王金鋒 李春勝 畢前航 楚曉豐 張海寧
[摘要]目的探討鈣結(jié)合蛋白S100B對骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(OA)模型兔軟骨損傷修復(fù)中炎性遞質(zhì)表達(dá)的影響及其機(jī)制。方法應(yīng)用膝關(guān)節(jié)制動法制備兔OA模型。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)方法分別檢測兔關(guān)節(jié)液中白細(xì)胞介素`-1β(IL`-1β)、腫瘤壞死因子`-α(TNF`-α)水平,用Real`-time PCR(RT`-PCR)方法及Western blot法檢測兔軟骨組織中S100B、成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(FGF2)及成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體1(FGFR1)的表達(dá)。利用小干擾RNA(siRNA)技術(shù),構(gòu)建S100B的siRNA干擾載體和過表達(dá)載體以及FGFR1的siRNA干擾載體,用慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染方法,將S100B的siRNA干擾載體和過表達(dá)載體以及FGFR1的siRNA干擾載體轉(zhuǎn)入人滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞內(nèi)。采用ELISA方法檢測各組滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞中IL`-1β和TNF`-α水平,用RT`-PCR和Western blot法檢測FGF2和FGFR1的表達(dá)。結(jié)果與對照組比較,模型組兔關(guān)節(jié)液中IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平顯著增加(t=4.042、6.408,P<0.05),兔軟骨組織中S100B、FGF2、FGFR1表達(dá)顯著增加(t=4.091~7.229,P<0.05)。S100B過表達(dá)及干擾實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,LPS+vehicle control組、LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平較空白對照組升高,且LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組高于LPS+vehicle control組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=32.019、27.377,P<0.05);而LPS+S100B siRNA組細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平與空白對照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。FGFR1拮抗實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,LPS+vehicle control組、LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平較空白對照組升高,且LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組高于LPS+vehicle control組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=30.548、20.244,P<0.05);LPS+S100B過表達(dá)+FGFR1 siRNA組細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平雖高于空白對照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。LPS+S100B過表達(dá)+FGFR1 siRNA組細(xì)胞FGF2表達(dá)較空白對照組顯著升高(F=11.002、13.147,P<0.05),但FGFR1表達(dá)與空白對照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論鈣結(jié)合蛋白S100B能夠調(diào)節(jié)滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)并可能影響OA軟骨損傷修復(fù),其機(jī)制可能與激活FGF2/FGFR1信號通路有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]鈣結(jié)合蛋白質(zhì)類;骨關(guān)節(jié)炎;軟骨,關(guān)節(jié);成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子;受體,成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子;兔
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo explore the effect of calcium binding protein S100B on the expression of inflammatory mediators in the repair of cartilage injury in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA) and its mechanism. MethodsA rabbit model of OA was prepared by knee joint immobilization. Enzyme`-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the levels of interleukin`-1 beta (IL`-1β) and tumor necrosis factor`-alpha (TNF`-α) in the synovial fluid of rabbits; real`-time PCR and Western blot were used to determine the expression of S100B, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in the cartilage tissue of rabbits. