郝秦霞 韓曉冰
摘 要:針對(duì)城市供暖消耗嚴(yán)重,且現(xiàn)有供暖監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并存、協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)換、異構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)接入等問題,設(shè)計(jì)了一種基于嵌入式、無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信、供暖監(jiān)控技術(shù)以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)層路由協(xié)議優(yōu)化算法的遠(yuǎn)程供暖溫控系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)首先設(shè)計(jì)硬件結(jié)構(gòu),采用終端節(jié)點(diǎn)、協(xié)調(diào)器節(jié)點(diǎn)分別控制,以MSP430F149控制器與CC2530開發(fā)板為基礎(chǔ),增強(qiáng)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,實(shí)現(xiàn)智能閥位實(shí)時(shí)、遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)測(cè)與控制;其次對(duì)系統(tǒng)信號(hào)采樣、數(shù)據(jù)處理程序進(jìn)行了流程優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),完成系統(tǒng)的軟件規(guī)劃;最后系統(tǒng)以動(dòng)態(tài)規(guī)劃算法為基礎(chǔ),在ZigBee無線傳感網(wǎng)中設(shè)計(jì)一種基于最小時(shí)延的低功耗路由算法,達(dá)到優(yōu)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)層路由協(xié)議目的。最終實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)供暖溫度實(shí)時(shí)采集、處理、存儲(chǔ)與上傳等遠(yuǎn)程控制功能,達(dá)到了節(jié)能減排,減少熱量損耗的目的。
關(guān)鍵詞:嵌入式;ZigBee;路由算法;控制電路;智能供暖
中圖分類號(hào):TP 313 ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.13800/j.cnki.xakjdxxb.2019.0418 ? 文章編號(hào):1672-9315(2019)04-0693-08
Abstract:Energy consumption for urban heating is becoming ever more serious, and there exist such problems as coexistence of multiple standards, protocol conversion and heterogeneous network access in the existing heating monitoring system.A remote heating temperature control system is designed based on embedded technology, wireless network communication technology, heating monitoring technology and network layer routing protocol optimization algorithm .Firstly, hardware structure has been designed in all of system,controlled by EndDevice node and Coordinator respectively.Development board of CC2530 and controller of MSP430F149 are adopted to achieve intelligent valve Shifting control, enhance signal transmission distance and capacity of wall crossing ability:Secondly, in order to achieve low energy consumption and minimum delay of data transmission in wireless sensor networks (WSN), a low power consumption routing algorithm is proposed based on minimum delay to achieve the goal of optimizing the network layer routing protocol.Finally, we design the process of data collection and forwarding.The system realizes remote control of heating temperature, including real time collection, processing and uploading, by which end users can monitor heating data in real time and intelligently by mobile terminals, Web browsers, etc.The goals of energy saving,emission reduction and heat loss reduction have been achieved.
