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名詞性從句考點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)梳理

2019-05-21 10:25殷華新
關(guān)鍵詞:虛擬語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)序賓語(yǔ)

殷華新

考點(diǎn)一:語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題

名詞性從句的語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題在各地高考題目中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高,由此可見(jiàn)其重要性。

解題思路:在名詞性從句中,除了關(guān)聯(lián)詞要提到句首之外,一律要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。即名詞性從句中不會(huì)出現(xiàn)助動(dòng)詞提前的現(xiàn)象。

No one can be sure _______?in a million years.

A. what will man look like

B. what man will look like

C. man will look like what

D. what look will man like

解析:該題屬于典型的考查名詞性從句中賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題。根據(jù)以上所述,應(yīng)該用陳述語(yǔ)序。所以首先排除A、C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng),而D選項(xiàng)明顯不符合語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣,故答案為B。

考點(diǎn)二:that和what的區(qū)別問(wèn)題

能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接代詞有who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever, whomever共九個(gè)。但what在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率非常高,是考查的熱點(diǎn)!經(jīng)常與that放在一起,弄清二者用法區(qū)別是解題的關(guān)鍵。

解題思路:分析what和that在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑簑hat既有連接作用, 又要在從句中作成分,一般作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、 表語(yǔ),表示“……的東西;地點(diǎn);人物;數(shù)目”等不同概念,在實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí),可以有the thing(s) that...、 all that...、 the place that、 the person that 等表達(dá);而that只是一個(gè)“連接詞”,既不充當(dāng)任何成分,也沒(méi)有實(shí)在意義。

This is _______?my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.(2018 北京)

A. how?B. which

C. that?D. what

解析:根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),該題考查名詞性從句中表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用法;根據(jù)句意“這是我父親教給我的東西”可以確定,所填入的詞不僅要起連接表語(yǔ)從句的作用,還要在句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞teach的賓語(yǔ),所以應(yīng)該填what,故答案為D。

考點(diǎn)三:that和whether的區(qū)別問(wèn)題

這兩個(gè)詞都是連接詞,且都在從句中不作成分。但是,它們之間最大的區(qū)別在于“意義”。即that在從句中既不作成分,也沒(méi)有自己的意義;而whether雖然不在從句中充當(dāng)成分,但是它有意義,即“是否”。這就能夠左右從句的意思,使從句所表達(dá)的意思變成一個(gè)還沒(méi)有確定的因素。

解題思路:區(qū)分that還是whether,重點(diǎn)就是看主句需要從句表達(dá)一個(gè)什么意思,是確定的,還是不確定的;是事實(shí)還是疑問(wèn)。前者選that,后者選whether。

I have no doubt _______Mr. Johnson will make it here on time.

A. that??B. whether

C. why??D. when

答案:A。這個(gè)題之所以選擇that,就是因?yàn)榍懊娴腎 have no doubt(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)),這樣的主句已經(jīng)不再需要從句表達(dá)什么“是否”的意思了。

No one can be sure _______?the board will accept our conditions.

A. that??B. whether

C. why??D. what

答案:B。這個(gè)題中的No one can be sure(沒(méi)有人能肯定)就要求從句表達(dá)一個(gè)“董事會(huì)能否接受我們的條件”的意思,而不能是一個(gè)既定的事實(shí)。

考點(diǎn)四:if和whether的區(qū)別問(wèn)題

解題思路:二者在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)都有“是否”之意。一般認(rèn)為,二者在賓語(yǔ)從句中可以互換。

He didnt give us explicit reply whether / if he will attend our wedding ceremony.

而在介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句中,在主語(yǔ)從句中,在表語(yǔ)從句中,在同位語(yǔ)從句中,在和不定式搭配的結(jié)構(gòu)中等等,習(xí)慣上只能用whether。

值得注意的是:有些著作依然強(qiáng)調(diào)if不能與or not搭配的問(wèn)題。事實(shí)上這是不符合當(dāng)今英語(yǔ)實(shí)際使用情況的,也是與英美語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的論述相違背的。有些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家指出,在許多賓語(yǔ)從句中,if... or not和whether... or not是可以互換的。

I dont know if / whether I can come or not.