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique was applied to construct the siRNA interfe`-rence vector and over`-expression vector for S100B and the siRNA interference vector for FGFR1, all of which were then transfected into human synovial fibroblasts by lentivirus transfection. ELISA was used to determine the levels of IL`-1β and TNF`-α in synovial fibroblasts in each group, and RT`-PCR and Western blot were used to determine the expression of FGF2 and FGFR1. ResultsCompared with the control group, the model group had significantly increased levels of IL`-1β and TNF`-α in the synovial fluid of rabbits (t=4.042 and 6.408, respectively,P<0.05) as well as significantly increased expression of S100B, FGF2, and FGFR1 in the cartilage tissue of rabbits (t=4.091-7.229,P<0.05). The over`-expression and interference experiments of S100B revealed the following: compared with the blank control group, the LPS+vehicle control group and the LPS+S100B over`-expression group had signi`-ficantly increased levels of IL`-1β and TNF`-α, with significantly hig`-her levels observed in the LPS+S100B over`-expression group than?the LPS+vehicle control group (F=32.019 and 27.377, respectively,P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in the levels of IL`-1β and TNF`-α between the LPS+S100B siRNA group and the blank control group (P>0.05). The antagonistic experiment of FGFR1 showed the following: compared with the blank control group, the LPS+vehicle control group and the LPS+S100B over`-expression group had significantly increased levels of IL`-1β and TNF`-α, with significantly higher levels observed in the LPS+S100B over`-expression group than the LPS+vehicle control group (F=30.548 and 20.244, respectively,P<0.05); while the LPS+S100B over`-expression+FGFR1 siRNA group had higher levels of IL`-1β and TNF`-α than the blank control group, the differences between groups were not significant (P>0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the LPS+S100B over`-expression+FGFR1 siRNA group had significantly increased expression of FGF2 (F=11.002 and 13.147, respectively,P<0.05), but the expression of FGFR1 was not significant different between the two groups (P>0.05). ?ConclusionCalcium binding protein S100B can regulate the inflammatory response of synovial fibroblasts and may affect the repair of cartilage injury in OA, which may be related to the FGF2/FGFR1 signaling pathway.
[KEY WORDS]calcium`-binding proteins; osteoarthritis; cartilage, articular; fibroblast growth factors; receptors, fibroblast growth factor; rabbits
骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(OA)是由于關(guān)節(jié)軟骨變性、骨質(zhì)增生而引起的一種慢性進(jìn)行性骨關(guān)節(jié)疾病,其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確[1`-2]。流行病學(xué)資料顯示,55歲以上人群OA的發(fā)病率為44%~70%,65歲以上人群OA的發(fā)病率高達(dá)60%~70%[3`-4]。我國目前約有1.5億OA病人,其中50%~70%的病人急需治療。所以O(shè)A發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究對于疾病的臨床防治具有十分重要的意義。研究結(jié)果表明,滑膜炎癥反應(yīng)是OA發(fā)病的早期階段,滑膜炎癥反應(yīng)時關(guān)節(jié)液中的炎癥因子,如白細(xì)胞介素`-1β(IL`-1β)、腫瘤壞死因子`-α(TNF`-α)等,能夠引起軟骨細(xì)胞的肥大和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解,最終導(dǎo)致軟骨組織破壞[5`-7];同時,滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞(SF)也被激活,SF能夠通過釋放成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(FGF2)與成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體1(FGFR1)相互作用,來激活多種信號通路,調(diào)節(jié)滑膜炎癥反應(yīng),從而影響軟骨損傷修復(fù)[8`-9]。S100B是S100鈣結(jié)合蛋白家族成員之一,研究認(rèn)為其與細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、凋亡密切相關(guān)[10`-12]。近年來,S100家族分子與滑膜炎和OA之間的關(guān)系越來越受到關(guān)注,但是有關(guān)S100B在OA發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用研究尚不多見。本研究通過檢測兔關(guān)節(jié)炎模型S100B表達(dá)的變化,并通過在SF中過表達(dá)和干擾S100B的表達(dá),觀察其對炎癥因子IL`-1β和TNF`-α表達(dá)水平及FGF2/FGFR1通路分子表達(dá)水平的影響,探討S100B在OA軟骨損傷修復(fù)中的作用及其機(jī)制。
1材料與方法
1.1軟骨損傷動物模型制備
取20只健康成年新西蘭兔(購自上海中國科學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心),隨機(jī)分為對照組和模型組。模型組兔右膝關(guān)節(jié)用管型石膏制動4周,對照組兔不做任何處理。4周后,分別取兩組兔的關(guān)節(jié)液及軟骨組織用于后續(xù)炎癥因子及相關(guān)蛋白水平的檢測。
1.2人SF的分離培養(yǎng)
關(guān)節(jié)鏡下取正常人外傷后的膝關(guān)節(jié)滑膜組織,無菌條件下剪碎,用2 g/L的Ⅱ型膠原蛋白酶消化2 h,2.5 g/L胰蛋白酶消化5 min,胎牛血清終止消化,1 000 r/min離心5 min,棄去上層液體,加入含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液,用100目篩網(wǎng)過濾,調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度至4×108/L,轉(zhuǎn)移至細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)瓶內(nèi),置37 ℃、含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。隔3 d更換培養(yǎng)液,待細(xì)胞生長至85%融合時,用2.5 g/L胰酶消化、傳代。收集第3~5代細(xì)胞用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3慢病毒介導(dǎo)人SF中S100B的過表達(dá)和干擾
將上述培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞用慢病毒實(shí)現(xiàn)S100B的過表達(dá)和干擾,過表達(dá)和干擾S100B、干擾FGFR1及相應(yīng)對照的慢病毒細(xì)胞株購自上海漢恒生物科技有限公司。將細(xì)胞接種到6孔板中,待融合度達(dá)30%時,按照轉(zhuǎn)染復(fù)數(shù)(MOI)=50轉(zhuǎn)染慢病毒,轉(zhuǎn)染36 h后,在倒置光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察轉(zhuǎn)染效率。
1.4實(shí)驗(yàn)分組
在S100B過表達(dá)及干擾實(shí)驗(yàn)中分組如下??瞻讓φ战M(A1組):不做任何處理;LPS+vehicle control組(B1組):用無序列載體陰性對照慢病毒處理人SF后加20 μg/L的LPS;LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組(C1組):用S100B過表達(dá)慢病毒處理人SF后加入20 μg/L的LPS;LPS+S100B siRNA組(D1組):用S100B干擾慢病毒處理人SF后加入20 μg/L的LPS。在FGFR1拮抗實(shí)驗(yàn)中的分組如下??瞻讓φ战M(A2組):不做任何處理;LPS+vehicle control組(B2組):用無序列載體陰性對照慢病毒處理人SF后加入20 μg/L的LPS;LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組(C2組):用S100B過表達(dá)慢病毒處理人SF鈣結(jié)合蛋白S100B對骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎模型兔軟骨損傷修復(fù)中炎性遞質(zhì)表達(dá)影響143后加20 μg/L的LPS;LPS+S100B過表達(dá)+FGFR1 siRNA組(D2組):應(yīng)用S100B過表達(dá)以及FGFR1 siRNA慢病毒處理人SF后加20 μg/L的LPS。
1.5酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)法檢測炎癥因子的表達(dá)
采用ELISA法對兔關(guān)節(jié)液中和處理后人SF中IL`-1β和TNF`-α的表達(dá)水平進(jìn)行測定。檢測采用R&D公司生產(chǎn)的試劑盒,按照說明書進(jìn)行操作。
1.6Real`-time PCR方法檢測S100B、FGF2和FGFR1 mRNA的表達(dá)
用Trizol抽提總RNA。用PrimeScript RT試劑盒(Promega公司)進(jìn)行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄。采用TaKaRa公司的SYBR Premix Ex Taq在ABI 7500擴(kuò)增儀上進(jìn)行定量PCR,PCR反應(yīng)條件如下:94 ℃、4 min,94 ℃、40 s,52 ℃、40 s,72 ℃、40 s,共40個循環(huán)。PCR結(jié)果分析采用2-△△Ct法。
