趙娟
一、引言
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對高中階段的詞匯量提出了明確要求,與之相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)行教材的詞匯量也大幅增加,給詞匯教學(xué)帶來了很大的挑戰(zhàn)。對于缺乏聽說環(huán)境的中國學(xué)習(xí)者來說,學(xué)習(xí)英語詞匯既有效又簡便的方法之一就是閱讀。認(rèn)知理論認(rèn)為當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)者獲得比較系統(tǒng)的語篇知識后,語言學(xué)習(xí)中的詞匯和語法知識等零散構(gòu)件就有了一個可以依附的“坐標(biāo)系”,各成分不但有自己的順序定位,同時也形成了相互間的組合和聚合關(guān)系,共同組成一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng);信息不易遺忘又便于快速提取。閱讀教學(xué)中要充分利用語篇提供的“上下文”價值進(jìn)行適度的詞匯處理,通過不斷的循環(huán)和提升,促進(jìn)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)。Ellis提出了以頻率為中心的二語習(xí)得理論,認(rèn)為頻率影響著語言從輸入到吸收的轉(zhuǎn)化,影響著語言加工的熟練程度和流利性,在語言習(xí)得理論中占有不可替代的重要地位。羅瑜對頻率作用有比較客觀、全面的評價:“盡管頻率不能解釋所有的語言現(xiàn)象,其效應(yīng)卻體現(xiàn)二語習(xí)得的各個方面,頻率應(yīng)是二語習(xí)得理論不可或缺的部分。”可見,以語篇為依托增加詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)頻率可以加深學(xué)生對核心詞匯的理解和記憶,提高詞匯教學(xué)的有效性。
本文以人教版高中英語Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games的詞匯教學(xué)設(shè)計為例,以語篇為依托,設(shè)計層層深入的詞匯練習(xí),實(shí)現(xiàn)奧運(yùn)核心話題詞匯的循環(huán)和提升,希望這節(jié)課能為高中英語一線教師提供有益的課堂教學(xué)經(jīng)驗。
二、課例簡介
(一)教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析
本單元的中心話題是奧運(yùn)會。Reading部分是一個采訪,關(guān)于現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)和古代奧運(yùn)的異同。文章按照五個問題展開,以事實(shí)性材料為主,適合設(shè)計主旨大意和事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)類閱讀活動。在層層深入的閱讀活動后,讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)詞匯介紹北京冬奧會?;顒又校h(huán)出現(xiàn)和使用表示舉辦時間、參賽者、比賽項目、場館、主辦城市、奧運(yùn)精神等的話題詞匯,實(shí)現(xiàn)在具體的語境中理解和運(yùn)用詞匯。
(二)學(xué)生情況分析
學(xué)生的背景知識和興趣:學(xué)生對奧運(yùn)話題都很喜愛和熟悉,對奧運(yùn)賽事和明星運(yùn)動員都有所了解。北京冬奧會將于2022年在北京和張家口舉行,學(xué)生對于將在離自己很近的城市舉辦奧運(yùn)會充滿期待,也很想成為志愿者。相信他們對本節(jié)課會很感興趣。
語言知識方面:在Warming Up部分學(xué)生已經(jīng)了解了描述奧運(yùn)會相關(guān)的詞匯,可以進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的理解和掌握。
運(yùn)用能力方面:通過搭建“腳手架”讓學(xué)生在活動中反復(fù)使用話題詞匯,最后在輸出環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)置說的活動,提高他們實(shí)際運(yùn)用語言的能力。
(三)教學(xué)目標(biāo)分析
1.使學(xué)生在閱讀中實(shí)現(xiàn)奧運(yùn)話題詞匯的循環(huán)與強(qiáng)化,提升學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力和思維質(zhì)量。
了解詞匯:host city,athlete,medal,homeland,stadium,gymnasium,event,motto,
volunteer
模仿運(yùn)用詞匯:regular,admit,host,responsibility,compete
2.學(xué)生能運(yùn)用奧運(yùn)話題詞匯用英語介紹北京冬奧會。
3.在介紹奧運(yùn)情況的同時注重對學(xué)生文化品格的培養(yǎng)。
(四)教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)分析
1.教學(xué)重點(diǎn)
(1)模仿運(yùn)用詞匯:regular,admit,host,responsibility,compete
(2)運(yùn)用奧運(yùn)話題詞匯用英語介紹北京冬奧會。
2.教學(xué)難點(diǎn)
(1)語言運(yùn)用
(2)口語表達(dá)
三、課例呈現(xiàn)與分析
Step 1?Lead in
先提出問題What comes to your mind about the Olympic Games?待學(xué)生回答后,讓學(xué)生看奧運(yùn)圖片并說出圖片上反映的話題詞匯(名詞為主),難詞如gymnasium,領(lǐng)讀,最后進(jìn)行小結(jié)。
設(shè)計意圖:以圖片形式導(dǎo)入調(diào)動學(xué)生積極性,以聽說方式循環(huán)使學(xué)生初步掌握奧運(yùn)話題名詞詞匯。
Step 2?Fast reading
Ⅰ.Read the text quickly to find the main idea of the text.