Key words:embedded system;ZigBee;routing algorithm;control circuit;intelligent heating
0 引 言
隨著人們生活質(zhì)量的提高,人均建筑面積占有率的增加,如何利用新技術(shù)降低供暖而產(chǎn)生的耗能,達(dá)到降耗增效,是城市集中供暖的所要面臨的重要問題。目前已有的樓宇供暖傳感監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)分布相對(duì)分散,有線監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的布線、維護(hù)復(fù)雜,成本高。因而實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的管理便成了至關(guān)重要的問題。
嵌入式系統(tǒng)與無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的結(jié)合是當(dāng)前智能控制領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的趨勢(shì),這種結(jié)合底層監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備與無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接的應(yīng)用在城市供暖監(jiān)測(cè)監(jiān)控中已有一些研究,而如何使城市供暖監(jiān)測(cè)監(jiān)控運(yùn)行最優(yōu)狀態(tài)、耗能最低,以及智能化程度和社會(huì)效益最優(yōu)成為急需解決的問題,目前的研究中孫治貴、黎貞發(fā)等嘗試?yán)梦锫?lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)集成開發(fā)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)[1-2];HARIHARAIV G,MUHAMMET K等提出建模達(dá)到供熱控制策略[3-5];CHOU H,AIVTOIIVE C T等提出混合能源熱力系統(tǒng)供熱[6-7];MATTIAS V,文波等采用各類算法以求得負(fù)荷預(yù)算[8-10]。但這些分層管理技術(shù)本身存在著協(xié)議不統(tǒng)一、硬件不通用、軟件不兼容、信息不共享等問題,影響了信息控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用整體效益的實(shí)現(xiàn),也是嵌入式系統(tǒng)與無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)結(jié)合急需解決的開發(fā)問題。
針對(duì)以上問題研究提出了一種基于嵌入式設(shè)備的遠(yuǎn)程智能供暖溫控系統(tǒng)。遠(yuǎn)程智能供暖溫控系統(tǒng)從硬件設(shè)計(jì)、流程設(shè)計(jì)、算法優(yōu)化等方面對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了完整的綜合設(shè)計(jì),并對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的組網(wǎng)方式、控制電路硬件設(shè)計(jì)與軟件流程、算法均提出優(yōu)化與改進(jìn)。在硬件系統(tǒng)開發(fā)中,利用ZigBee技術(shù),完成終端節(jié)點(diǎn)控制和協(xié)調(diào)器節(jié)點(diǎn)控制的設(shè)計(jì)。利用MSP430F149控制器與CC2530開發(fā)板為核心資源,設(shè)計(jì)、構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)硬件電路,閥位控制電路,并增加帶有PA信號(hào)的放大器,增強(qiáng)了信號(hào)傳輸距離、穿墻能力和控制性能;在軟件設(shè)計(jì)中,針對(duì)嵌入式網(wǎng)絡(luò)終端節(jié)點(diǎn)與路由節(jié)點(diǎn)間的路由協(xié)議,提出一種基于最小時(shí)延的低功耗路由算法,在最小時(shí)延路由指標(biāo)函數(shù)中尋找低功耗路徑。最終實(shí)現(xiàn)供暖監(jiān)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)與嵌入式設(shè)備之間的實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)交互,實(shí)現(xiàn)供暖溫度實(shí)時(shí)采集、處理、存儲(chǔ)與上傳等遠(yuǎn)程控制。用戶可以通過移動(dòng)終端APP、Web瀏覽器等對(duì)熱能數(shù)據(jù)、供暖設(shè)備進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控,為遠(yuǎn)程供暖溫控系統(tǒng)提供了智能、有效的解決方法,達(dá)到了節(jié)能減排、減少熱量損耗的目的。
1 嵌入式遠(yuǎn)程供暖溫控系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)
嵌入式遠(yuǎn)程供暖溫控系統(tǒng)的主要功能包括:實(shí)時(shí)遠(yuǎn)程溫度控制,查詢溫度監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)、管路流量監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),實(shí)現(xiàn)智能電磁閥開度控制、用戶供暖流量調(diào)節(jié),傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在供暖Web服務(wù)器中心。數(shù)據(jù)收集和轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)驅(qū)動(dòng)程序流程為
