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頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)在牛奶中的殘留消除

2019-01-28 09:33閆超群李帥鵬張申謝順魏開(kāi)赟黃顯會(huì)
關(guān)鍵詞:頭孢乙腈乳房

閆超群,李帥鵬,張申,謝順,魏開(kāi)赟,黃顯會(huì)

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頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)在牛奶中的殘留消除

閆超群1,李帥鵬2,張申1,謝順1,魏開(kāi)赟1,黃顯會(huì)1

(1華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)獸醫(yī)學(xué)院/廣東省獸藥研制與安全評(píng)價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 510642;2內(nèi)蒙古金河動(dòng)物藥業(yè)有限公司,內(nèi)蒙古托克托 010200)

【目的】頭孢洛寧為第一代半合成頭孢菌素類抗生素,對(duì)革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌和陰性菌均有良好的抗菌活性,臨床以每個(gè)乳區(qū)250mg用于治療亞臨床感染引起的乳房炎。頭孢洛寧通過(guò)與敏感菌的青霉素結(jié)合蛋白相結(jié)合,從而阻斷細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁的合成,達(dá)到抑制細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)的目的。筆者開(kāi)展頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)在牛奶中的殘留消除規(guī)律研究,以期為該藥的合理使用和乳品安全生產(chǎn)提供指導(dǎo)。【方法】選取20頭進(jìn)入干乳期的健康奶牛,每個(gè)乳區(qū)分別注入一支頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑。平均干乳期為50 d,奶牛產(chǎn)犢開(kāi)始泌乳后的6、12、24、36、48、60、72、96和120 h,將每頭奶牛每次采集的4個(gè)乳區(qū)的奶混合。采用Phenomenex Luna C18(150mm×2.1mm,3.5μm)。以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液為流動(dòng)相,梯度洗脫程序洗脫,流速0.25 mL/min,柱溫為35℃,進(jìn)樣量為5.0 μL。頭孢洛寧采用電噴霧離子源(ESI)離子化,正離子模式掃描,多反應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)模式(MRM),電噴霧電壓(IS)為4kV,霧化氣壓力(GS1)為55psi,氣簾氣(CUR)為15 psi,輔助氣流速(GS2)為35psi,離子源溫度(TEM)為600 ℃;定量離子對(duì)為m/z→459.4/337.3。樣品自然解凍,取5 g牛奶,置于50 mL離心管中,加入20 mL乙腈,渦旋混勻2min,在10℃條件下10 000 r/min離心10 min。將上清液用15 mL75%乙腈水溶液重復(fù)提取一次,合并兩次的提取液,并加入10 mL乙腈飽和的正己烷,震蕩1 min,棄掉正己烷,把提取液移至100 mL雞心瓶中,在40℃用旋轉(zhuǎn)濃縮儀旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)除去乙腈。向已除去乙腈的樣品溶液中加入20 mL磷酸二氫鈉緩沖溶液,然后用氫氧化鈉溶液調(diào)節(jié)至pH8.5。將樣品提取液以3 mL/min的流速通過(guò)HLB固相萃取柱,先用5 mL磷酸二氫鈉緩沖溶液洗滌雞心瓶并過(guò)柱,再用2 mL水洗柱。用2 mL乙腈洗脫,收集洗脫液于刻度樣品管中,在40℃下用氮?dú)鉂饪s儀吹干,用2 mL水溶解殘?jiān)?,搖勻后,過(guò)0.22 μm濾膜,取樣供LC-MS/MS檢測(cè)?!窘Y(jié)果】頭孢洛寧在2—200 μg·kg-1的范圍內(nèi)呈良好的線性關(guān)系,相關(guān)系數(shù)在0.991—0.997之間。該方法檢測(cè)限為0.5 μg·kg-1,定量限為2 μg·kg-1。頭孢洛寧在2、20、40和200 μg·kg-1四個(gè)添加水平上的平均回收率為73.60%—103.52%,批內(nèi)變異系數(shù)為1.85%—10.41%,批間變異系數(shù)為3.41%—8.97%。結(jié)果表明,該方法的回收率和變異系數(shù)滿足殘留檢測(cè)定量分析要求。使用頭孢洛寧干乳期乳房注入劑的初產(chǎn)奶牛,在產(chǎn)犢后96 h低于定量限。經(jīng)產(chǎn)奶牛在產(chǎn)犢36 h低于定量限,24h均低于MRL?!窘Y(jié)論】頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干奶期)按推薦劑量4個(gè)乳區(qū)(250 mg/乳區(qū))給藥后,其產(chǎn)犢泌乳后牛奶中的棄奶期為24 h。

