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1例利奈唑胺個(gè)體化給藥案例報(bào)道

2019-06-19 19:17鄭亮白浩徐文俊方潔
上海醫(yī)藥 2019年11期

鄭亮 白浩 徐文俊 方潔

摘 要 目的:探討利奈唑胺個(gè)體化給藥治療策略,為優(yōu)化利奈唑胺給藥方案積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。方法:臨床藥師參與1例高齡伴急性腎功能不全的耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌肺炎患者的治療,在患者使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量的利奈唑胺治療出現(xiàn)血小板下降時(shí),運(yùn)用治療藥物監(jiān)測(cè),協(xié)助臨床醫(yī)師優(yōu)化抗感染治療方案,并對(duì)患者的初始給藥方案選擇、后續(xù)方案調(diào)整、療效觀察和不良反應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)等方面進(jìn)行藥學(xué)監(jiān)護(hù)。結(jié)果:根據(jù)血藥濃度監(jiān)測(cè),調(diào)整藥物的劑量,患者感染得到有效控制,血小板恢復(fù)正常。結(jié)論:臨床藥師作為臨床團(tuán)隊(duì)一員,應(yīng)充分運(yùn)用藥學(xué)知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)特長(zhǎng),根據(jù)患者的情況,制定合理的治療方案,并觀察藥物療效,監(jiān)測(cè)不良反應(yīng),保證藥物治療安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、有效、合理。

關(guān)鍵詞 利奈唑胺 血小板下降 血藥濃度監(jiān)測(cè) 個(gè)體化給藥

中圖分類號(hào):R978.19; R969.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:C 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2019)11-0056-05

A case report of linezolid individualized administration

ZHENG Liang1*, BAI Hao2, XU Wenjun3, FANG Jie4**(1. Department of Pharmacy, the Central Peoples Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Zhanjiang 524045, China; 2. Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China; 3. Department of Pharmacy, Northern Jiangsu Peoples Hospital, Jiangsu Yangzhou 225001, China; 4. Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China)

ABSTRACT Objective: To discuss the treatment strategy of individualized administration of linezolid so as to accumulate clinical experience for the optimization of the linezolid dosage regimen. Methods: The clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment of an elderly patient with pneumonia by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated with acute renal insufficiency. In case platelet count decreased when standard doses of linezolid was given, the pharmacist assisted clinicians in optimizing anti-infective treatment regimens by the monitoring of medication and meanwhile perform pharmaceutical care in several aspects such as initial dosing options, follow-up therapy adjustments, efficacy observations and adverse reaction monitoring. Results: The infection was effectively controlled by dose adjustment of the antibiotics according to the monitoring of therapeutic drug. Conclusion: As a member of the clinical team, clinical pharmacists should make full use of their pharmacy knowledge, develop a reasonable treatment regime according to the patients situation, observe the drug efficacy and monitor adverse reactions so as to ensure that the drug treatment is safe, economical, effective and reasonable.

KEY WORDS linezolid; thrombocytopenia; therapeutic drug monitoring; individuation

利奈唑胺是第一個(gè)用于臨床的噁唑烷酮類(oxazolidinone)藥物,主要用于治療耐藥革蘭陽(yáng)性球菌所致的各種感染,尤其是對(duì)耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)、耐萬(wàn)古霉素金黃色葡萄球菌(vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, VRSA)、耐萬(wàn)古霉素腸球菌(vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, VRE)、耐青霉素肺炎球菌(penicillin-resistant Pneumococcus, PRSP)感染療效確切。與萬(wàn)古霉素相比,利奈唑胺的腎毒性較低,但隨著臨床的廣泛使用,其引起血小板下降、貧血等血液系統(tǒng)的不良反應(yīng)引起關(guān)注,增加了臨床使用的顧慮。本文為臨床藥師參與1例老年患者利奈唑胺個(gè)體化給藥方案的案例,現(xiàn)分析如下。

1 病史摘要

患者,女性,86歲。主訴:反復(fù)咳嗽、咳痰7年余,發(fā)熱3 d入院?;颊?年來(lái)天氣變化時(shí)出現(xiàn)咳嗽、咳白色黏痰,咳嗽劇烈時(shí)伴有氣促、喉中喘鳴,曾診斷為“慢性支氣管炎”,服用復(fù)方甲氧那明膠囊后上述癥狀可自行緩解。2017年12月22日至2018年2月14日共有4次因咳嗽、咳痰癥狀加重入院,診斷肺部感染,給予抗感染及其他對(duì)癥治療后好轉(zhuǎn)。3 d前,患者再次出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱,測(cè)體溫38.3 ℃,伴寒戰(zhàn),嘔吐1次,嘔吐物為胃內(nèi)容物。后出現(xiàn)神志不清,家屬急送至我院急診。給予碳酸氫鈉、莫西沙星、頭孢哌酮舒巴坦鈉等藥物治療,無(wú)明顯緩解。今日患者發(fā)熱體溫38.4 ℃,低鈉低氯、酸中毒?;杳誀顟B(tài)下,BiPAP輔助呼吸,入RICU。

