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大尺度冬小麥-夏玉米微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)

2019-05-11 06:52邢素麗杜金鐘劉孟朝賈良良劉學(xué)彤趙士誠
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報 2019年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:氮磷夏玉米冬小麥

邢素麗,杜金鐘,劉孟朝,賈良良,劉學(xué)彤,趙士誠

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大尺度冬小麥-夏玉米微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)

邢素麗1,杜金鐘2,劉孟朝1,賈良良1,劉學(xué)彤1,趙士誠3

(1. 河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源環(huán)境研究所,石家莊 050051;2. 河北省石家莊市藁城區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)局,石家莊 050000; 3. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與區(qū)劃研究所,北京 100081)

為了明確微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對冬小麥-夏玉米產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值、生產(chǎn)成本效益等的影響,該文以傳統(tǒng)施肥技術(shù)為對照,設(shè)置6.67 hm2大尺度微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥在冬小麥-夏玉米上的應(yīng)用效果試驗,定量分析微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對冬小麥和夏玉米產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值、生產(chǎn)成本、效益、氮磷用量和灌溉量等方面的影響。結(jié)果表明:大尺度冬小麥-夏玉米微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥具有增產(chǎn)、增收、節(jié)約成本、節(jié)肥、節(jié)水的良好應(yīng)用效果。與傳統(tǒng)施肥相比,微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥在冬小麥季顯著提高小麥產(chǎn)量,增產(chǎn)10.6%,增加效益43.77%,降低生產(chǎn)成本26.17%,減少氮磷化肥24.20%,節(jié)約灌溉用水57.45%。微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥在夏玉米季顯著增加玉米產(chǎn)量,增產(chǎn)13.73%,增加效益13.73%,降低生產(chǎn)成本17.09%,減少氮、磷養(yǎng)分用量20.34%,節(jié)省灌溉用水36.94%。微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥在冬小麥-夏玉米輪作季增產(chǎn)12.26%,增收效益37.39%,降低生產(chǎn)成本21.85%,減少氮磷化肥22.26%,節(jié)省灌溉用水46.51%,具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益。研究結(jié)果可為該技術(shù)的推廣提供參考依據(jù),促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力和農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

灌溉;作物;精準(zhǔn)自動施肥;冬小麥;夏玉米;增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)

0 引 言

微噴灌自動施肥系統(tǒng)是由專家依據(jù)土壤養(yǎng)分及作物實際需肥規(guī)律制定施肥方案,借助計算機(jī)控制灌溉系統(tǒng)對作物供應(yīng)肥水,相比傳統(tǒng)施肥技術(shù),能精準(zhǔn)、定時、定量、均勻澆灌作物根區(qū),適時、適量滿足作物對水分和養(yǎng)分的需求,實現(xiàn)水肥協(xié)同和高效利用[1-5]。華北平原冬小麥-夏玉米輪作制度的傳統(tǒng)人工施肥管理粗放,盲目過量施用化肥、水肥資源浪費(fèi)流失、土壤水環(huán)境污染等風(fēng)險,已經(jīng)越來越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展需要。微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥技術(shù)目前在國內(nèi)多用于附加值較高的溫室蔬菜[6-7]、花卉或果樹生產(chǎn),尚未見該技術(shù)在冬小麥-夏玉米輪作制作物大面積應(yīng)用效果報道,缺乏大尺度條件下微噴灌自動施肥對作物農(nóng)學(xué)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的相關(guān)影響分析。本文界定種植面積6.67 hm2(100畝)及以上為大規(guī)模尺度,分析研究華北平原冬小麥-夏玉米輪作制條件下微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對作物產(chǎn)量、成本、效益、肥水用量等方面影響效果,為微噴灌自動化施肥技術(shù)在糧食作物應(yīng)用推廣提供科學(xué)依據(jù),促進(jìn)微噴灌自動施肥技術(shù)在大田作物的推廣、應(yīng)用和發(fā)展,顛覆傳統(tǒng)人工操作施肥技術(shù),對華北平原水資源嚴(yán)重短缺條件下的小麥玉米生產(chǎn)具有重大意義。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗地點(diǎn)概況