The text is mainly about the similarities and ?about the ancient and modern Olympics.
Ⅱ.Scan the text, find the specific information and fill in the blanks with one word or a number according to the text.
The differences between the ancient and modern Olympics:
設(shè)計意圖:通過查讀、跳讀使學(xué)生掌握文章大意和主要信息,同時通過填表練習(xí),復(fù)現(xiàn)athlete,medal,event,host(出現(xiàn)host動詞形式),為后面深入學(xué)習(xí)搭好“腳手架”。
Step 3?Careful Reading
Task 1?Read the first question of Pausanias and Li Yan's answer carefully and then answer the questions:
(1)What does “competitor” mean?Can every athlete be allowed to be a competitor?
鞏固練習(xí):I ?a member of our school's basketball club last week.
(2)Can you replace “on a regular basis” with another word form of “regular”?
The Olympic Games are held every four years on a regular basis.
=The Olympic Games are held every four years
鞏固練習(xí):Buses run regularly between the stadiums for free.(翻譯句子)
Task 2?Read the second and third questions of Pausanias and Li Yan's answers carefully and then fill in the blanks according to the text.
Many ?such as skiing and ice skating need snow and ice in the Winter Olympics. For each Olympics, a special village is built for them to live in, a main reception building, several ?for competitions and a ?as well.
Task 3?Read the fourth question of Pausanias and Li Yan's answer carefully and then think about the question: Why does Pausanias think Beijing should feel proud?
Then, summarize the meanings of the following words.
(1)host/hostess
①It is an honour to host the Olympic Games.
②Beijing is the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
③You Ning is a host and Weng Xiaomeng is a hostess of Sports Events of CCTV5.
小結(jié):
host v. n.①②
hostess n.②
鞏固練習(xí):
①Do you want to be a ?or ?of?CCTV5 to host the programmess of sports events?
②Tokyo will be the ?city of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games.
③ the Olympic Games is a great honour and a great responsibility for a country.
(2)responsible/responsibility
The judge should be responsible for the competition and have a strong sense of responsibility.
responsible adj. be responsible for
responsibility n. a sense of responsibility
鞏固練習(xí):
How to be a responsible host city for Beijing?
As the host city, Beijing should ?(負(fù)責(zé)) the safety of all the athletes and viewers. It can offer good diets and gyms, and regular physical examination to make sure that they can keep a good state to compete for medals in the events for their homelands. The people who can be admitted as volunteers should also ?(有很強(qiáng)的責(zé)任感).
小結(jié):
responsible adj. be responsible for
responsibility n. a sense of responsibility
自主學(xué)習(xí)
Look at the following sentences from the text.Summarize the usages of “compete” and then finish the exercises.
(1)How can the runners enjoy competing in winter?
(2)Do you compete for prize money too?
(3)Our Greek cities used to compete against each other just for the honour of winning.
(4)Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as competitors.
(5)Instead there are competitions like skiing and ice skating which need snow and ice.
(6)There's as much competition among countries to host the Olympics as to win Olympic medals.
小結(jié):
compete for ?compete against
compete v.→competition n.→competitor n.
鞏固練習(xí):
(1)The footballers are competing ?the honour of winning ?each other in the UEFA Champions League (歐洲冠軍聯(lián)賽).
(2)翻譯句子
In this competitive world, we are all competitors and everybody competes against each other.We should make a healthy atmosphere (氛圍) of competition.