1.7Western blot法檢測S100B、FGF2和FGFR1蛋白表達(dá)
將各組的軟骨組織和人SF蛋白用SDS`-PAGE凝膠進(jìn)行電泳并轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜上,然后將PVDF膜以50 g/L的脫脂牛奶封閉,再分別采用anti`-S100、anti`-FGF2以及anti`-FGFR1單克隆抗體進(jìn)行孵育,以GAPDH單克隆抗體作為內(nèi)參。采用化學(xué)發(fā)光法檢查蛋白,所獲得的蛋白條帶采用Image J軟件進(jìn)行定量。
1.8統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,所得計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,兩組比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);多組比較采用單因素方差分析,組內(nèi)兩兩比較采用LSD`-t檢驗(yàn)。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組兔關(guān)節(jié)液中IL`-1β和TNF`-α水平比較
與對照組比較,模型組兔關(guān)節(jié)液中IL`-1β和TNF`-α表達(dá)水平顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.042、6.408,P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2兩組兔軟骨組織中S100B、FGF2和FGFR1表達(dá)比較
與對照組比較,模型組兔軟骨組織中S100B、FGF2和FGFR1的表達(dá)均顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.091~7.229,P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3過表達(dá)和干擾S100B對SF細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平的影響
與空白對照組比較,LPS+vehicle control組、LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平顯著升高,且LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組高于LPS+vehicle control組,差異均有顯著意義(F=32.019、27.377,P<0.05);而LPS+S100B siRNA組細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平與空白對照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
2.4過表達(dá)和干擾S100B對SF細(xì)胞中FGF2和FGFR1表達(dá)的影響
與空白對照組比較,LPS+vehicle control組、LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞FGF2、FGFR1的表達(dá)顯著升高,且LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組高于LPS+vehicle control組,差異均有顯著意義(F=13.221~19.892,P<0.05);而LPS+S100B siRNA組細(xì)胞FGF2、FGFR1的表達(dá)與空白對照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表4。
2.5FGFR1 siRNA對SF細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平的影響
與空白對照組比較,LPS+vehicle control組、LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平顯著升高,且LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組高于LPS+vehicle control組,差異均有顯著意義(F=30.548、20.244,P<0.05);LPS+S100B過表達(dá)+FGFR1 siRNA組細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平雖高于空白對照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表5。
2.6FGFR1 siRNA對SF細(xì)胞FGF2、FGFR1表達(dá)的影響
與空白對照組比較,LPS+vehicle control組、LPS+S100B過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞FGF2、FGFR1的表達(dá)顯著升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=11.002~30.148,P<0.05);LPS+S100B過表達(dá)+FGFR1 siRNA組細(xì)胞FGF2的表達(dá)較空白對照組也顯著升高(F=11.002、13.147,P<0.05),但FGFR1的表達(dá)與空白對照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表6。
3討論