試驗地點(diǎn)位于藁城區(qū)西關(guān)鎮(zhèn)北孟村(38°14′24.87″N,114°46′56.41″E)、豐上村(38°13′21.6″N,114°46′48″E)和辛集王下村(38°2′44.17″N,115°25′32.98″E),3個試驗點(diǎn)同屬華北北部平原小麥-玉米輪作典型代表區(qū),屬暖溫帶半濕潤氣候,年均氣溫12.4~12.6 ℃,≥10℃積溫4 181~4 863 ℃,年降水量488.2~498 mm,無霜期190~209 d?;A(chǔ)地力中等偏上,耕層(0~20 cm)土壤類型及養(yǎng)分含量如表1。

1.2 試驗方法

小麥品種選用“藁優(yōu)2018”,玉米品種選用“鄭單958”。試驗時間2016年10月~2018年6月,歷時2個冬小麥-夏玉米輪作季,小麥當(dāng)季10月中旬播種,次年6月中旬收獲。玉米6月中旬播種,9月底~10月初收獲。3個試驗地均設(shè)傳統(tǒng)施肥(CK)和微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥2個處理,采用大區(qū)試驗,每個處理面積設(shè)定6.67 hm2為1個處理單元,隨機(jī)排列,重復(fù)3次。CK采用試驗點(diǎn)所在地平均傳統(tǒng)施肥量,微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥養(yǎng)分施用總量依據(jù)試驗地點(diǎn)土壤養(yǎng)分含量狀況結(jié)合試驗地點(diǎn)微噴灌小麥、玉米養(yǎng)分吸收量及最佳施肥量專家經(jīng)驗知識確定,不同地點(diǎn)各處理養(yǎng)分用量見表2。

表1 試驗地基礎(chǔ)土壤養(yǎng)分含量(0~20 cm土層)

表2 不同處理的養(yǎng)分施用量

在不同時期施肥量分配方面,CK小麥季、玉米季均各施底肥1次,追肥1次。各試驗點(diǎn)均為小麥季底施復(fù)混肥750 kg/hm2,追施尿素(N46%,下同)225 kg/hm2;玉米季底施復(fù)混肥600 kg/hm2,追施尿素300 kg/hm2。其中小麥季復(fù)混肥N-P2O5-K2O比例各試驗點(diǎn)北孟、豐上、王下分別為15∶15∶15,17∶16∶15和22∶14∶10,玉米季底肥N-P2O5-K2O比例分別為28∶6∶6,30∶8∶4和28∶8∶6,折合不同時期肥料分配為:磷鉀全部底施,純氮底肥與拔節(jié)肥比例為52%~61%:39%~48%(小麥)和53%~57%:43%~47%(玉米)。微噴灌自動施肥在小麥季、玉米季各施底肥1次,追肥2次,同一作物各試驗點(diǎn)采用相同的施肥時期和分配比例如下:冬小麥季底肥、拔節(jié)肥、穗肥分別為N 42.5%、42.5%、15%;P2O565%、5%、30%;K2O 60%、20%、20%;玉米季底肥、拔節(jié)肥、花粒肥分別為N 50%、45%、5%;P2O560%、20%、20%;K2O 50%、30%、20%。底肥用復(fù)混肥(小麥季底肥N-P2O5-K2O比例為18∶15∶10,玉米季底肥N-P2O5-K2O比例為28∶6∶6。追肥用尿素、磷酸二氫銨(又稱磷酸一銨,含N 12%、P2O561%)、氯化鉀(K2O 60%)、磷酸二氫鉀(P2O552%,K2O 34%)每輪作季養(yǎng)分用量相同。

