徐鴻鳴
虛擬語氣的用法具體體現(xiàn)在句中謂語動詞形式的變化上,從這一角度講,虛擬語氣有三種模式。
一、if型
1.用于三種時態(tài)中
if型虛擬語氣指的是用于含if條件句的復(fù)合句中的虛擬語氣,這也是虛擬語氣最典型的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。分別用于表示與現(xiàn)在、過去和將來事實相反的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,其主從句的謂語形式相信是老師講得很多的了,你能列出來嗎?
其中在與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣中,if從句的謂語動詞可以使用過去式were to do和should+動詞原形,主句用would/might/could/should +動詞原形(當(dāng)從句使用should+動詞原形時,主句不用should,一般都采用would+動詞原形)。
They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers.
If we had caught the flight yesterday,we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach.
So even if emissions were to begin to decrease,we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change.
What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frozen on some strangers bedroom wall?
If he should see me,he would tell me.
2.if型虛擬語氣的三種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)混合
混合型虛擬語氣指的是if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句和主句中的謂語動詞所發(fā)生的時間不同步,出現(xiàn)錯綜狀況。此時主從句的謂語動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)各自所發(fā)生的時間做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back,but no luck.
上句出自2017年高考全國卷一閱讀理解B篇。if從句中謂語動詞表示的是作者本身不具備放巢穴的能力(現(xiàn)在和當(dāng)時都不具備),故從句使用了could,而主句表示當(dāng)時本來會把它放回去,卻沒有。與過去事實相反,主句的謂語動詞用would/might等+have done形式。
If it had not been for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
從句中謂語動詞表示過去如果沒有他的邀請,使用過去完成時,而主句表示的是現(xiàn)在就不會在這里了,是與現(xiàn)在事實相反,主句的謂語動詞應(yīng)使用would/might/should/could+動詞原形。
(2)隱含
隱含性虛擬語氣指的是句中沒有出現(xiàn)明顯的由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,而是用一些副詞、介詞短語或連詞等形式來替代,如without,but for,otherwise,or,but等。
Without his support,we wouldnt be where we are now.
(3)倒裝
在if型虛擬語氣中,若從句中將were,had,should提至句首,從句部分應(yīng)使用倒裝語序,去掉if,保留其他部分。
Were it not for the support of the teachers,the student could not overcome her difficulty.
if it were not for...意為“要不是”,是一種專用虛擬語氣的句型。當(dāng)were提至句首,從句要倒裝,同時省略if,保留其余部分,故結(jié)構(gòu)變成了Were it not for...
二、should型
should型虛擬語氣是指在一些需使用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)中使用should+動詞原形的形式,多數(shù)情況下should可省略。常用于下列三種結(jié)構(gòu)中:
1.“一二三四”
“一二三四”,即一“堅持”(insist),二“命令”(order,command),三“建議”(suggest,advise,propose),四“要求”(demand,require,request,desire)。
這四類動詞后所接的賓語從句或改成It is suggested/ordered...后所接的主語從句,以及這些詞變?yōu)槊~(如order,command,suggestion,advice,proposal,desire,requirement,demand等)后所接的同位語從句、表語從句中皆應(yīng)使用should+動詞原形(should可省略)。
I recommend that you find your way in style.
insist和suggest,如果不表示“堅持某人應(yīng)該做某事”或“建議某人應(yīng)該做某事”,而當(dāng)insist表示堅持認為某種事實或者suggest表示“暗示,說明”時,其后的從句中不用虛擬語氣。
Mike insisted what he saw was a wolf and that we should stay far away from the valley.
2.It is necessary/important/vital/strange...that...或It is a pity/shame that...
在該結(jié)構(gòu)中應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞形式使用should+動詞原形(should可省略)。如果是對過去所發(fā)生的事情感到特別震驚或惋惜,可使用should have done,但是在It is a pity/shame that...結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果只是表示一種遺憾或惋惜的心情,不帶“竟然/居然”的語氣,也可不用虛擬語氣。
Its strange that he should have taken the books without the owners permission.
It is a pity/ shame that I have lost the book I bought last week.
3.It is (about/high) time that...
這種結(jié)構(gòu)較為特殊,表示該做某事的時候到了,但還沒做,故也用虛擬語氣,句中謂語動詞使用虛擬語氣時有兩種形式,即should +動詞原形(should不可省略),也可使用were。表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反時,動詞用一般過去時;與過去事實相反,動詞使用過去完成時,此時結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)镮t was time that...
It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life,you would achieve a little.
Jacks father told him it was time that he had gone to sleep.
三、were型
were型虛擬語氣指在使用虛擬語氣的特殊句型中,當(dāng)表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反時,謂語動詞用一般過去時,若是be,一律使用were;如果表示與過去事實相反,謂語動詞則用過去完成時。were型虛擬語氣常用于以下三種結(jié)構(gòu)中:
1.wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
表示“但愿……”,一般指不能實現(xiàn)的愿望或已經(jīng)過去但沒能成為現(xiàn)實的情況。當(dāng)表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反時,從句中使用過去時(be動詞一律用were);與過去事實相反時,從句用過去完成時;與將來事實相反時,從句用would+動詞原形。
I wish I had been at my sisters wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
根據(jù)句中的last Tuesday??芍司浔硎旧闲瞧诙]有參加姐姐的婚禮,但希望是能去的,故使用虛擬語氣。在wish引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣中,表示與過去事實相反時,應(yīng)使用過去完成時。
2.as if/though引導(dǎo)的從句
在as if/though引導(dǎo)的從句中,若表示某事發(fā)生的可能性幾乎沒有,使用虛擬語氣。表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反,謂語動詞使用一般過去時;與過去事實相反,謂語動詞使用過去完成時。但若表達的情況是事實時,則不用虛擬語氣。
When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother.
3.would rather引導(dǎo)的句子
would rather引導(dǎo)的簡單句中,表示“寧可,本希望”時,也應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣。當(dāng)表示與現(xiàn)在事實或?qū)硎聦嵪喾磿r,謂語動詞皆使用一般過去時;表示與過去事實相反時,謂語動詞使用過去完成時。
I would rather you had told him the news two days later,by which time he had finished the exam.
How can I do so much work on my own. I would rather I were still in my hometown.
(責(zé)任編校 周丹)