頭孢洛寧;乳房注入劑(干乳期);奶牛;棄奶期

0 引言

【研究意義】奶牛乳房炎(bovine mastitis)是危害奶牛養(yǎng)殖業(yè)最重要的疾病之一,每年給全球奶牛業(yè)造成嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[1-5]。引起奶牛乳房炎的病原體多樣,該病的病因主要是毒性,創(chuàng)傷性,代謝紊亂以及致病菌感染引起的。傳統(tǒng)上通過(guò)動(dòng)物隔離以及改善環(huán)境衛(wèi)生等來(lái)控制奶牛乳腺炎的發(fā)生[6-7]。但這些做法僅能減少外界環(huán)境帶來(lái)的乳房炎。據(jù)報(bào)道,約70%奶牛乳房炎中可以分離出致病菌,細(xì)菌通過(guò)乳頭和乳管進(jìn)入乳房,從而引發(fā)感染,有臨床癥狀的和無(wú)臨床癥狀的分別稱為臨床乳房炎和亞臨床乳房炎,葡萄球菌是其主要的致病菌[8]??刂婆H橄傺兹匀粐?yán)重依賴于抗生素的治療和預(yù)防。由于干奶期的奶牛免疫受到抑制,因此是感染奶牛乳房炎的高發(fā)期。盡管抗生素能改善奶牛的健康狀況,提高牛奶產(chǎn)量,卻增加了細(xì)菌耐藥性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)牛奶中獸藥的殘留,加重食品安全問(wèn)題[9-10]。臨床上治療乳房炎的藥物種類繁多,主要是根據(jù)乳房炎的不同類型和時(shí)期來(lái)決定選擇抗生素治療、中草藥治療還是疫苗等措施,合理的用藥才能夠從根本上防止乳房炎的發(fā)生。青霉素類抗生素一直是我國(guó)首選治療乳房炎的藥物,隨著藥物的使用,耐藥菌株的增多,乳房炎致病菌逐漸失去對(duì)該類藥物的敏感性[11-13]。目前我國(guó)現(xiàn)有可供選擇用于防治乳房炎的抗菌藥物品種有限,因此研制新型乳房炎抗菌藥物顯得迫在眉睫。頭孢洛寧(cephalonium)是第一代半合成頭孢菌素類抗生素,對(duì)革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌和陰性菌均有良好的抗菌活性。頭孢洛寧屬于頭孢菌素類抗生素,其作用機(jī)理是抑制細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁的合成,從而達(dá)到殺菌的目的,屬于繁殖期殺菌藥物[14-15]。臨床主要用于預(yù)防和治療奶牛亞臨床乳房炎的發(fā)生。己經(jīng)在國(guó)外上市的頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑[16-17],給藥劑量為每個(gè)乳區(qū)250 mg?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】干奶期是奶牛泌乳周期的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻,也是防治奶牛乳房炎的最佳時(shí)期。目前在干乳期采用抗生素預(yù)防乳房炎仍是控制牛群乳房炎的一項(xiàng)重要措施。頭孢洛寧目前只在歐盟、英國(guó)、日本和澳大利亞使用,中國(guó)還未進(jìn)口或開(kāi)發(fā)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】目前尚無(wú)頭孢洛寧在干乳期奶牛產(chǎn)犢后牛奶中殘留消除規(guī)律的研究,筆者開(kāi)展頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑在乳汁中的殘留消除研究,為該藥防治乳房炎的安全性提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),以期保證消費(fèi)者食用動(dòng)物源性食品的安全,進(jìn)而為其臨床合理用藥和制定臨床給藥方案提供依據(jù)?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】鑒于我國(guó)現(xiàn)有可供選用防治奶牛乳房炎的抗菌藥物數(shù)量有限,抗菌藥物目前又是防治奶牛乳房炎的主要藥物,因此頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑在獸醫(yī)臨床上的使用,對(duì)我國(guó)奶牛乳房炎的控制有重要的意義。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料