施肥方法結(jié)合灌溉,CK小麥季底肥隨整地撒施,玉米季底肥隨播種機(jī)械施入,追肥在小麥和玉米的拔節(jié)期隨灌溉施入。CK灌溉方式為畦灌。小麥季灌溉量50~70 m3/次,全生育期灌溉3~5次,玉米季灌溉量50~70 m3/次,生育期灌溉3次。微噴灌自動施肥處理底肥施用方法與CK底肥施用方法相同。追肥借助田間微噴灌系統(tǒng)自動控制完成。微噴灌自動化控制系統(tǒng)由計算機(jī)首部、肥料罐、田間灌溉管道、傳感器等幾個主要部分組成,工作原理如圖1。施肥時間、施肥量、灌溉時間、灌溉量等由專家知識事先設(shè)定并預(yù)先輸入系統(tǒng)。施肥操作開始前先將肥料溶于肥料母液槽內(nèi),由首部計算機(jī)控制設(shè)備根據(jù)內(nèi)嵌專家系統(tǒng)程序,通過智能按鈕啟動各個部位連接的電動閥門,不同種養(yǎng)份的肥料根據(jù)每次追肥設(shè)定量進(jìn)行自動計量并注入灌溉管道,完成自動化給水、注肥、施肥等全過程。田間管道系統(tǒng)主管道選用PN110,垂直支管PN76,地面橡膠支管CN65,微噴帶選用CN40,壁厚0.4 mm,噴孔直徑2 mm,孔距15 cm。微噴管鋪設(shè)行間距180 cm,噴幅半徑100 cm,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作壓力0.15 MPa。小麥行距15 cm,玉米行距60 cm,微噴出水量設(shè)定23.3 m3/h。微噴灌自動施肥,小麥季灌溉量設(shè)置每次灌溉20~30 m3,全生育期灌溉5次,玉米季灌溉量設(shè)置每次灌溉量30~40 m3,全生育期灌溉3次。

春季小麥返青時鋪設(shè)微噴帶,小麥?zhǔn)斋@時不需收卷微噴帶,玉米播種后整平1次,收獲前收卷微噴帶留做第2年再用。微噴帶可反復(fù)使用約10 a。其他田間管理措施保持一致。

圖1 微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥系統(tǒng)工作原理示意圖

1.3 取樣與測試方法

作物播種前采用S形取樣法采集耕層0~20cm土樣,測定土壤pH值、有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、有效磷和速效鉀養(yǎng)分含量;收獲期按各處理實際產(chǎn)量計產(chǎn)。作物生長期記錄不同處理的生產(chǎn)管理成本,主要包括肥料成本、灌溉量及灌溉用電費(fèi)、水肥用工、設(shè)備折舊及維修,以及其他播種收獲、病蟲害防治等必要支出,作為效益核算的依據(jù)。

1.4 樣品分析測定方法

土壤pH值測定采用pH計法,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量測定采用重鉻酸鉀容量法,土壤全氮含量測定采用凱氏法,土壤有效磷含量測定采用Alson法,土壤速效鉀含量測定采用火焰光度法[8]。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計與分析

試驗數(shù)據(jù)用Excel軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計和作圖,用DPS軟件進(jìn)行重復(fù)間數(shù)據(jù)的顯著度比較分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對冬小麥和夏玉米產(chǎn)量的影響

表3為微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對冬小麥和夏玉米產(chǎn)量的影響數(shù)據(jù)表。結(jié)果顯示,微噴灌自動施肥顯著增加冬小麥和夏玉米產(chǎn)量。微噴灌自動施肥2016~2018年2個冬小麥季3個試驗點(diǎn)小麥產(chǎn)量平均9 190.50 kg/hm2,CK平均產(chǎn)量8 310.00 kg/hm2,微噴灌自動施肥較CK平均增產(chǎn)880.50 kg/hm2,增產(chǎn)10.60%,產(chǎn)量差異顯著;2017~2018年微噴灌自動施肥2個玉米季3個試驗點(diǎn)玉米產(chǎn)量平均10 715.75 kg/hm2,CK玉米產(chǎn)量平均9 422.51 kg/hm2,微噴灌自動施肥較CK平均增產(chǎn)1 293.24 kg/hm2,增產(chǎn)13.73%,產(chǎn)量差異顯著。小麥玉米輪作季增產(chǎn)2 173.74 kg/hm2,平均增產(chǎn)12.26%。

表3 微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對冬小麥和夏玉米產(chǎn)量的影響

注:不同小寫字母表示在0.05水平上差異顯著。下同。

Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the level of 0.05. The same below.

