宋騰飛 劉慧娟 張振洋 劉威
關(guān)鍵詞:內(nèi)置式永磁電機(jī);電動(dòng)汽車;弱磁能力;過(guò)載能力;調(diào)速范圍
DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2019.06.000
中圖分類號(hào)文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1007 -449X(2019)06 -0000 -00
Abstract:In order to meet the performance requirements of the electric vehicles (EVs) to the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with high power density and wide speed range, the design requirements of the drive motor for EVs have been analyzed by taking a 60kW IPMSM as an example. And the factors that affect the overload capacity and speed range of IPMSM are also analyzed by theoretical research. Then, the influence of d, q axis inductances, saliency ratio and fieldweakening magnetic rate on the motor performances under different topology structures are calculated and compared by the 2D FEM model. Furthermore, the topological structure of stator and rotor are optimized. All the results show that Vshape IPMSM has the advantages of high overload capacity and wide speed range and has potential to apply in the EVs applications.
Keywords:interior permanent magnet synchronous motor;electric vehicles;fluxweakening;overload capacity;speed range
0 引 言
隨著環(huán)境污染的日益惡化和新能源產(chǎn)業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展,電動(dòng)汽車以其低排量、高效率、低成本的優(yōu)勢(shì)逐漸取代傳統(tǒng)燃油車,在乘用、商用車領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的推廣[1-3]。其中,永磁同步調(diào)速電機(jī)以其效率高、調(diào)速性能好、功率密度高、性能優(yōu)異等特點(diǎn)已成為車用驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的首選方案[4-5],各國(guó)電動(dòng)汽車研發(fā)人員對(duì)其進(jìn)行了大量研究。
在不同轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)的研究方面,Vagati[6]等對(duì)內(nèi)置式和表貼式兩種轉(zhuǎn)子沖片結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)電機(jī)性能的影響進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)表貼式結(jié)構(gòu)雖然易于制造但其過(guò)載能力、調(diào)速性能都遠(yuǎn)低于內(nèi)置式結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)于內(nèi)置式轉(zhuǎn)子沖片結(jié)構(gòu),劉向東等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)V型轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)具有較為全面的電磁性能優(yōu)勢(shì),能夠很好的滿足車用驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的性能要求。文獻(xiàn)的研究者們[8-11]也對(duì)不同磁極結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)置式轉(zhuǎn)子電機(jī)進(jìn)行了性能對(duì)比,并做出類似的判斷。
在定子結(jié)構(gòu)的研究方面,王艾萌[12]等分析比較了定子采用整數(shù)槽和分?jǐn)?shù)槽時(shí)永磁電機(jī)的性能,得出定子采用分?jǐn)?shù)槽可以降低齒槽轉(zhuǎn)矩,減小空載反電動(dòng)勢(shì)諧波含量的結(jié)論。文獻(xiàn)[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)分?jǐn)?shù)槽定子集中繞組結(jié)構(gòu)可減小繞組端部長(zhǎng)度和定子鐵心損耗,而采用整數(shù)槽分布式繞組結(jié)構(gòu),電機(jī)具有較高磁阻轉(zhuǎn)矩以及處于高速區(qū)時(shí)較小轉(zhuǎn)子損耗等優(yōu)勢(shì)。
4 結(jié) 論
本文以一臺(tái)商務(wù)車用60 kW內(nèi)置式V型夾角永磁同步電機(jī)的電磁設(shè)計(jì)為例,首先通過(guò)理論研究分析了影響永磁調(diào)速電機(jī)弱磁能力和調(diào)速范圍的因素;然后建立了電機(jī)的有限元模型,從d、q軸電感、凸極率等方面計(jì)算研究了不同定轉(zhuǎn)子磁路結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)電機(jī)電磁性能的影響,并對(duì)電機(jī)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的優(yōu)化;最后,制造了樣機(jī),搭建樣機(jī)及其控制系統(tǒng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái),試驗(yàn)測(cè)試了樣機(jī)在不同工況下的性能,并與仿真結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析,得出如下結(jié)論:
(1) 當(dāng)電機(jī)定子端電壓和線電流受逆變器容量限制時(shí),永磁同步電機(jī)的過(guò)載能力主要取決于凸極率ρ和永磁體磁鏈,而調(diào)速范圍主要取決于弱磁率ξ;為了提高內(nèi)置式永磁同步電機(jī)的調(diào)速能力,應(yīng)使弱磁率ξ大于1且接近于1;而為了提高內(nèi)置式永磁同步電機(jī)的過(guò)載能力,應(yīng)使電機(jī)的凸極率ρ和永磁體磁鏈ψf盡量大;
(2) 在保證電機(jī)效率和定子槽滿率不變的情況下,可以通過(guò)增加定子齒部寬度或定子軛部厚度的方式來(lái)增加電機(jī)的凸極率,從而提高永磁同步電機(jī)的過(guò)載能力,同時(shí)還可減小電機(jī)的有效銅用量;
(3) 增大轉(zhuǎn)子中的兩相鄰V型磁鋼距離Rib時(shí),電機(jī)電磁輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩和永磁體利用率增大,同時(shí)也調(diào)節(jié)了電機(jī)的弱磁率ξ大小,可增大了電機(jī)的調(diào)速范圍,但過(guò)大的Rib值會(huì)使磁鋼盛放空間變小且氣隙磁密發(fā)生畸變。
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(編輯:賈志超)