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基于SketchUp模型的武夷山區(qū)優(yōu)勢樹種建模

2019-06-11 10:05馮婉玲陳水飛何立恒吳迪
森林工程 2019年1期

馮婉玲 陳水飛 何立恒 吳迪

摘 要:為了研究如何繪制虛擬環(huán)境中的真實植被模型,利用SketchUp進行樹木的三維建模,以實驗區(qū)10個優(yōu)勢樹種為例,先精確繪制單株植物,再分塊建立成片植被景觀模型,以不同視圖展出,最后進行建模結(jié)果分析,得到植被樹種組成分布格局。從建立的模型圖來看,實驗區(qū)的中小型樹種較多,大型樹木較少,推斷實驗區(qū)新生樹木多,植物生長勢頭較好;整體來看,米櫧和甜櫧占有絕對優(yōu)勢。本文采用SketchUp模擬出單個樹木的形態(tài),并考慮環(huán)境因素設(shè)置樹木形態(tài)參數(shù),較好地模擬樹木,使樹木形象化、信息化和簡單化。分塊進行樹木的建模,不僅簡化建模過程、易于完善模型和集成模型,還使電腦運行負擔降低,加快軟件運行速度。最后拼合成整體,較好地實現(xiàn)了林分可視化,為林業(yè)科學研究提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:樹木模型;SketchUp;分塊建模;視圖展示

中圖分類號:S758 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-8023(2019)01—0022-07

Abstract: In order to study how to draw real vegetation model in virtual environment, this paper used SketchUp for three-dimensional modeling of trees, taking ten dominant tree species in experimental area for example. Individual plant was drawn accurately, and then a piece of vegetation landscape model in blocks was established, which was displayed in different views. Finally, the distribution pattern of vegetation tree species was obtained by analyzing the modeling results. According to the model diagram, there were more small and medium-sized tree species and fewer large trees in the experimental area. It was concluded that there were more new trees and better plant growth momentum in the experimental area. Overall, Castanopsis carlesii and Castanopsis eyrei occupied the habitat first. In this paper, SketchUp was used to simulate the shape of an individual tree, and environmental factors were taken into account to set the shape parameters of trees, which can better simulate trees and make them visualized, informative and simplified. Building trees in blocks not only simplified the modeling process, but also improved the model and integration model, reduced the running burden of the computer and sped up the software operation. Finally, the whole forest was integrated to achieve the standing forest visualization. The tree model constructed in this paper provided a reference for forestry scientific research.

Keywords: Tree model; SketchUp; blocking modeling; view display

0 引言

植物三維建模[1]可為探索植物生命的奧秘和生長過程規(guī)律,以及改善人類生存環(huán)境質(zhì)量帶來新的契機。1962年,ULam應(yīng)用細胞自動化機制來模擬植物樹枝的生長,隨后Linden提出了將L-system作為構(gòu)造植物虛擬模型的一般框架,緊接著Honda第一次將樹的結(jié)構(gòu)用計算機表現(xiàn)出來[2]。

目前,主流的三維樹木建模方法主要有3種:基于規(guī)則、基于圖像和基于三維測量數(shù)據(jù) [3-4]。各建模方法的對比見表1?;谝?guī)則方法強調(diào)植物拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)的表示,具有結(jié)構(gòu)化程度高、易于實現(xiàn)等優(yōu)點。但此方法產(chǎn)生的樹種生硬單一,樹木形態(tài)不容易控制?;趫D像方法使用了源于現(xiàn)實的植物圖像照片,成本低廉、真實感強,但難以獲取完整的植物信息。本文的樹木建模是基于測量數(shù)據(jù)方法[5],此方法忠實于植物的三維形態(tài)特征,能以較強的真實感重現(xiàn)自然界中存在的植物。本文實驗區(qū)在武夷山,利用實驗區(qū)植物數(shù)據(jù),在SketchUp中建模[6-7],精確建立樹木模型后以視圖展出,為武夷山景區(qū)的開發(fā)以及珍稀植物的保護提供基礎(chǔ)三維可視化平臺。

1 研究方法

1.1 研究區(qū)概況

武夷山位于閩、贛兩省之間,平均海拔

1 000 m左右。整個武夷山脈成東北-西南走向。調(diào)查區(qū)基準點地理坐標為117°50′40.525″E,27°53′1.876″N,總體上北高南低,坡度10° ~ 50°。調(diào)查區(qū)內(nèi)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)完整,地帶性物種成分占絕對優(yōu)勢,種群天然更新狀況良好。調(diào)查區(qū)優(yōu)勢樹種為:赤楠、福建含笑、港柯、羅浮栲、毛錐、米櫧、格藥柃、矩葉鼠刺、少葉黃杞和甜櫧[20]。在調(diào)查區(qū)內(nèi)隨機選取36個連續(xù)的5 m×5 m的正方形小地塊為實驗區(qū)。

3 結(jié)論與展望

3.1 結(jié)論

(1)采用SketchUp模擬出單個樹木的形態(tài),并考慮環(huán)境因素設(shè)置樹木形態(tài)參數(shù)。通過實測數(shù)據(jù)輸入樹木的位置、冠幅、樹高和枝下高,較好地模擬樹木,使樹木形象化、信息化和簡單化。

(2)分塊進行樹木的建模,不僅簡化建模過程、易于完善模型和集成模型,還使電腦運行負擔降低,加快軟件運行速度。最后拼合成整體,較好地實現(xiàn)了林分可視化,為森林景觀經(jīng)營提供可視化的平臺。

3.2展望

隨著科技的進步,三維數(shù)據(jù)的獲取已不再是難題。本文的研究只在小區(qū)域內(nèi)實現(xiàn)樹木建模,還有一些問題值得深入研究:

(1)林木的三維模型由大量的基本單元構(gòu)成,如何有效改進模型,加入更多影響樹木形態(tài)的參數(shù),例如光照、溫度、水分及其他氣候因素等,使樹木的仿真度提高。

(2)本文只是在平面上模擬出樹木的模型,還需要依據(jù)武夷山地形實測數(shù)據(jù)進行三維地形的創(chuàng)建,并擴大研究范圍,將樹木的創(chuàng)建擴展至整個武夷山,實現(xiàn)整個山體樹木模型的創(chuàng)建。

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