2.2 微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對冬小麥和夏玉米水肥用量的影響

微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥顯著減少氮磷化肥的用量(表2)。微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥3個試驗點(diǎn)小麥季平均投入純N 172.3 kg/hm2,P2O593.75 kg/hm2,K2O 67.5 kg/hm2,合計投入氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分333.55 kg/hm2,其中氮磷養(yǎng)分合計為266.05 kg/hm2。小麥季CK平均投入純N 238.5 kg/hm2,P2O5112.5 kg/hm2,K2O 75 kg/hm2,合計投入氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分426 kg/hm2,其中氮磷養(yǎng)分合計投入351 kg/hm2。冬小麥季微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥較CK顯著減少氮磷用量,減少氮磷純養(yǎng)分84.95 kg/hm2,減少氮磷化肥24.20%。微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥玉米季平均投入純N 240 kg/hm2,P2O542 kg/hm2,K2O 60 kg/hm2,合計投入氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分342 kg/hm2,其中投入氮磷養(yǎng)分為282 kg/hm2。玉米季CK平均投入純N 306 kg/hm2,P2O548 kg/hm2,K2O 36 kg/hm2,合計投入氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分390 kg/hm2,其中投入氮磷養(yǎng)分354 kg/hm2,玉米季微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥較CK顯著減少氮肥用量,減少氮磷純養(yǎng)分72 kg/hm2,減少氮磷化肥20.34%。冬小麥、夏玉米輪作季減少氮磷用量156.95 kg/hm2,平均單季減少氮磷肥料用量22.26%。

微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥較傳統(tǒng)施肥技術(shù)有顯著節(jié)水效果(表4)。表4可以看出,微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥2016年~2018年3個試驗點(diǎn)冬小麥季每季平均灌溉量2 000 m3/hm2,CK平均灌溉量4 700 m3/hm2,與CK相比,微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥顯著減少灌溉量,有效節(jié)水2 700 m3/hm2,差異顯著,節(jié)水率57.45%。微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥夏玉米季每季平均灌溉量1 750 m3/hm2,CK平均灌溉量2 775 m3/hm2,夏玉米季微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥有效節(jié)水1 025 m3/hm2,節(jié)水36.94%。微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥冬小麥-夏玉米輪作季總灌溉量3 750 m3/hm2,CK總灌溉量6 837.5 m3/hm2,微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥輪作季總計節(jié)水3087.5 m3/hm2,平均節(jié)水45.16%。

表4 微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對灌溉用水量的影響

2.3 微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對冬小麥、夏玉米生產(chǎn)成本和效益的影響

微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥明顯降低冬小麥季生產(chǎn)成本,提高產(chǎn)值和效益(表5)。表5顯示,微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥3個試驗地點(diǎn)2016年~2018年2個冬小麥季平均單季化肥成本1 578.21元/hm2、灌溉電費(fèi)710.00元/hm2、設(shè)備折舊和維修成本1 043.25元/hm2,水肥用工成本844.95元/hm2,其他成本1 500.00元/hm2,合計生產(chǎn)成本6 984.61元/hm2,產(chǎn)值22 057.22元/hm2,效益15 072.61元/hm2。CK處理冬小麥季平均單季化肥成本2 015.85元/hm2、灌溉電費(fèi)1 668.50元/hm2、水肥用工成本2 560.05元/hm2,其他成本1 500.00元/hm2,合計生產(chǎn)成本9 460.25元/hm2,產(chǎn)值19 944.01元/hm2,效益10 483.76元/hm2。與CK相比,精準(zhǔn)微噴灌自動施肥冬小麥季增加產(chǎn)值2 113.20元/hm2,提高效益4 588.85元/hm2,增收43.77%,減少成本2 475.64元/hm2,減少26.17%。

表5 微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對小麥生產(chǎn)效益的影響

注:1. 計算依據(jù)的市場價格:小麥2.4元·kg-1,玉米1.3元·kg-1,純N 4.6元·kg-1,P2O55.5元·kg-1,K2O 4.0元·kg-1,灌溉電費(fèi)0.355元·m-3,系統(tǒng)年折舊費(fèi)按系統(tǒng)使用年限10 a計算,年維修費(fèi)用按系統(tǒng)投資總額的3%計算[9-10]。其他成本包括播種成本150元·hm-2,除草成本300元·hm-2,病害防治成本450元·hm-2,收獲成本600元·hm-2。下同。