1.1.1 藥品與試劑 頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期),規(guī)格3 g﹕250 mg,由河北陽(yáng)光本草生物技術(shù)有限公司中試生產(chǎn),批號(hào):20140806。頭孢洛寧精制品,含量為97.9%,批號(hào):CAI1305001,由福建省??顾帢I(yè)股份有限公司提供。乙腈和甲酸為色譜純,正己烷、磷酸二氫鈉、氫氧化鈉均為國(guó)產(chǎn)分析純,水為符合GB/T 6682規(guī)定的二級(jí)水。

1.1.2 儀器和設(shè)備 高效液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜儀,包含美國(guó)Agilent公司1200型液相色譜儀(配備四元泵、自動(dòng)進(jìn)樣器及柱溫箱等);電噴霧-串聯(lián)四級(jí)桿質(zhì)譜儀(API 4000 MS/MS),美國(guó)應(yīng)用生物系統(tǒng)公司,配備Analyst 4.1.5軟件;MD200-1氮吹儀,上海滬西分析儀器廠;AE 160型電子分析天平,瑞士Mettler公司;Mach 1.6R冷凍型離心機(jī),美國(guó)Thermo公司;XW-80A型旋渦混合儀,上海滬西分析儀器廠有限公司;Rotavapor R-210型旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀,瑞士BUCHI公司;B-260型恒溫水浴鍋,上海雅榮生化儀器設(shè)備有限公司;針式尼龍微孔濾膜(13 mm×0.22 μm),上海安普科學(xué)儀器有限公司;Poly-Sery HLB固相萃取柱(500 mg:6 mL),上海安譜科學(xué)儀器有限公司;Eppendorf Research型可調(diào)微量移液器,德國(guó)Eppendorf公司。

1.1.3 試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 試驗(yàn)時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)本試驗(yàn)于2015年1—8月間選取內(nèi)蒙古某奶牛廠10頭健康經(jīng)產(chǎn)奶牛和10頭初產(chǎn)奶牛(剛完成第一個(gè)哺乳期)。合格受試對(duì)象:(1)治療給藥前6次擠奶時(shí)每個(gè)乳區(qū)體細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)幾何平均值低于200 000個(gè)細(xì)胞/mL;(2)奶牛產(chǎn)奶量超過(guò)10 L·d-1和體細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)穩(wěn)定;(3)試驗(yàn)前30d內(nèi)未給予任何抗感染和/或抗炎治療;(4)無(wú)任何間發(fā)性疾病、無(wú)乳頭損傷的奶牛。

1.1.4 給藥 試驗(yàn)?zāi)膛?0頭在剛進(jìn)入干奶期(預(yù)產(chǎn)期前54 d)最后一次擠奶后,用消毒毛巾擦拭乳頭,并用0.15%聚維酮碘溶液浸泡乳頭30s左右,按推薦劑量250 mg/乳區(qū)的劑量,通過(guò)乳房注入方式給每頭奶牛4個(gè)乳區(qū)給藥一次。

1.1.5 樣品采樣 給藥后50d左右,奶牛開(kāi)產(chǎn)。在產(chǎn)犢開(kāi)始泌乳后的6、12、24、36、48、60、72、96和120 h共9個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn),清洗乳區(qū),對(duì)奶頭消毒。擠凈每頭奶牛4個(gè)乳區(qū)的奶于同一計(jì)量瓶?jī)?nèi)使成為混合奶(桶奶,擠奶時(shí)前兩把奶不舍棄),從中取500 mL于聚丙烯瓶中,密封,做好標(biāo)記,-20℃保存,待測(cè)。

1.2 牛奶樣品中頭孢洛寧的測(cè)定方法

參照國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 22989-2008【牛奶和奶粉中頭孢匹林、頭孢氨芐、頭孢洛寧、頭孢喹肟殘留量的測(cè)定(液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法)】處理樣品[18]。