首先,制指令經(jīng)由用戶終端設(shè)備發(fā)送至網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)調(diào)器,路由節(jié)點(diǎn)接收命令并轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)至ZigBee終端節(jié)點(diǎn),控制器經(jīng)采樣電路最終接收的終端節(jié)點(diǎn)指令為目標(biāo)信號(hào);數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊通過傳感器對(duì)各用戶進(jìn)、回水溫度以及溫度檢測(cè)等數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行收集、處理并打包發(fā)送給ZigBee終端節(jié)點(diǎn),終端節(jié)點(diǎn)通過串口SPI與控制器相連[11];采樣電路收集位移反饋單元的閥位反饋信號(hào),作為真實(shí)信號(hào)[12]。控制器將真實(shí)信號(hào)經(jīng)過修正后與目標(biāo)信號(hào)作差得到誤差信號(hào),根據(jù)電磁閥控制算法生成PWM電控信號(hào),經(jīng)過氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行單元控制閥芯和閥體,實(shí)現(xiàn)流量的精準(zhǔn)調(diào)節(jié),完成對(duì)室內(nèi)溫度進(jìn)行控制的目的。
然后,系統(tǒng)采用低功耗中斷請(qǐng)求方式,終端設(shè)備通過ZigBee網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)時(shí)查看控制器對(duì)傳感器監(jiān)測(cè)的溫度、流量等的真實(shí)信號(hào)數(shù)據(jù),作為判斷依據(jù)。
2 嵌入式的遠(yuǎn)程供暖溫控系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 系統(tǒng)硬件結(jié)構(gòu)
網(wǎng)絡(luò)的終端設(shè)計(jì)為數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊、控制單元模塊以及無線通信模塊[13]。控制單元模塊是ZigBee終端節(jié)點(diǎn)的核心部件,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)低功耗、高性能的設(shè)計(jì)目的,控制單元模塊核心單元選用美國TI公司16位RISC結(jié)構(gòu)的超低功耗混合信號(hào)處理器MSP430F149單片機(jī)[14],其晶振頻率最高時(shí)到達(dá)25 MHz。MSP430F149單片機(jī)處理能力強(qiáng)、運(yùn)算速度快、超低功耗、片內(nèi)資源豐富、支持ISP、支持超小型封裝的特點(diǎn)。數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊選用系統(tǒng)ZigBee CC2530[15],CC2530是ZigBee應(yīng)用的一個(gè)有效解決方案,結(jié)合RF收發(fā)器、8051CPU的優(yōu)良性能,以低成本構(gòu)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)[16],利用各節(jié)點(diǎn)收集各傳感器實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù),完成實(shí)時(shí)通信。
數(shù)據(jù)傳輸模塊包括協(xié)調(diào)器與終端節(jié)點(diǎn),協(xié)調(diào)器用來收、發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)和指令[17],且外加RFX2401C,以較低的總成本建立較強(qiáng)的無線傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)[18]。
MSP430F1490單片機(jī)與CC2530無線射頻終端節(jié)點(diǎn)模塊使用主從SPI模式相連,MSP430F1490為主模式,CC2530為從模式??刂茊卧K由MSP430F1490、電氣轉(zhuǎn)化單元、氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行單元、位移反饋單元和電磁閥組成[19]。以電磁閥為主體的電氣轉(zhuǎn)化單元將單片機(jī)的電控轉(zhuǎn)換為氣控,控制閥芯和閥體的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),執(zhí)行對(duì)電閥門控制器的實(shí)時(shí)控制。鍵盤控制和LCD顯示通過串口USART相連與MSP430F149.嵌入式遠(yuǎn)程供暖溫控系統(tǒng)硬件架構(gòu)如圖1所示。
2.2 CC2530+RFX2401連接原理電路
ZigBee采取2.4G的頻率,傳輸能力,但強(qiáng)度受限,節(jié)點(diǎn)之間通訊不穩(wěn)定,因而協(xié)調(diào)器節(jié)點(diǎn)選用帶有PA信號(hào)增強(qiáng)處理的CC2530+RFX2401C無線射頻模塊,增大網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋范圍,節(jié)省芯片引腳資源。協(xié)議棧為TI公司的ZStack-CC2530-251a[20],CC2530+ RFX2401連接電路在系統(tǒng)中的構(gòu)架原理如圖2所示。CC2530 P1.1連接RFX2401C TXEN;CC2530 P1.4連接RFX2401C RXEN,RXEN為高電平時(shí),TXEN決定數(shù)據(jù)的收發(fā)。通過Packet Sniffer抓取ZigBee數(shù)據(jù)包,并檢測(cè)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度。在同樣的距離測(cè)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,對(duì)比增加PA前后信號(hào)幅度,得出增加PA后信號(hào)強(qiáng)度增大24 dB,通信距離平均增加約60 m.