Note: 1. The market price on which the calculation is based: wheat 2.4 Yuan·kg-1; maize 1.3 Yuan·kg-1; N 4.6 Yuan·kg-1; P2O55.5 Yuan·kg-1; K2O 4.0 Yuan·kg-1; power charges of irrigation 0.355 Yuan·m-3. The annual depreciation fee of the system is calculated according to the service life of 10 years, and the annual maintenance fee is calculated according to 3% of the total investment of the system[9-10].. 2. The other costs including sowing cost 150 Yuan·hm-2, weeding cost 300 Yuan·hm-2, disease control cost 450 Yuan·hm-2, harvesting cost 600 Yuan·hm-2. The bbelow.

微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥明顯降低夏玉米季生產(chǎn)成本,提高產(chǎn)值和效益(表6)。表6顯示,微噴灌自動施肥3個試驗點(diǎn)2017年~2018年2個夏玉米季平均單季化肥成本1 575元/hm2、灌溉電費(fèi)479.25元/hm2、設(shè)備折舊和維修成本1 043.25元/hm2,水肥用工成本868.80元/hm2,其他成本1 800元/hm2,合計生產(chǎn)成本7 101.30元/hm2,產(chǎn)值13 930.47元/hm2,效益3 214.72元/hm2。CK處理夏玉米季平均單季化肥成本1 815.60元/hm2、灌溉電費(fèi)843.13元/hm2、水肥用工成本2 434.50元/hm2,其他成本1 800 元/hm2,合計生產(chǎn)成本8 564.83元/hm2,產(chǎn)值12 249.26元/hm2,效益2 826.75元/hm2。與CK相比,微噴灌自動施肥夏玉米季增加產(chǎn)值1 681.21元/hm2,提高效益387.97元/hm2,增收13.73%,減少成本1 463.53元/hm2,減少17.09%。

表6 微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對玉米生產(chǎn)效益的影響

微噴灌自動施肥冬小麥-夏玉米輪作季產(chǎn)值合計生產(chǎn)成本14 085.91,效益18 287.33元/hm2,較傳統(tǒng)施肥CK平均單季增加產(chǎn)值3 794.41元/hm2;提高效益4 976.82元/hm2,增收37.39%;降低生產(chǎn)成本3 939.17元/hm2,節(jié)約成本21.85%。

3 討 論

自動化施肥技術(shù)在中國糧食作物研究和應(yīng)用上起步較晚[11-13],結(jié)合灌溉方式有滴灌施肥[14-16]、噴灌施肥[17]等方式。微噴灌結(jié)合了滴灌和噴灌的優(yōu)點(diǎn),造價成本低,可在低電壓條件運(yùn)行,節(jié)省能源[18]。微噴灌作物根層土壤水分分布均勻,利于提高土壤儲水能力,減少作物耗水量,提高水分利用效率[19-23],解決了傳統(tǒng)灌溉大量浪費(fèi)水資源的缺陷[24-26]。小麥微噴灌溉可提高小麥在關(guān)鍵生長期的葉面積指數(shù),促進(jìn)光合作用,提高灌漿期旗葉水勢和群體光合速率[27-29],顯著提高生物量、粒重和籽粒產(chǎn)量[30-31],還可以降低小麥灌漿期冠層溫度,提高冠層相對濕度,防控小麥干熱風(fēng)[32]。很多研究表明,微噴灌溉施肥技術(shù)對提高水肥利用效率、促進(jìn)作物生長有明顯作用。

本文分析了微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥在糧食作物上的應(yīng)用效果,通過不同地點(diǎn)的大尺度試驗示范肯定了微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥對冬小麥-夏玉米產(chǎn)量、肥水資源、生產(chǎn)成本、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等方面的積極影響,為大田糧食作物推廣應(yīng)用微噴自動化施肥技術(shù)提供科學(xué)參考依據(jù),從而促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力水平和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