1.2.1 樣品前處理 取出冷凍奶樣,室溫下解凍。稱取5 g牛奶(精確到0.01 g)置于50 mL離心管中,加入20 mL乙腈,使用均質(zhì)器均質(zhì)1 min,提取液使用高速冷凍離心機(jī)在10℃條件下10 000 r/min離心10 min,將上清液轉(zhuǎn)移至另一離心管中。用15 mL75%乙腈水溶液重復(fù)提取一次,合并兩次的提取液,并加入10 mL乙腈飽和的正己烷,震蕩1 min,棄掉正己烷,把提取液移至100 mL雞心瓶中,在40℃用旋轉(zhuǎn)濃縮儀旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)除去乙腈。

1.2.2 凈化 向已除去乙腈的樣品溶液中加入20 mL磷酸二氫鈉緩沖溶液,然后用氫氧化鈉溶液調(diào)節(jié)至pH=8.5。把樣品提取液移至下接HLB固相萃取柱的貯液器中,以3 mL/min的流速通過(guò)固相萃取柱,先用5 mL磷酸二氫鈉緩沖溶液洗滌雞心瓶并過(guò)柱,再用2 mL水洗柱。用2 mL乙腈洗脫,收集洗脫液于刻度樣品管中,在40℃下用氮?dú)鉂饪s儀吹干,用2 mL水溶解殘?jiān)?,搖勻后,過(guò)0.22 μm濾膜,液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜儀測(cè)定。

1.2.3 色譜條件 色譜柱:Luna C18(150 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm)美國(guó)Phenomenex公司;流動(dòng)相A為乙腈,B為0.1%甲酸水;梯度洗脫;流速為0.25 mL/min:柱溫為35℃;進(jìn)樣量為5 μL。

表1 流動(dòng)相梯度洗脫程序

1.2.4 質(zhì)譜條件 質(zhì)譜掃描模式:多反應(yīng)檢測(cè)(multiple reaction monitor,MRM);電噴霧離子源正離子掃描(electrospray ionization,ESI+);電噴霧電壓(ionspray,IS):4kV;霧化氣壓力(nebulizer gas1,GS1):55psi;輔助氣壓力(ion source gas2,GS2):35psi;氣簾氣壓力(curtain gas,CUR):15psi;離子源溫度(the source temperature,TEM):600℃。頭孢洛寧用于定量和定性的離子分別為:m/z→459.4/337.3和m/z→459.4/152.3。

1.2.5 檢測(cè)限(LOD)與定量限(LOQ) 以最低檢出濃度計(jì)算,按照信噪比(S/N)≥3確定方法檢測(cè)限(LOD),以S/N≥10確定方法定量限(LOQ)。

1.2.6 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線與線性范圍 準(zhǔn)確稱取5.00 g±0.05 g牛奶于50 mL離心管中,按照“1.2.1”方法處理樣品,用所得空白基質(zhì)提取液將頭孢洛寧工作液稀釋成2、5、10、20、50、100、200μg·kg-1的濃度,按照“1.2.3”和“1.2.4”確定的LC-MS/MS條件進(jìn)行分析,將測(cè)得藥物色譜峰面積(A)與所對(duì)應(yīng)的藥物濃度(C)做線性回歸,求得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線回歸方程和相關(guān)系數(shù)(r)。

1.2.7 回收率與精密度 由于已經(jīng)規(guī)定了牛奶中頭孢洛寧的MRLs值,按照LOQ、MRL、2MRL、10MRL作為添加濃度進(jìn)行批量回收率的計(jì)算。準(zhǔn)確稱取5.00 ±0.05 g空白牛奶樣品,分別加入0.1、1、2、10mg·L-1的頭孢洛寧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作液100 μL,制備成濃度為2、20、40、200μg·kg-1的空白牛奶加標(biāo)樣品,渦旋混勻,靜置20 min。按照“1.2.1”方法處理樣品,待LC-MS/MS條件進(jìn)行分析檢測(cè)。每個(gè)濃度做5個(gè)重復(fù),共做3批。不同批次間隔一天或者數(shù)天,分別計(jì)算回收率和批內(nèi)、批間變異系數(shù)。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析