1) 既往史 患者有高血壓、冠心病、帕金森病十余年,長(zhǎng)期藥物治療,有甲狀腺切除術(shù)、白內(nèi)障手術(shù)史。

2) 體格檢查 體溫38.3 ℃,血壓109/53 mmHg,心率107次/min,呼吸16次/min,BiPAP呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸,昏迷,雙側(cè)瞳孔等大等圓,對(duì)光反射減弱,頸動(dòng)脈無(wú)怒張,雙肺呼吸音粗,可聞及少許哮鳴音及濕啰音。全身輕度水腫,右側(cè)巴氏征可疑陽(yáng)性。

3) 入院輔助檢查 ①血常規(guī):白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(white blood cell count, WBC)12.65×109/L、N% 90.7%、紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(red blood cell count, RBC)4.15×1012/L、血紅蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)133 g/L、血小板(blood platelet, PLT)190×109/L;②肝功能:白蛋白31 g/L,丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶39 IU/L,天門(mén)冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶28 IU/L,堿性磷酸酶100 IU/L,γ-谷氨?;D(zhuǎn)移酶 81 IU/L;③腎功能:肌酐241 μmol/L,尿素 20 mmol/L,尿酸 246μmol/L;④空腹血糖:12.38 mmol/L;⑤血電解質(zhì):鈉118 mmol/L、鉀4.38 mmol/L、氯 90 mmol/L、鈣1.70 mmol/L、磷1.44 mmol/L;⑥C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reaction protein, CRP):1 mg/L;⑦動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治觯ㄎ酰瑵舛炔辉敚簆H 6.97、PaO2 18.84 kPa、PaCO2 14.78 kPa、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)碳酸氫根 16.0 mmol/L、實(shí)際碳酸氫根 25.1 mmol/L;⑧氨基末端B型利鈉肽前體:1 228.0 pg/ml;⑨胸部X片:兩肺少許滲出,左側(cè)少量胸腔積液。

入院診斷:①發(fā)熱(待查);②昏迷(待查);③Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭(機(jī)械通氣);④甲狀腺功能減退癥;⑤帕金森病;⑥慢性左心功能不全;⑦電解質(zhì)代謝紊亂(低鈉、低氯、低鉀);⑧頸動(dòng)脈硬化(雙側(cè));⑨高血壓病2級(jí)(極高危)。

2 治療經(jīng)過(guò)

入院后給予靜脈滴注頭孢哌酮舒巴坦3 g q12h+莫西沙星0.4 g qd抗感染治療?;颊呱瘷z查提示腎功能不全(入院第1、2、3天 Cr分別為241 μmol/L、319μmol/L、387 μmol/L),入院第3天行血液透析。鼻咽拭篩查MRSA陽(yáng)性。入院第3天,痰培養(yǎng)回報(bào)MRSA 2+(對(duì)萬(wàn)古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感),調(diào)整抗感染治療方案為利奈唑胺片 0.6 g q12h 口服。用藥后血常規(guī)示PLT下降(入院第3、8、9天PLT分別為 139×109/L、 105×109/L、102×109/L)。入院第9天測(cè)利奈唑胺谷濃度(Cmin)7.238 mg/L,調(diào)整利奈唑胺劑量為 0.6 g qd 口服。經(jīng)過(guò)治療,入院第12天復(fù)查鼻咽拭MRSA(-),連續(xù)2次痰培養(yǎng)陰性。入院第14天復(fù)查利奈唑胺的血藥濃度監(jiān)測(cè)顯示Cmin 3.443 mg/L。期間監(jiān)測(cè)血常規(guī)示第11、13、14天PLT分別為:72×109/L、63×109/L、53×109/L,故停用利奈唑胺片。入院第26天患者PLT恢復(fù)至136×109/L,病情控制出院。住院期間重要信息及治療經(jīng)過(guò)詳見(jiàn)表1。