傳統(tǒng)施肥全部肥料在作物生長前期完成施入土壤,而當(dāng)作物對營養(yǎng)需求高峰的花粒期不進(jìn)行追肥,從而導(dǎo)致過早施入土壤的養(yǎng)分由于被固定、流失等無法發(fā)揮良好的效果。本文在不同的土壤條件下,借助微噴自動灌溉施肥系統(tǒng),比傳統(tǒng)施肥方法減少氮磷總量,增加作物生長后期水溶性速效磷鉀肥供應(yīng),解決了農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)施肥在作物籽粒形成的養(yǎng)分需求關(guān)鍵期缺乏有效肥料供應(yīng)的問題,根據(jù)作物的階段營養(yǎng)需求供應(yīng)水分和養(yǎng)分,契合冬小麥、夏玉米對養(yǎng)分的需求規(guī)律,與現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的研究結(jié)果相吻合[14]。相比傳統(tǒng)施肥,顯著增產(chǎn)、增效、節(jié)肥、節(jié)水,驗證了該技術(shù)比傳統(tǒng)施肥技術(shù)具有明顯的先進(jìn)性。

4 結(jié) 論

1)大尺度冬小麥-夏玉米微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥具有增產(chǎn)、增收、節(jié)約成本、節(jié)肥、節(jié)水的良好應(yīng)用效果。與傳統(tǒng)施肥相比,微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥顯著提高小麥產(chǎn)量880.5 kg/hm2,增產(chǎn)10.6%;增加產(chǎn)值2 113.20元/hm2;提高效益4 588.85元/hm2,增收43.77%;降低生產(chǎn)成本2 475.64元/hm2,節(jié)約成本26.17%;減少氮磷純養(yǎng)分用量84.95 kg/hm2,減少氮磷化肥24.20%;節(jié)約灌溉用水2 700 m3/hm2,節(jié)水率57.45%。

2)微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥顯著增加玉米產(chǎn)量1 293.24 kg/hm2,增產(chǎn)13.73%;增加產(chǎn)值1 681.21元/hm2,提高效益387.97元/hm2,增收13.73%;減少生產(chǎn)成本1 463.53元/hm2,節(jié)約成本17.09%。減少氮磷純養(yǎng)分用量 72 kg/hm2,減少氮磷化肥 20.34%;節(jié)省灌溉用水1 025 m3/hm2,節(jié)水36.94%。

3)冬小麥-夏玉米輪作季微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥增產(chǎn)小麥、玉米總計2173.74kg/hm2,平均增產(chǎn)率12.26%;增加產(chǎn)值3794.41元/hm2;提高效益4976.82元/hm2,增收37.39%;降低生產(chǎn)成本3939.17元/hm2,節(jié)約成本21.85%;減少氮磷純養(yǎng)分用量156.95kg/hm2,減少氮磷化肥22.26%;節(jié)省灌溉用水3087.50 m3/hm2,節(jié)水46.51%。具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益。

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Yield increasing effect of precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation for winter wheat-summer maize in large-scale

Xing Suli1, Du Jinzhong2, Liu Mengchao1, Jia Liangliang1, Liu Xuetong1, Zhao Shicheng3

(1.,,050051,;2.,,,050000,;3.,,100081,)

