鐘群
中學(xué)英語(yǔ)六大從句中,定語(yǔ)從句的使用頻率是非常高的。但學(xué)生因?yàn)槭苤朴跐h語(yǔ)思維,常常會(huì)在該從句的使用中出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的情況。通過(guò)學(xué)生的作業(yè)、考試等情況的分析總結(jié),筆者總結(jié)出學(xué)生使用定語(yǔ)從句主要有以下幾種典型的錯(cuò)誤:
1. 先行詞出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從句中
例如“This is the book he is looking for it.”該句中的關(guān)系代詞that/which代替先行詞the book在定語(yǔ)從句中作looking for的賓語(yǔ),可以省略;it指代先行詞the book就不能再出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從句中,所以該句的正確表達(dá)為:This is the book (that/which) he is looking for.
2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)出錯(cuò)
例如“The old man has two sons, both of them are teachers.”逗號(hào)前后都是獨(dú)立的句子,這是不正確的英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)。逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子一個(gè)是主句,另外一個(gè)應(yīng)該是從句,從句就應(yīng)該有其引導(dǎo)詞。所以,該句的正確表達(dá)應(yīng)該是:The old man has two sons, both of whom are teachers.
3. 關(guān)系代詞whose用法錯(cuò)誤
學(xué)生誤認(rèn)為關(guān)系代詞whose應(yīng)該只用于指人的先行詞,所以在“He lives in the room whose window is broken.”中,他們普遍不會(huì)用whose.實(shí)際上,關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,其先行詞可以是人也可以是物,只要先行詞與從句中某個(gè)名詞有所屬關(guān)系,就要用whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
4. 關(guān)系副詞when和where用法錯(cuò)誤
學(xué)生遇到表時(shí)間的先行詞或是表地點(diǎn)的先行詞,總會(huì)用when 和where。例如“I will never forget the days when we spent together.”在這個(gè)句子中:先行詞days 在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)spent 的賓語(yǔ),而不是作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);所以正確表達(dá)是:I will never forget the days (that/which) we spent together.在“This is the room where he lives in.”這個(gè)句子中,先行詞room在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)介詞in的賓語(yǔ)而不是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。因此應(yīng)該說(shuō):“This is the room(that\which)he lives in.”或“This is the room where he lives.”
5. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞
這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中學(xué)生不能正確使用介詞。如:Do you know the boy with whom the teacher is speaking?正確的表達(dá)是:Do you know the boy to whom the teacher is speaking?因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔUf(shuō)speak to somebody.
這里需要注意選用介詞的依據(jù):
(1)根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)的搭配習(xí)慣。例如:
The old woman with whom you talked just now is a famous artist.
(2)根據(jù)句子的意思來(lái)選擇。例如:
The naughty boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what is happening outside.
(3)表示“所有”關(guān)系或“整體中的一部分”時(shí),通常用介詞of。例如:I have about 20 books, half of which were written by Mark Twain , the famous writer.
6. 定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致
在句子“Anyone who is late for class will be punished.”中,關(guān)系代詞who代替先行詞Anyone 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),所以定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。在句子“Those who have finished their tasks can go home.”中,關(guān)系代詞who代替先行詞Those在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),所以定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。在one of+the+[C]復(fù)數(shù)+that/who+定語(yǔ)從句中,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);在the only one of +the+[C]復(fù)數(shù)+that/who+定語(yǔ)從句中,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:He is one of the students that are from America. He is the only one of the students that is from America.
(作者單位:四川省成都市航天中學(xué)校)