3 分析討論

3.1 治療方案的確定及調(diào)整

利奈唑胺主要為非腎清除途徑,腎毒性較低,適合腎功能不全和老年患者選用。該患者入院后鼻咽拭快速篩查檢測(cè)到MRSA,血肌酐進(jìn)行性升高,痰培養(yǎng)MRSA 2+(對(duì)萬(wàn)古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感),血乳酸值正常范圍??紤]到患者高齡且腎功能不全,結(jié)合藥敏結(jié)果,和利奈唑胺的藥動(dòng)學(xué)等特點(diǎn)(利奈唑胺注射劑補(bǔ)液量較大,需600 ml/d,且口服片劑吸收快速而完全,絕對(duì)生物利用度可達(dá)100%),給藥方案定為利奈唑胺片口服 0.6 g q12h。

3.2 利奈唑胺的個(gè)體化給藥

3.2.1 利奈唑胺初始劑量的確定

2011年美國(guó)傳染病學(xué)會(huì)[1]制定的指南及《熱病》[2]和利奈唑胺藥品說(shuō)明書(shū)推薦利奈唑胺的成人劑量(口服或靜脈滴注)均為0.6 g q12h,腎功能減退、透析不需要調(diào)整劑量。因此,該患者利奈唑胺口服初始給藥劑量為0.6g q12h。

3.2.2 重癥患者的利奈唑胺的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)變化

危重癥患者的液體的分布及平衡改變,出現(xiàn)液體過(guò)負(fù)荷,局部液體過(guò)載,有胸腔積液或腹水;同時(shí)血流高動(dòng)力循環(huán),伴隨微循環(huán)障礙;低蛋白血癥導(dǎo)致第三間隙液體增多,通過(guò)游離蛋白結(jié)合來(lái)清除抗菌素;組織器官病理生理改變(肝、腎功能不全)等,影響抗菌藥物體內(nèi)的藥動(dòng)學(xué)過(guò)程,尤其親水性抗菌藥物[3]。

該患者入住RICU,屬于危重患者。入院后監(jiān)測(cè)肝腎功能異常,低蛋白血癥,先后予血液透析和CRRT治療。Yagi等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)腎功能不全和低白蛋白血癥的重癥患者,游離利奈唑胺的血漿水平是變化的。腎功能不全時(shí),藥物消除的藥動(dòng)學(xué)參數(shù)清除率(CL)、半衰期(t1/2)與健康成年志愿者相比有顯著性差異,CL與Cmin、表觀分布容積(AUC0~24 h)、t1/2呈負(fù)相關(guān),肌酐清除率(creatinine clearance, CrCl)與t1/2呈負(fù)相關(guān),腎功能可能是影響藥物清除的因素。腎功能不全患者對(duì)利奈唑胺的清除相對(duì)慢,有蓄積的可能,需要TDM監(jiān)測(cè)。Matsumoto等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)AUC0~24 h和Cmin間相關(guān)性(r= 0.970),Yagi等[4]和Matsumoto等[5]研究一致,Cmin能準(zhǔn)確反映利奈唑胺的AUC0~24 h,可用Cmin監(jiān)測(cè)藥物暴露量,降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。

3.2.3 利奈唑胺的藥物濃度監(jiān)測(cè)及劑量調(diào)整

利奈唑胺理想的Cmin閾值未確定,利奈唑胺有中度抗生素后效應(yīng)(postantibiotic effect, PAE)的時(shí)間依賴型抗菌藥物,有較長(zhǎng)的t1/2和中度PAE。利奈唑胺的PK/ PD評(píng)價(jià)參數(shù)為 AUC0~24 h/MIC與%T>MIC[6],危重癥患者AUC0~24 h/MIC在80~120、%T>MIC大于85%的成功率明顯提高,利奈唑胺對(duì)絕大多數(shù)耐藥革蘭陽(yáng)性菌的MIC為2 mg/L,機(jī)體免疫受損時(shí)利奈唑胺Cmin≥2 mg/L至關(guān)重要[7-8]。有研究表明,長(zhǎng)期使用利奈唑胺的患者,Cmin在2~7 mg/L可保證藥效,同時(shí)降低用藥的安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9]。Dong等[10]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Cmin在2 mg/L~6.3 mg/L之間能確保療效并減少相關(guān)的血小板減少癥。因此對(duì)該患者行利奈唑胺血藥濃度監(jiān)測(cè)很有必要。