To illustrate the agronomic and economic effectsof precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology on the winter wheat and summer maize,3 field experiments were conducted in Beimeng village(38°14′24.87′′N, 114°46′56.41′′E), Fengshang village(38°13′ 21.6′′N, 114°46′48′′E) and Wangxia village(38°2′44.17′′N, 115°25′32.98′′E) in Xinji City Gaocheng District from October 2016 to June 2018. Each experiments including 2 treatments of CK and precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation treatment, the plot area is 6.67 hm2for each treatment with 3 replication at random arrangement. The study areas belongs to the typical winter wheat and summer maize rotation in the northern North China Plain, and belongs to the semi-humid climate in warm temperate zone. The average annual temperature is 12.4-12.6 ℃, the accumulated temperature is 4 181-4 863 ℃, the annual precipitation is 488.2-498 mm, and the frost-free period is 190-209 days. The winter wheat sown in mid-October, and harvested in next mid-June, the maize sown in mid-June and harvested from the end of September to the beginning of October. Totally 2 winter wheat-summer maize rotation seasons were included in this experiments. For CK treatment, the fertilization rates and allocation budgets were based on farmers’ survey in the experiments areas. The winter wheat fertilization rates was N 216, 231 and 268.5 kg/hm2, P2O5112.5, 120 and 105 kg/hm2, and K2O 112.5, 37.5 and 75 kg/hm2respectively for each teat sites. All the P and K fertilizer applied before sowing, 52%-61% N as basal fertilizer applied before sowing and 39%-48% applied at shooting stage as topdressing. The summer maize fertilization rates were N 306, 318 and 294 kg/hm2, P2O536, 48 and 60 kg/hm2, K2O 36, 24 and 48 kg/hm2respectivelyfor each teat sites, all the P and K fertilizers applied as basal fertilizer, 53%-57% N as basal fertilizer applied before sowing and 43%-47% applied at 10 leaf stage as topdressing. The irrigation strategy for CK treatment was flooding irrigation. For precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation, fertilization rates and allocation budgets were based on agriculture experts knowledge. The winter wheat fertilization rates were N 157,180 and 180 kg/hm2, P2O590, 90 and 101.5 kg/hm2, K2O 52.5, 75 and 75 kg/hm2for each teat site. The allocation proportion for N as basal fertilizer, jointing stage topdressing and booting stage topdressing was 42.5%, 42.5% and 15%, respectively. P2O5was 65%, 5%, 30%, respectively. K2O was 60%, 20%, 20%,respectively. The summer maize fertilization rates were N 210, 240 and 270 kg/hm2, P2O537.5, 43.5 and 45 kg/hm2, K2O 52.5, 60 and 67.5 kg/hm2for each teat sites. The allocation proportion for N as basal fertilizer, 10 leaf stage topdressing and flowering stage topdressing was 50%, 45% and 5% respectively, P2O5was 60%, 20% and 20%respectively, K2O was 50%, 30% and 20%respectively. For this treatment, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation was used in the whole growth seasons, fertilizers were accompanied with the irrigation water through the automatic irrigation channel system. The results showed that large scale the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology used on winter wheat and summer maize could increase the crop yield, decrease the N, P fertilizer application and irrigation water amount, improve the net benefit. Compared with CK, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased winter wheat yield by 10.6%, increased net income by 43.77%, significantly reduced the production cost by 26.17%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 24.20%, decreased the irrigation water by 57.45%. Correspondingly, precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased summer maize yield by 13.73%, maize net benefits increased by 13.73%, reduced the production cost by17.09%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 20.34%, decreased the irrigation water by 36.94% than the CK treatment. For the whole winter wheat and summer maize rotation season, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased the crop yield by 12.26%, increased the net benefits by 37.39%, reduced the production cost by 21.85%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 22.26%, reduced the irrigation water by 46.51%. This study confirmed the effect of precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology on winter wheat and summer maize, which can provides reference basis for the promotion of this new technology, thus promoting productivity and agricultural sustainable development.

irrigation; crops; precision automatic fertilization; winter wheat; summer maize; yield increasing effect

2018-07-19

2019-03-01

國家科技支撐計劃項目(2015BAD23B0207);河北省科技計劃項目(14397502D)。

邢素麗,研究員,主要從事作物高效施肥技術(shù)研究。 Email:834591172@qq.com

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.06.012

S275.6

A

1002-6819(2019)-06-0100-07

邢素麗,杜金鐘,劉孟朝,賈良良,劉學(xué)彤,趙士誠.大尺度冬小麥-夏玉米微噴灌精準(zhǔn)自動施肥增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2019,35(6):100-106. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.06.012 http://www.tcsae.org

Xing Suli, Du Jinzhong, Liu Mengchao, Jia Liangliang, Liu Xuetong, Zhao Shicheng. Yield increasing effect of precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation for winter wheat-summer maize in large-scale[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(6): 100-106. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.06.012 http://www.tcsae.org

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