每頭奶牛每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)取兩個(gè)平行樣測(cè)定結(jié)果的平均值作為最終檢測(cè)結(jié)果,WTM1.4軟件計(jì)算頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干奶期)在牛奶中的休藥期。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 檢測(cè)限與定量限

頭孢洛寧在2—200 μg·kg-1的范圍內(nèi)呈良好的線性關(guān)系,相關(guān)系數(shù)在0.991—0.997之間。本方法檢測(cè)限為0.5μg·kg-1,定量限為2μg·kg-1,表明方法的靈敏度高,可滿足殘留檢測(cè)的要求(圖1,2)。

2.2 回收率與變異系數(shù)

頭孢洛寧在2、20、40和200μg·kg-14個(gè)添加水平上的平均回收率為73.60%—103.52%,批內(nèi)變異系數(shù)為1.85%—10.41%,批間變異系數(shù)為3.41%—8.97%。結(jié)果表明,該方法的回收率和變異系數(shù)滿足殘留檢測(cè)定量分析要求(表2)。

2.3 牛奶中頭孢洛寧的濃度

依據(jù)上述建立的方法,對(duì)試驗(yàn)牛產(chǎn)犢后6、12、24、36、48、60、72、96和120 h的時(shí)間點(diǎn)采集的牛奶進(jìn)行了檢測(cè),牛奶中頭孢洛寧的測(cè)定結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3和表4。

由表3可知,初產(chǎn)奶牛在6 h,除1頭奶牛外,其余均檢出頭孢洛寧,且有兩份奶樣中頭孢洛寧的濃度分別達(dá)到了231 μg·kg-1和516 μg·kg-1;由表4可知,經(jīng)產(chǎn)奶牛有5份奶樣檢出頭孢洛寧,其有1頭奶牛奶樣中最大值為45.7 μg·kg-1。初產(chǎn)奶牛與經(jīng)產(chǎn)奶牛在12 h分別有4頭和1頭牛檢出頭孢洛寧。至36 h,分別有2頭和1頭牛檢出頭孢洛寧,至48 h經(jīng)產(chǎn)奶牛中仍有1頭??蓹z出頭孢洛寧。表明頭孢洛寧在經(jīng)產(chǎn)奶牛與初產(chǎn)奶牛體內(nèi)的殘留消除存在差異性,這可能與奶牛的年齡及個(gè)體產(chǎn)奶量等因素相關(guān)。

2.4 牛奶中頭孢洛寧的休藥期

通過(guò)WTM1.4軟件計(jì)算頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干奶期)在牛奶中的休藥期為24h(圖3)。

圖1 頭孢洛寧檢測(cè)限色譜圖

圖2 頭孢洛寧定量限色譜圖

圖3 頭孢洛寧在牛奶中殘留消除規(guī)律

表2 頭孢洛寧在牛奶中的回收率與變異系數(shù)

表3 牛奶中頭孢洛寧的殘留量(初產(chǎn)奶牛)