Taguchi等[11]報(bào)告1例87歲女性患者,難治性MRSA手術(shù)部位感染合并腎功能不全的治療個(gè)案,利奈唑胺常規(guī)劑量1 200 mg/d,出現(xiàn)重度血小板減少,降低給藥劑量(600 mg/d)后治愈。Sasaki等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CrCl<30 ml/min或存在嚴(yán)重肝硬化時(shí)推薦日劑量600 mg能夠保證用藥療效與安全。該患者腎功能不全,入院時(shí)PLT 147×109/L,入院第9天PLT 102×109/L,血小板下降超過(guò)基線25%。監(jiān)測(cè)利奈唑胺血藥谷濃度7.238 mg/L。臨床藥師建議調(diào)整口服利奈唑胺的劑量為0.6 g qd。入院第14天復(fù)查利奈唑胺血藥谷濃度3.443 mg/L,維持在目標(biāo)濃度內(nèi),臨床癥狀好轉(zhuǎn)、痰培養(yǎng)陰性。

3.3 利奈唑胺引起血小板下降的不良反應(yīng)與藥學(xué)監(jiān)護(hù)

多例臨床研究報(bào)道應(yīng)用利奈唑胺的過(guò)程中患者出現(xiàn)血小板減少的不良事件,一項(xiàng)成人長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用利奈唑胺安全性評(píng)價(jià)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),血小板減少是利奈唑胺最主要的嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)[9]。利奈唑胺如何引起血小板減少的機(jī)制目前仍未有定論,普遍接受的理論是類似于奎寧誘導(dǎo)血小板的免疫介導(dǎo)機(jī)制[13],推測(cè)利奈唑胺以電荷互補(bǔ)的形式將血小板與抗體結(jié)合起來(lái)形成復(fù)合物[14]。體外研究證實(shí)利奈唑胺可引起人巨核細(xì)胞MEG-01細(xì)胞中的調(diào)節(jié)血小板釋放的肌球蛋白輕鏈MLC2磷酸化水平升高,從而抑制成熟巨核細(xì)胞釋放血小板而導(dǎo)致血小板減少[15],同時(shí)該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)利奈唑胺引起的血小板減少呈濃度依賴趨勢(shì)。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)利奈唑胺誘導(dǎo)血小板減少存在多個(gè)個(gè)體化因素。Takahashi等[16]回顧性研究分析患者應(yīng)用利奈唑胺發(fā)生血小板減少的個(gè)體化因素包括應(yīng)用了療程≥14 d、CrCl<50 ml/min;Boak等[17]運(yùn)用蒙特卡洛模擬預(yù)測(cè)在利奈唑胺不同給藥方案下發(fā)生血小板減少的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),發(fā)現(xiàn)1 200 mg日劑量發(fā)生血小板減少的概率遠(yuǎn)大于600 mg(45% vs 25%)。谷濃度是影響利奈唑胺誘導(dǎo)血小板減少的重要因素,且有大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患者的療程、體重、給藥劑量、腎功能與谷濃度密切相關(guān),Pea等[9]在長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用利奈唑胺血藥濃度監(jiān)測(cè)TDM的成人患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)利奈唑胺血藥谷濃度Cmin>7 mg/L或AUC>300 mg/(L·h)時(shí)血小板下降的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)>50%;Dong等[10]研究了利奈唑胺谷濃度與血小板減少和療效的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)Cmin>2 mg/L時(shí)細(xì)菌清除的概率>80%,當(dāng)Cmin>6.3 mg/L時(shí)發(fā)生血小板減少的概率>50%,發(fā)現(xiàn)給藥劑量與體重和谷濃度密切相關(guān)。

該患者高齡,腎功能不全,入院第3天在明確病原學(xué)檢查結(jié)果后,給予口服利奈唑胺片標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量600 mg q12h。治療1周后,發(fā)現(xiàn)血小板下降超過(guò)基線25%,結(jié)合利奈唑胺血藥濃度監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),及時(shí)調(diào)整口服劑量600 mg qd,確保療效與用藥安全。入院第13天,患者體溫正常,痰培養(yǎng)連續(xù)2次陰性。入院第15天,血常規(guī)PLT 46×109/L,血小板進(jìn)一步下降。考慮感染控制,臨床藥師建議停用利奈唑胺片,停藥后2周血小板恢復(fù)至基線。

4 小結(jié)

本文患者為高齡伴急性腎功能不全的耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌肺炎患者。臨床藥師協(xié)助醫(yī)師選用利奈唑胺標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量治療。治療期間血小板進(jìn)行性下降,臨床藥師結(jié)合患者病情,監(jiān)測(cè)患者利奈唑胺的血藥濃度,及時(shí)調(diào)整藥物劑量,取得較好的治療效果。臨床藥師作為臨床治療團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員,可利用藥學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí),幫助臨床醫(yī)生制訂給藥方案。通過(guò)藥物濃度監(jiān)測(cè),及時(shí)調(diào)整藥物劑量。做好用藥監(jiān)護(hù),確保用藥安全與療效。

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