OA在臨床上主要表現(xiàn)為關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、活動受限和畸形,致殘率較高,嚴(yán)重影響病人的生活質(zhì)量[13]。鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎藥物是目前臨床治療OA的主要手段,然而這些藥物僅能減輕病人的痛苦,在延緩疾病的進(jìn)展上作用不大。晚期OA病人需行全關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù),這增加了病人的痛苦和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[14`-15]。因此,探索OA的發(fā)病機(jī)制,尋找延緩或阻止OA發(fā)生、發(fā)展的治療靶點(diǎn),對于疾病的早期防治至關(guān)重要。關(guān)節(jié)軟骨內(nèi)無血管、淋巴管和神經(jīng)支配,主要靠關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)的滑膜液維持營養(yǎng),所以損傷后較難修復(fù)[4,16]。關(guān)節(jié)軟骨機(jī)械磨損后啟動了炎癥遞質(zhì)介導(dǎo)的關(guān)節(jié)組織異常重建過程是導(dǎo)致OA的主要原因,該過程主要包括關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡和滑膜組織無菌性炎癥兩方面[17`-19]。S100B是S100鈣結(jié)合蛋白家族成員之一,與生物機(jī)械力學(xué)信號的傳遞密切相關(guān),尤其在機(jī)械磨損導(dǎo)致的軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡和滑膜組織炎癥中發(fā)揮重要作用[20`-21]。然而,S100B在OA進(jìn)展過程中的具體作用以及其下游信號通路尚不明確。
既往研究認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)GF2具有促進(jìn)軟骨細(xì)胞增殖和軟骨修復(fù)的作用[22`-23]。然而也有研究認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)GF2的促細(xì)胞分裂作用并沒有致力于軟骨細(xì)胞的再生,反而參與了軟骨基質(zhì)的降解。WANG等[24]的研究結(jié)果表明,F(xiàn)GF2可以通過MEK/ERK 信號通路激活RUNX2,從而上調(diào)OA病人關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶`-13(MMP`-13)的表達(dá),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解。SCHMAL等[25]研究結(jié)果表明,F(xiàn)GF2可降低關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞中Ⅱ型膠原蛋白酶含量,導(dǎo)致軟骨細(xì)胞纖維化。此外,F(xiàn)GF2還能通過ERK1/2、p38、JNK或NF`-κb/Elk`-1等途徑刺激關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞高表達(dá)MMP`-13 [26`-27]。FGFRs屬于酪氨酸蛋白激酶家族,是FGFs的受體。一般認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)GFR1和FGFR3表3過表達(dá)和干擾S100B對SF細(xì)胞IL`-1β、TNF`-α表達(dá)影響(n=5,ρ/ng·L-1,±s)組別IL`-1β TNF`-α A1組10.5±1.775.3±10.2B1組32.7±3.4*174.7±20.3*C1組84.5±7.1*301.5±48.2*D1組15.1±2.178.1±9.9與A1組比較,*F=27.377、32.019,P<0.05。
是調(diào)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨代謝的關(guān)鍵受體[28]。而FGFR1和FGFR3 均能夠被FGF2 激活。YAN等[29]研究顯示,F(xiàn)GFR1信號主要是促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的凋亡。本研究以FGF2/FGFR1信號通路為S100B的下游信號通路進(jìn)行機(jī)制研究,通過調(diào)節(jié)SF細(xì)胞中S100B的表達(dá),觀察其對FGF、FGFR1、IL`-1β、TNF`-α等的影響,探討其在關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷修復(fù)中作用。本文結(jié)果顯示,軟骨損傷模型兔關(guān)節(jié)軟骨組織中S100B、FGF2、FGFR1的表達(dá)明顯增加,關(guān)節(jié)液中IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平明顯增加。其結(jié)果提示S100B、FGF2、FGFR1、IL`-1β和TNF`-α參與了OA軟骨損傷修復(fù)過程。推測其可能作用機(jī)制為:S100B誘導(dǎo)SF分泌FGF2等細(xì)胞因子,細(xì)胞因子與FGFR1受體結(jié)合后激活多種信號通路,調(diào)節(jié)IL`-1β、TNF`-α等炎性細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)滑膜炎癥反應(yīng),從而參與OA軟骨損傷修復(fù)。為進(jìn)一步證實(shí)該推測,本研究體外培養(yǎng)SF細(xì)胞,通過過表達(dá)、干擾S100B和拮抗FGFR1表達(dá),觀察其對炎癥因子IL`-1β和TNF`-α水平及FGF2/FGFR1通路分子表達(dá)水平的影響。結(jié)果顯示,過表達(dá)S100B使FGF2、FGFR1表達(dá)和IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平增加,而干擾S100B表達(dá)則使FGF2、FGFR1表達(dá)以及IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平均降低;過表達(dá)S100B同時拮抗FGFR1表達(dá)時,F(xiàn)GF2的表達(dá)較空白對照組顯著增加,而FGFR1和IL`-1β、TNF`-α水平均較空白對照組降低,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。說明S100B是通過激活FGF2/FGFR1信號通路上調(diào)IL`-1β、TNF`-α表達(dá),從而加劇軟骨損傷。所以,干擾S100B或拮抗FGFR1表達(dá)能夠促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷修復(fù)。
綜上所述,S100B蛋白能夠調(diào)節(jié)SF細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng),進(jìn)而影響OA軟骨損傷修復(fù),其機(jī)制可能與激活FGF2/FGFR1信號通路有關(guān)。
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