ND:表示檢測(cè)不到,<LOQ:小于定量限。ND:not detect,<LOQ:Less than limit of quantification

3 討論

奶牛乳房炎因?yàn)榻档土四痰馁|(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量,從而給奶牛業(yè)帶來(lái)了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,同時(shí)增加了藥物的應(yīng)用和動(dòng)物死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19-20]。目前我國(guó)治療奶牛干乳期乳房炎主要途徑是抗生素療法,有青霉素類(如氨芐西林,氯唑西林等),隨著該類抗生素的大量持久使用,耐藥菌株逐漸增多,臨床治療效果也逐年下降[21-23]。頭孢洛寧在歐美等國(guó)家早已廣泛用于奶牛和奶山羊治療,用于預(yù)防干乳期乳房炎、子宮內(nèi)膜炎等疾病。頭孢洛寧對(duì)酸和-內(nèi)酰胺酶穩(wěn)定,殺菌力強(qiáng),抗菌譜廣,對(duì)革蘭氏陰性菌和革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌均有效。尤其對(duì)引起奶牛乳房炎的病原菌有效[24]。有研究表明頭孢洛寧對(duì)從歐洲分離的金黃色葡萄球菌,停乳鏈球菌、無(wú)乳鏈球菌,大腸桿菌,克雷伯氏菌等的MIC90在0.00178—2 μg·mL-1之間[25]。WENTE等研究頭孢菌素類抗生素對(duì)奶牛乳房分離菌的最小抑菌濃度(minimal inhibitory concentrations,MIC),結(jié)果表明,分離菌對(duì)藥物的敏感性依次為頭孢喹肟、頭孢洛寧和頭孢匹林,但考慮到頭孢喹肟是第四代頭孢菌素類抗生素,臨床推薦優(yōu)先使用頭孢洛寧[26]。李維靜等研究了頭孢洛寧對(duì)大腸桿菌、乳房鏈球菌、停乳鏈球菌、無(wú)乳鏈球菌、金黃色葡萄球菌的MIC90,分別為64、8、16、4、16 μg·mL-1[27]。PARKINSON等比較了頭孢洛寧與氯唑西林、氨芐西林復(fù)方制劑在干奶期治療乳房炎的臨床治療效果,結(jié)果表明頭孢洛寧較其他給藥組,具有顯著的治療效果[28]。OWENS等的研究同樣表明頭孢洛寧在奶牛乳房炎的治療過(guò)程中具有好的治療效果[29-30]。

表4 牛奶中頭孢洛寧的殘留量(經(jīng)產(chǎn)奶牛)

ND:表示檢測(cè)不到,<LOQ:小于定量限。

ND:not detect,<LOQ:Less than limit of quantification

歐盟及澳大利亞官方規(guī)定頭孢洛寧最高殘留限量(MRL)為20 μg·kg-1[17]。在已上市銷售的頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑產(chǎn)品中,先靈葆雅公司的產(chǎn)品Cepravin Dry Cow,干奶期持續(xù)時(shí)間至少為49d,并棄掉前8次所擠的牛奶;在英國(guó)上市的產(chǎn)品Kepravine Dry Cow,干奶期持續(xù)時(shí)間至少為54d,棄奶期為產(chǎn)犢后96 h。如果干奶期持續(xù)時(shí)間少于54d,棄奶期為給藥后54d,再加96h,確保棄掉至少前7次所擠的牛奶。愛(ài)爾蘭醫(yī)藥管理局規(guī)定干奶期奶牛乳房灌注Cepravin Dry Cow(3g:250mg)后,干奶期持續(xù)時(shí)間至少為54d,棄奶期為產(chǎn)犢后96h(4d)。

本試驗(yàn)中,78號(hào)和52號(hào)牛的干乳期分別為33和39d,棄奶期為1d;其它試驗(yàn)牛的干乳期都長(zhǎng)于40d,棄奶期為0d。本次試驗(yàn)研究中,經(jīng)產(chǎn)奶牛和初產(chǎn)奶牛在泌乳后6 h,有4頭奶牛的奶牛中頭孢洛寧的濃度大于20μg·kg-1。至12 h,僅有1頭牛的奶樣中頭孢洛寧的濃度大于20μg·kg-1。通過(guò)WTM1.4軟件計(jì)算頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干奶期)在牛奶中的休藥期為24h。為確保食品安全,防止由于個(gè)體間的差異,以及干乳期時(shí)間的不同。參考以上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和產(chǎn)品,結(jié)合本次試驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果,將頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干乳期)在干奶期產(chǎn)犢后牛奶中的休藥期定為產(chǎn)犢后96 h。

4 結(jié)論

綜上所述,在臨床使用時(shí),建議頭孢洛寧乳房注入劑(干奶期)按推薦劑量4個(gè)乳區(qū)(250mg/乳區(qū))給藥后,其產(chǎn)犢泌乳后牛奶中的休藥期為24 h。

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Residue Depletion Study and Withdrawal Period for Cefalonium Intramammary Infusion (Dry cow) in Bovine Milk

YAN ChaoQun1, LI ShuaiPeng2, ZHANG Shen1, XIE Shun1, WEI KaiYun1, HUANG XianHui1

(1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642;2Inner Mongolia Jinhe Animal Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Tuoketuo 010200 Inner Mongolia)

