production and body temperature of the tested animals were recorded, and their milk samples were collected for somatic cell count analysis. For milk sampling,the udder was rinsed with clean water and the nipples and the close skin were disinfected with 75% ethanol. Milk samples were collected in sterilized test tubes (milking by hand and discarding the first three times of milking). The collected sample were stored at low temperature (4℃) and sent to laboratory for testing within 6 h. For drug infusion, each quarter of udder was cleaned with a disinfected towel and the teats were soaked for 30 seconds with disinfectant. The drug was slowly inject into the quarter so that it could be evenly distributed. Each quarter was injected with a single dose of cefalonium (Dry Cow) (250 mg). Samples of each quarter were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after the drug administration. Individual milk production, quantitative somatic cell count (SCC) and body temperature were recorded. Day 0 and day 10 milk samples were cultivated with selective medium to isolate bacteria. The isolated strains were identified according to their colony morphology, staining and biochemical characteristics. The main pathogens analyzed were,. 【Result】During the whole test period, there was no clinical symptoms such as swelling, erythema, pain, or heat. On day 1, 0 prior to and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 day after administration of the drug, somatic cell count was 250-400 thousand per milliliter. The mean somatic cells count for the seven time points were 332.6, 327.4, 327.0, 316.3, 312.4, 306.2, 300.4 thousand per milliliter respectively, but there is no significant difference (>0.05) among them by analysis of repeated measures anova. Daily milk yield was 23-33 kg. The average daily milk yield for the seven time points was 27.30, 27.35, 27.25, 27.40, 27.64, 27.83, 28.00 kg, respectively. It had no significant difference (>0.05) byrepeated measures anova. The rectal temperature of all tested cows before and after administration was within the normal range. The mean values of rectal temperature were 38.79, 38.82, 38.83, 38.77, 38.71, 38.71 and 38.69 ℃ respectively, and there was no significant difference (>0.05). Therefore, according to the recommended dose of a single administration, it had no significant effect on somatic cell count, daily milk yield and rectal temperature of the tested animals. The results for bacteria isolation showed that there were 2, 3 and 4 strains of, respectively on day 0 of the administration of the drug, and there were 1, 1 and 0 strains ofon day 10 after administration, respectively. The number of pathogens was significantly decreased through the treatment of the drug. 【Conclusion】The recommended dose of cofalonium had no adverse effect on rectal temperature, milk yield and somatic cell counts for dairy cows after mammary administration. It is safe for the drug to be used in dairy cows by intramammary infusion (Dry Cow).

cofalonium intramammary infusion; dry cow; safety; milk yield; somatic cell counts

10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.02.014

2017-12-08;

2018-02-22

中國農業(yè)科學院創(chuàng)新工程項目(FRI-06)、奶牛產業(yè)技術體系北京市創(chuàng)新團隊資金

華偉毅,E-mail:huaweiyi2012@163.com。通信作者李秀波,E-mail:lixiubo@caas.cn。通信作者吳連勇,E-mail:Lianyong.wu@qilu- pharma.com

(責任編輯 林鑒非)

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