馬明晗 武玉才 李永剛 王羅
關鍵詞:勵磁繞組匝間短路;故障診斷;汽輪發(fā)電機;檢測線圈;諧波
DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2019.06.000
中圖分類號文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1007 -449X(2019)06 -0000 -00
Abstract:Failure to find excitation winding interturn short circuit fault in large turbogenerator in time will probably cause the fault enlargement.The outage of turbogenerator will cause great economic losses.This paper analyses the magnetic field characteristics of the excitation winding interturn short circuit fault of the turbogenerator.Combined with the structure characteristics of the stator core,two detection coils are installed at the top of two stator core teeth with one pole apart from each other.The frequency domain and time domain characteristics of the induction voltage of the detection coils are extracted.The excitation winding interturn short circuit is diagnosed by the fractional harmonics of the induced voltage generated in detection coils.A 1 150 MW half speed turbogenerator has completed the simulation verification.It proves that the double coils method can realize the online fault diagnosis without the influence of the operation state of the generator,and can locate the fault accurately.
Keywords:excitation winding interturn short circuit; fault diagnosis; turbogenerator; detection coil; harmonics
0 引 言
勵磁繞組匝間短路故障是大型汽輪發(fā)電機的頑疾,主要原因是轉(zhuǎn)子繞組發(fā)熱量大、繞組軸向頻繁伸縮、振動劇烈、冷卻條件相對較差等。勵磁繞組匝間短路故障通常會引起發(fā)電機較為劇烈的振動,故障的單極效應還可能磁化發(fā)電機軸頸,形成的軸電流,有燒傷軸頸和軸瓦的風險,短路故障可能會發(fā)展為發(fā)電機的一點或兩點接地故障。這些負面因素嚴重影響了汽輪發(fā)電機的正常運行[1]。
過去的幾十年里,研究人員對勵磁繞組匝間短路故障特征及其在線診斷的研究陸續(xù)有所開展[2-5],提出了諸如勵磁電流法[6]、軸電壓法[7-9]和端部漏磁通法[10]、虛功率法[11]、期望電動勢法[12]、定子分支環(huán)流法[13-15]與探測線圈法[16-19]等檢測方法。勵磁電流法[6]利用故障后發(fā)電機的勵磁電流增大,無功功率降低這一特征進行故障識別。該方法可以檢測出一些明顯的匝間短路故障,且需要進行精確的勵磁電流測量,并且不適用于旋轉(zhuǎn)勵磁型發(fā)電機。軸電壓法和端部漏磁通法[7-10]利用電機主軸和端部感應的偶數(shù)或分數(shù)次諧波來檢測故障,但這2類方法需要安裝檢測傳感器且不能實現(xiàn)故障定位。虛功率法和期望電動勢法[11-12]利用期望電磁功率與實際電磁功率或期望勵磁電動勢與實際勵磁電動勢的相對偏差來診斷匝間短路故障,這2類方法同樣不適用于旋轉(zhuǎn)勵磁型發(fā)電機,也不能實現(xiàn)故障定位。定子分支環(huán)流法[13-15]通過故障時定子并聯(lián)支路環(huán)流產(chǎn)生的特征次諧波來進行故障識別,該方法需要在定子并聯(lián)支路上安裝電流互感器。文獻[16]是最早提出的一種探測線圈,通過安裝在發(fā)電機氣隙的微型徑向/切向線圈檢測轉(zhuǎn)子的槽漏磁通,基于轉(zhuǎn)子槽漏磁通與槽內(nèi)有效安匝數(shù)的相關性判斷勵磁繞組的匝間短路故障,該方法具有故障定位功能,得到了廣泛應用,不足之處是抗干擾能力不足,在負載工況下檢測靈敏度嚴重下降。文獻[17]提出了一種在定子齒部安裝檢測線圈,利用檢測線圈感應電壓的諧波診斷故障,適用于不同運行工況,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)故障定位。文獻[18]提出環(huán)繞定子鐵心段安裝U型檢測線圈,直接檢測轉(zhuǎn)子氣隙主磁場,通過主磁場諧波判斷故障,其診斷的抗干擾性比傳統(tǒng)檢測線圈法有明顯提升。文獻[19]將U型檢測線圈裝于水輪發(fā)電機上,用來檢測水輪發(fā)電機的勵磁繞組匝間短路故障。
本文主要在汽輪發(fā)電機勵磁繞組匝間短路故障的特征分析和檢測方法上完成了一些工作。具體工作包括:針對核電廠較多采用的半速汽輪發(fā)電機,分析了其勵磁繞組發(fā)生匝間短路故障的磁場特征;結合半速發(fā)電機定子結構特點,提出一種在相差一個極距位置的定子鐵心齒上安裝2個檢測線圈的勵磁繞組匝間短路故障檢測方法;推導并闡述了定子雙檢測線圈法的故障檢測原理,并通過有限元仿真,驗證了該診斷方法的有效性以及故障定位效果。
3 結 論
為了實現(xiàn)發(fā)電機勵磁繞組短路故障的在線檢測,本文從2對極發(fā)電機勵磁繞組匝間短路前后的主磁場分析入手,提出了一種定子雙線圈的勵磁繞組匝間短路故障檢測法。文章以目前核電普遍采用的2對極汽輪發(fā)電機為例,詳細介紹了其安裝方法。理論推導和仿真結果均表明,勵磁繞組匝間短路故障會在檢測線圈中感應出分數(shù)次諧波,該特征能夠作為故障的診斷依據(jù),并且諧波含量能夠反映匝間短路的程度。定子雙線圈法較單線圈有著明顯的優(yōu)勢。單線圈法故障定位時通常要與正常運行狀態(tài)相比較,而電機每一時刻的運行狀態(tài)不可能完全一致,導致故障診斷結果存在偏差。而雙線圈法通過對同時刻的兩檢測線圈感應電壓的疊加求和,故障定位更為直觀、準確。該方法不受發(fā)電機運行狀態(tài)的影響,在空載和額定負載運行狀態(tài)下均能夠準確診斷,能夠為故障電機的快速檢修提供幫助。
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(編輯:劉琳琳)