【Objective】Cefalonium is a first generation semi-synthetic cephalosporin with broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cefalonium is used intramammarily during the dry period of cattle at a recommended dose of 250 mg per quarter to treat existing sub-clinical infections and to prevent new infections. The bactericidal activity of cefalonium is a result of its inhibitory action on bacterial cell wall synthesis due to binding to one or more penicillin binding proteins located under the cell wall susceptible bacteria. The resulting high internal osmotic pressure leads to rupture of the cytoplasmic membrane. The objective of this study was to establish a withdrawal period for cefalonium in milk, following intramammary infusion treatment.【Method】Twenty healthy dairy cows in the dry period were injected with a cefalonium injection into each breast area. The average dry period was 50 days, and they were mixed with the samples of 4 milk areas collected per cow at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96 and 120 h after the start of milking. Residues of cefalonium were detectable in milk for up to 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96 and 120 h post-treatment, respectively. Phenomenex Luna C18 (150 mm×2 mm, 5 μm) was used. Acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution was used as the mobile phase. The gradient elution procedure was used. The flow rate was 0.25 mL·min-1, the column temperature was 35°C, and the injection volume was 5.0 μL. Phenomenex Luna C18 (150 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm) was used. Acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution was used as the mobile phase. The gradient elution procedure was used. The flow rate was 0.25 mL/min, the column temperature was 35°C, and the injection volume was 5.0 μL. MS conditions of detection method: ESI ion source, positive ion scan, multiple reaction monitoring, ion spray voltage: 4kV, the pressure of GS1: 55 psi, the pressure of CUR: 15 psi, the pressure of GS2: 35 psi, TEM: 600℃, the quantitative ion is: cefalonium m/z→459.4/337.3. The sample was thawed naturally, 5g of milk was accurately pipetted into a 50 mL centrifuge tube, 20 mL of acetonitrile was added, vortexed and shaken for 2min, and centrifuged at 10 000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant was extracted once with 15 mL of 75% acetonitrile aqueous solution, and the extracts were combined twice, and 10 mL of acetonitrile saturated n-hexane was added, shaken for 1 min, the n-hexane was discarded, and the extract was transferred to a 100 mL heart bottle. Acetonitrile was removed by rotary evaporation at 40 ° C using a rotary concentrator. To the above sample solution, 20 mL of a sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution was added, followed by adjustment to pH = 8.5 with a sodium hydroxide solution. The sample was passed through the HLB solid phase extraction column, then the heart bottle was washed with 5 mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution and passed through the column, and the column was washed with 2 mL of water. It was eluted with 2 mL of acetonitrile, dried at 40 °C with a nitrogen concentrator, dissolved in 2 mL of water, shaken, passed through a 0.22μm microporous membrane, LC-MS/MS detection analysis.【Result】Cefalonium showed a good linearity in the concentration range of 2-200 μg·kg-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.991-0.997, a detection limit of 0.5 μg·kg-1, and a limit of quantification of 2 μg·kg-1. The relative recovery rate of this method at the four levels of addition of 2, 20, 40 and 200 μg·kg-1was 82.21%-89.08%. The coefficient of intra-assay coefficient of variation was 1.85%-10.41%, and the inter-assay coefficient of variation was 3.41%-8.97%. The experimental method has high sensitivity and simple operation, and can be used for the residue depletion studyof cefalonium in milk. Milk samples from these cows after calving were analyzed for antibiotic residues by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. Primiparous dairy cows that used cefalonium intramammary infusion (dry cow) were below the limit of quantitation at 96 hours after calving. Dairy cows were below the limit of quantitation at 36 hours after calving.【Conclusion】After the cefalonium intramammary infusion (dry cow) was administered at the recommended dose of 4 milk areas (250 mg/milk area), the withdrawal period in milk was 24 h.

cefalonium; intramammary infusion (dry cow); dairy cows; withdrawal periods

10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.02.015

2018-03-24;

2018-12-24

十三五重點(diǎn)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目(2016YFD0501306)

閆超群,E-mail:1368268753@qq.com。通信作者黃顯會(huì),E-mail:xhhuang@scau.edu.cn

(責(zé)任編輯 林鑒非)

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