考點(diǎn)五:wh?詞和wh?ever的區(qū)別問(wèn)題

解題思路:一般認(rèn)為,wh?詞在引導(dǎo)從句時(shí),依然保留了很大部分疑問(wèn)詞的本色,所以,它們引導(dǎo)的從句在意思上應(yīng)該表達(dá)的是一個(gè)“問(wèn)題”,而whever已經(jīng)沒(méi)有這層色彩,不再關(guān)心這樣的“問(wèn)題”,而是充滿了讓步的意味,多有“無(wú)論……”之意。

Who will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas hasnt been announced.

誰(shuí)將被派往洪災(zāi)區(qū)去救援還沒(méi)有宣布。

Whoever will be sent to work in the flooded areas will spare no effort to help the people in need. 不管是誰(shuí)被派往災(zāi)區(qū)救援都會(huì)全力以赴地幫助災(zāi)民。

考點(diǎn)六:no matter wh -和wh-ever的區(qū)別問(wèn)題

解題思路:兩者都有“無(wú)論……”之意。在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以互換。但是,no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。Wh-ever則二者皆可。由此包含與被包含的關(guān)系決定,二者同時(shí)出現(xiàn)而必選其一時(shí),答案肯定是wh-ever。

Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. (主語(yǔ)從句)

Whoever / No matter who breaks the rules, he / she will be punished. (狀語(yǔ)從句)

Dont believe whatever he tells you. (賓語(yǔ)從句)

Dont believe him, whatever / no matter what he tells you. (狀語(yǔ)從句)

考點(diǎn)七:名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣問(wèn)題

解題思路:先看賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一般說(shuō)來(lái),如果從句作的是表示說(shuō)話人某種觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度或要求等語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句中要求用should+動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語(yǔ)氣(should經(jīng)常可以省略)。這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:desire, demand, require, request, order, propose, command, advise, suggest等。

He insisted that she (should) spend more time studying.

He demanded that we (should) be on time.

值得注意的是suggest和insist。它們倆后面的賓語(yǔ)從句是否用虛擬語(yǔ)氣還要看具體語(yǔ)境來(lái)定。

The doctor suggested that I had a cold. (這個(gè)suggest的意思是“解釋,說(shuō)明”。后面不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

The smile on her face suggested that she had passed the test. (這個(gè)suggest的意思是“表明”。后面不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

The doctor suggested that I (should) stay in bed for a few days. (這個(gè)suggest的意思是“建議”。后面用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

The young man insisted that he was well enough to serve in the army. (這個(gè)insist堅(jiān)持的是一個(gè)事實(shí)不是一種觀點(diǎn)。后面不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

That young man insisted that he should be sent to the front. (這個(gè)insist堅(jiān)持的是一種觀點(diǎn),即“他應(yīng)該被派往前線”。后面用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

以上是賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣現(xiàn)象。如果是其他三種名詞性從句,只要和上述動(dòng)詞有關(guān),用法一樣。

The headquarterssuggestion is that we (should) wait for another few days. (表語(yǔ)從句)

His order that all the soldiers (should) swim across the river was refused. (同位語(yǔ)從句)

It is strongly recommended that you (should) take a taxi. (主語(yǔ)從句)

另外,在下面這幾個(gè)特殊的句型中,后面的主語(yǔ)從句也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

a. It is important / necessary / natural / a wonder / essential(必要的) / suggested that... should do... It is important that you (should)be on time.

b. I wish that... did...

I wish I were a bird.

I wish one day I could live on the moon.

c. Id rather that... did...

Id rather you did it yourself.

Id rather I hadnt lent you that bicycle yesterday.

考點(diǎn)八:it在名詞性從句中的作用問(wèn)題

代詞it的用法有很多。近幾年高考的關(guān)注點(diǎn)主要集中在it在名詞性從句中作形式賓語(yǔ)和形式主語(yǔ)的用法。

作形式主語(yǔ):

It worried me a bit that he didnt phone.

It occurred to me that she might have forgotten the date.

It doesnt matter when you arrive—just come when you can.

作形式賓語(yǔ):

I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.

I find it necessary that we should spend more time improving spoken English.

I think it important that we should keep calm.

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