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一張水做的明信片

2019-04-19 03:02孫雯
文化交流 2019年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:明信片大運(yùn)河大衛(wèi)

孫雯

中國(guó)的河流,自西而東奔流。

大自然以不可違拗的塑造展示了它的強(qiáng)硬,但在歷史的行進(jìn)中,需要糧食與文明,需要南北貫通。于是,中國(guó)有了一條大運(yùn)河,從古代一直流淌到現(xiàn)代。

在美國(guó)人大衛(wèi)·皮卡斯(David Pickus)眼里,京杭大運(yùn)河不僅僅是一條河。

海河、黃河、淮河、長(zhǎng)江、錢(qián)塘江,當(dāng)中國(guó)的五大水系自山脈中的涓涓細(xì)流匯聚成奔騰之勢(shì)時(shí),也意味著它們將奔向各自的遠(yuǎn)方。但是,一條大運(yùn)河將五大水系聯(lián)結(jié)了起來(lái)。歷代中國(guó)人,以團(tuán)結(jié)之力,實(shí)現(xiàn)了河流的“互通”,一條條看似不怎么相干的河,由此成為一個(gè)系統(tǒng),一個(gè)聯(lián)系體。而運(yùn)河兩岸,新的故事不斷因水而生。

正是如此,大衛(wèi)看到了大運(yùn)河更高層面的象征意義,他試圖借一條大運(yùn)河,展現(xiàn)整個(gè)中國(guó)在全球化背景下的快速變化和發(fā)展。2018年底,大衛(wèi)寫(xiě)的“運(yùn)河之書(shū)”——《來(lái)自中國(guó)的明信片:大運(yùn)河紀(jì)行》(Postcards from China: Travels along the Grand Canal),由浙江大學(xué)出版社出版。

大衛(wèi)知道,中國(guó)的大運(yùn)河是中國(guó)古代南北交通的大動(dòng)脈,是一處超大規(guī)模的線性文化遺產(chǎn),她促進(jìn)了古代經(jīng)濟(jì)文化發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步,對(duì)中國(guó)的統(tǒng)一和完整、對(duì)中華民族的發(fā)展具有不可替代的重要作用,而運(yùn)河文化也是中華文化的重要組成部分。另一方面,外國(guó)朋友對(duì)于大運(yùn)河的重要性卻不甚了了。

通過(guò)對(duì)大運(yùn)河(以及其沿岸特色城市、城鎮(zhèn))的考察、對(duì)與大運(yùn)河息息相關(guān)的相關(guān)人物的訪談,大衛(wèi)向讀者講述了大運(yùn)河的歷史變遷、介紹路經(jīng)的這些地方的歷史、文化、藝術(shù)、人情風(fēng)俗,并試圖將整個(gè)敘事置于中國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)以及文化和歷史的大背景之下,分析大運(yùn)河的實(shí)際以及象征意義,與此同時(shí),大衛(wèi)也著重講述了自己的沿途見(jiàn)聞,并借此給讀者展示了整個(gè)中國(guó)在全球化背景下的快速變化和發(fā)展。

在大衛(wèi)看來(lái),大運(yùn)河之于昨日的中國(guó),就是全球化之于今日的中國(guó),而當(dāng)今大運(yùn)河區(qū)域的發(fā)展,象征著這種新舊結(jié)合的力量。也正如大運(yùn)河有時(shí)會(huì)泛濫、淤積,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法通航;而當(dāng)下,我們必須努力保持全球化的活力,互惠互利,保持和諧,阻滯也會(huì)隨之瓦解。

大衛(wèi)來(lái)自美國(guó),他是美國(guó)芝加哥大學(xué)的歷史學(xué)博士,曾任教于中國(guó)人民大學(xué)、美國(guó)亞利桑那州立大學(xué)等,目前在浙江大學(xué)任教。

2004年,大衛(wèi)來(lái)到中國(guó)。那時(shí)他像所有出游異國(guó)的人一樣,忐忑于在他鄉(xiāng)的吃住行和人際交流。不過(guò),他最終愛(ài)上了這里的文化。

2007年,一趟杭州之行,讓大衛(wèi)與大運(yùn)河結(jié)下了緣分。運(yùn)河上的船與橋,沿岸游客的聚集點(diǎn)和百姓生活的社區(qū),都讓他產(chǎn)生了賓至如歸的感覺(jué)。他決定全身心投入到對(duì)大運(yùn)河的研究當(dāng)中。

2016年底,大衛(wèi)干脆把生活全部移到了杭州。

2018年底,他寫(xiě)作的《來(lái)自中國(guó)的明信片:大運(yùn)河紀(jì)行》,由浙江大學(xué)出版社出版。

即使跳出學(xué)術(shù)研究的范疇,大衛(wèi)也比絕大多數(shù)中國(guó)人更熟悉這條大運(yùn)河。

他從北京一路向南,洛陽(yáng)、無(wú)錫、揚(yáng)州、蘇州、杭州、紹興、寧波……他不但走進(jìn)了運(yùn)河沿岸的重要樞紐城市,還旁及更為廣闊的地域,進(jìn)入大運(yùn)河沿岸居民生活的細(xì)枝末節(jié)。