(該部分由學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)完成后找一名同學(xué)進(jìn)行小結(jié)并給出答案,教師根據(jù)課堂反應(yīng)情況進(jìn)行必要的補(bǔ)充。)
設(shè)計意圖:學(xué)生通過觀察、比較、分析、歸納,總結(jié)話題詞匯中主要動詞和形容詞的用法,同時促進(jìn)學(xué)生的思維質(zhì)量的提高。
Task 4語篇填空
The Olympic Games are held every four years on a 1(regularly) basis.All countries can take part if their 2 (athlete) reach the standard and are 3 (admit) as the competitors.A special village is built for the 4 (compete) to live in, a main reception building, several 5(stadium) for competitions, and 6(gymnasium) as well.It's a great honour 7 (host) the Olympic Games.There's as much 8 (compete) among countries to host the Olympics as winning Olympic 9 (medal).The 10 of the Olympic Games is: Swifter, Higher and Stronger.
設(shè)計意圖:使學(xué)生在語篇中循環(huán)運(yùn)用詞匯。
4個Task的閱讀和詞匯練習(xí)由易到難,層層深入,所有例句和練習(xí)(包括單句填空、完成句子、句型轉(zhuǎn)換、回答問題、翻譯)都圍繞奧運(yùn)話題詞匯設(shè)計,學(xué)生的思維量也逐漸增加。Task 3后設(shè)計小語篇循環(huán)練習(xí)增加對本節(jié)課前半程所學(xué)詞匯的練習(xí)力度,通過增加詞匯的復(fù)現(xiàn)頻率和不斷的刺激,教師幫助學(xué)生加深了對詞匯的理解和記憶。
Step 4?Speaking
The 2022 Winter Olympic Games will be held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou.You will be a volunteer and you will introduce them to a group of foreign visitors.Try to use the following words.
設(shè)計意圖:使學(xué)生運(yùn)用話題詞匯用英語介紹北京冬奧會,同時突出本屆冬奧會的中國元素,實(shí)現(xiàn)話題詞匯的循環(huán)和提升,同時注意對學(xué)生文化品格的培養(yǎng)。
鑒于課堂時間有限,這部分設(shè)計小組活動,每個小組集中精力完成表格中的一部分,群策群力,最后每個小組的speaker展示小組活動成果,共同串成一篇解說詞,為課后作業(yè)的寫作搭好了“腳手架”。課堂實(shí)踐證明有了這個Word Bank,學(xué)生有了“抓手”,小組分到具體可操作性強(qiáng)的任務(wù),都踴躍參與,基礎(chǔ)差的學(xué)生也有話可說,課堂氣氛很熱烈。在最后的展示環(huán)節(jié)學(xué)生能較好地將本節(jié)課學(xué)到的奧運(yùn)核心詞匯應(yīng)用于口語表達(dá)中。正是前面層層鋪墊,使這些詞匯循環(huán)出現(xiàn)和使用,學(xué)生才能在這個環(huán)節(jié)很好地輸出,實(shí)現(xiàn)奧運(yùn)核心話題詞匯的循環(huán)和提升。
Step 5?Homework
你的英國朋友David給你發(fā)來一封電子郵件,向你詢問2022北京冬奧會的情況,請根據(jù)Speaking部分的內(nèi)容給他寫一封回信。100詞左右。
設(shè)計意圖:使學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用話題詞匯書面介紹北京冬奧會,進(jìn)一步實(shí)現(xiàn)話題詞匯的循環(huán)和提升。
四、結(jié)語
本節(jié)課基于頻率理論,以語篇為依托,圍繞奧運(yùn)話題,在跳讀、查讀和細(xì)讀課文的同時通過層層深入的詞匯練習(xí)(包括單句填空、完成句子、句型轉(zhuǎn)換、回答問題、翻譯),使學(xué)生大量反復(fù)地接觸和練習(xí)奧運(yùn)核心話題詞匯,最后通過作為志愿者介紹北京冬奧會利用本節(jié)課學(xué)到的Word Bank進(jìn)行輸出,實(shí)現(xiàn)了奧運(yùn)核心話題詞匯的循環(huán)和提升。從課后測試反饋來看,學(xué)生對該部分詞匯掌握情況良好,正確率較高。另外,學(xué)生對于這節(jié)課學(xué)到的詞匯印象深刻,提高了詞匯課堂教學(xué)的有效性。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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