比如,他來(lái)到紹興,參觀魯迅故居,還從叫賣(mài)的商販?zhǔn)种匈I(mǎi)了柄印有魯迅頭像的扇子,搖進(jìn)水鄉(xiāng)的尋常巷陌。

魯迅的“遺產(chǎn)”與紹興、大運(yùn)河有什么關(guān)系?大衛(wèi)有自己的答案。

他覺(jué)得,當(dāng)人們?cè)诮B興“穿越”到魯迅的少年,那個(gè)處于清朝尾聲里的舊時(shí)代,少年魯迅在三味書(shū)屋讀書(shū),在百草園游玩,一切看似保持著原有的井然有序,但末世的清朝已經(jīng)形成了難以自我疏通的堵塞,正如當(dāng)時(shí)的運(yùn)河。

從封閉的院落中,魯迅突圍而出,找到邁向未來(lái)的方式和洞察人間的燭火。這個(gè)行為不單單影響著他個(gè)人、那個(gè)時(shí)代,而且還影響著現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)。因此,當(dāng)大衛(wèi)走訪紹興當(dāng)?shù)氐募徔椆I(yè)時(shí),腦海中縈繞的依然是魯迅。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與自動(dòng)化為紡織業(yè)創(chuàng)造了新的機(jī)會(huì),也提出了更高的要求。當(dāng)更多的制造、交易不再依賴(lài)于人力與實(shí)體空間,地方實(shí)業(yè)的變化,正在驗(yàn)證著“魯迅式”的打破與重建。

讓過(guò)往不再是一副束縛前行的鐐銬,這是魯迅留下的經(jīng)驗(yàn),也是一直流淌于運(yùn)河之中的人文精神。

杭州西溪路上的晨昏,是大衛(wèi)日常生活的一部分。

在《來(lái)自中國(guó)的明信片:大運(yùn)河紀(jì)行》中,他寫(xiě)到了這條路。

在中國(guó)的風(fēng)水文化中,路也是河,路上的車(chē)水馬龍,營(yíng)造著河一般的流動(dòng)感。這條西溪路,讓大衛(wèi)對(duì)大運(yùn)河有了另外的思考。

從大衛(wèi)在西溪路上的公寓樓走出來(lái),可以看到兩種截然不同的生機(jī)勃勃——左轉(zhuǎn),是中國(guó)大城市的普遍景觀:鋼結(jié)構(gòu)帶玻璃幕墻的高大建筑、五星級(jí)酒店、現(xiàn)代銀行以及密布的星巴克;右轉(zhuǎn),則是另一片人間煙火:水果、蔬菜、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,各種攤位、人流,熱鬧喧囂。

這截然不同的街景,僅僅隔著兩分鐘的步行距離。而城市由過(guò)去邁向現(xiàn)代,也在倏忽之間。身居西溪路的大衛(wèi),親身體驗(yàn)著這一點(diǎn)。

如果把大運(yùn)河作為觀察的主體,西溪路是它的組成部分,而且大運(yùn)河邊有無(wú)數(shù)的“西溪路”,每條街道都有自己的新舊交接,如何在舊的基礎(chǔ)上建立新的秩序?正是西溪路的細(xì)節(jié),促動(dòng)大衛(wèi)去思考大運(yùn)河在當(dāng)下時(shí)代中應(yīng)處的位置。

在《來(lái)自中國(guó)的明信片:大運(yùn)河紀(jì)行》的每一章,大衛(wèi)都會(huì)寫(xiě)到這樣的話題:一些事物的破敗帶來(lái)了新事物,而一些先前建造的東西開(kāi)始瓦解,又會(huì)帶來(lái)更新穎的東西。正如魯迅沖破了封建時(shí)代的舊家園,也正如現(xiàn)代紡織正在淘汰過(guò)剩的產(chǎn)能。

因此,大衛(wèi)眼中的運(yùn)河之美,并非只有垂柳夕陽(yáng)的詩(shī)意,舟船與沿岸,居民的用具與居所的參差,也蘊(yùn)含了生活之美。而時(shí)代的變化,有時(shí)大動(dòng)干戈,有時(shí)就隱藏在這樣的日常中。

在大衛(wèi)看來(lái),大運(yùn)河不是靜態(tài)的,而應(yīng)該被看作是一種不斷發(fā)展的、動(dòng)態(tài)的行動(dòng)。

“它就像一個(gè)句子中的動(dòng)詞,并且也不是‘建造或‘增長(zhǎng)或‘航行這樣一個(gè)個(gè)的單一行動(dòng)。而是一種反反復(fù)復(fù)、連綿不斷的行動(dòng),是‘建造、建造、再建造、‘增長(zhǎng)、增長(zhǎng)、再增長(zhǎng)?!鄙踔?,跳出地理位置的框定——“大運(yùn)河可以說(shuō)沒(méi)有一個(gè)起點(diǎn),也沒(méi)有一個(gè)終點(diǎn)。相反,我們可以把它看作是由一系列的開(kāi)始和一系列的結(jié)束雜糅而成的?!?/p>

早在2018年12月7日,杭州舉行的“大運(yùn)河論壇”上,大衛(wèi)已經(jīng)把自己的觀點(diǎn)傳遞給來(lái)自世界各地的大運(yùn)河研究專(zhuān)家。

他說(shuō),自己開(kāi)始撰寫(xiě)大運(yùn)河的故事時(shí),就把它看作是一個(gè)具有普遍意義的故事——一個(gè)人類(lèi)世界通過(guò)不斷努力,將各種事物、人群團(tuán)結(jié)在一起并將文明延續(xù)的故事。它不斷提醒人們,互聯(lián)互通所能贏得的巨大動(dòng)能。

關(guān)于中國(guó)的故事,大衛(wèi)依然在寫(xiě)。目前,他正著手寫(xiě)一本有關(guān)中國(guó)創(chuàng)造力的書(shū),“這本書(shū)將充分展示當(dāng)今中國(guó)創(chuàng)造性和創(chuàng)造力的爆炸”。

(部分圖片來(lái)自“視覺(jué)中國(guó)”)

Grand Canal in the Eye of America Author

By Sun Wen

On December 7, 2018, Zhejiang University Press launched , a book written by David Pickus, an American teaching at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou. A PhD of history, Pickus first came to China in 2004. In 2007, he visited Hangzhou and found the canal fascinating. He decided to write a book on the worlds longest and oldest artificial river. In 2016, he moved to Hangzhou to be as close to the canal as possible.

The book is based on his tours along the great manmade watercourse all the way from Beijing at the northern end to Hangzhou, which used to be the southern end of the canal. He has visited all the key cities along the Grand Canal. He has even traveled across the Qiantang River and followed another section of the canal network that links Ningbo and Shaoxing in eastern Zhejiang to the Grand Canal. It is not wrong to say that David Pickus knows more about the Grand Canal than do some Chinese.

However, what makes Pickus book on the Grand Canal stand out is not the facts and history he puts in the book but his interpretation of the manmade river.

“There is no one single beginning point of the Grand Canal in time and space. The Grand Canal embodies a series of beginnings and endings. The Grand Canal is by no means static. It is an action that keeps taking place. It can be likened to a verb playing a key role in a long sentence,” notes Pickus. “It is a river that has brought China together. It connected the major rivers of China and integrated China into a system. The canal has given rise to unprecedented possibilities and made things happen.”

Pickus now lives in an apartment building on Westbrook Road and this road is a part of his book. He thinks the road is a demarcation line which shows two different sides of China. When he steps out of the apartment building and turns left, he sees a fancy cityscape: a wide boulevard of steel and glass buildings, with five-star hotels, several bank branches, two Starbucks within 200 meters of each other. “This is a cityscape that is becoming the norm in the prosperous parts of all of Chinas large cities,” comments Pickus. If he turns right and takes a two-minute walk, he comes to the everyday part of life: fruit and vegetable stands and shops, shrimp, fish and meat stalls, repair shops, convenience stores. In this part of the city he can buy almost everything he needs in everyday life. In his eye, the past and the present juxtapose in the same road. And he thinks Westbrook Road is a representative component of the Grand Canal and concludes that there must be a great number of such roads that radiate from the canal. In his eyes, every single road is a connection of the past and the present. The details revealed in Westbrook Road enables Pickus to contemplate the role the Grand Canal plays in the contemporary times. The beauty of the Grand Canal does not lie in the poetry of the willows swaying slightly at the sunset moment. The boats and the shores, and residential houses, household utensils also reflect the beauty of everyday life engendered and defined and carried on by the canal. The changes that define an era, sometimes, must be seen in great tumults, but sometimes, such changes are hidden in conventions of everyday life.

Pickus shared his view with experts from all over the world at a forum on the Grand Canal held in Hangzhou on December 7, 2018. He said that, when he started writing about the Grand Canal of China, he considered writing a story of universal significance: a story about humans who worked together and brought all things together and carried on civilization. In his understanding, the Grand Canal keeps reminding people of the importance of interconnecting with each other for survival and future growth. The American scholar believes that the Grand Canal of China signifies a lot in the times of this highly globalized world.

David Pickus is preparing to write a book about Chinas booming creativity.

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