2.3 MSP430F149的控制電路
MSP430F149單片機(jī)作為中央處理單元,對(duì)溫度設(shè)定的目標(biāo)信號(hào)、與位移反饋單元反饋的真實(shí)信號(hào)進(jìn)行運(yùn)算。ZigBee CC2530收集的溫度設(shè)定目標(biāo)信號(hào),啟用HalUARTWrite[21]函數(shù),將MSP430 RXD與CC2530 P0.3 TXD相連,MSP430 TXD與CC2530 P0.2 RXD相連,P0.3用于數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送,P0.2用于數(shù)據(jù)接收。為了保證硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)的通用性,位移反饋單元的真實(shí)信號(hào)采用單級(jí)性電流測(cè)量法,通過MCP601芯片實(shí)現(xiàn)采樣,信號(hào)經(jīng)過單片機(jī)內(nèi)部A/D轉(zhuǎn)化器轉(zhuǎn)變成MSP430F149可接收的數(shù)字電壓信號(hào),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)雙路信號(hào)的數(shù)據(jù)處理。A/D轉(zhuǎn)換采用模擬輸入通道MSP430F149的P60/A0.控制電路如圖3所示。
3 遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)
軟件設(shè)計(jì)上,系統(tǒng)集成開發(fā)環(huán)境選用具有健壯性、持續(xù)性和穩(wěn)定性的IAR Embedded Workbenchfor 8.10[22],并嵌有ZigBee通信模塊。設(shè)計(jì)主要包括信號(hào)采樣、數(shù)據(jù)處理程序、電磁閥控制算法、終端web監(jiān)控程序的設(shè)計(jì)。
3.1 系統(tǒng)流程設(shè)計(jì)
協(xié)調(diào)器節(jié)點(diǎn)是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵,通電后協(xié)調(diào)器首先執(zhí)行初始化操作,組建ZigBee無線網(wǎng)絡(luò),為網(wǎng)絡(luò)分配一個(gè)PANID標(biāo)識(shí),在組網(wǎng)成功后,接收終端節(jié)點(diǎn)的入網(wǎng)請(qǐng)求,并為其分配網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址、接收數(shù)據(jù)、控制命令等。
終端節(jié)點(diǎn)執(zhí)行初始化操作后檢測(cè)ZigBee網(wǎng)絡(luò)是否存在,若存在則申請(qǐng)加入??紤]協(xié)議棧和應(yīng)用程序的實(shí)現(xiàn),系統(tǒng)采用低功耗中斷工作模式完成數(shù)據(jù)的采樣處理,并將監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送至協(xié)調(diào)器節(jié)點(diǎn),當(dāng)中斷產(chǎn)生時(shí),啟動(dòng)A/D,間隔20 ms[23].按鍵中斷完成模式選擇、參數(shù)配置等操作,LCD實(shí)時(shí)顯示溫度控制數(shù)據(jù)、電磁閥狀態(tài)等參數(shù)。通過主從SPI模式,數(shù)據(jù)由CC2530傳輸至MSP430F149單片機(jī),MSP430F149內(nèi)部ADC對(duì)真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)、目標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)通過控制算法程序進(jìn)行處理,求出偏差后利用開度控制算法執(zhí)行模糊PID輸出PWM波驅(qū)動(dòng)電磁閥,提高溫度控制精度,完成供暖監(jiān)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)與嵌入式設(shè)備之間的實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)交互。嵌入式遠(yuǎn)程智能供暖溫控系統(tǒng)軟件流程如圖4所示。
3.2 ZigBee網(wǎng)絡(luò)的路由算法的優(yōu)化
為了滿足嵌入式遠(yuǎn)程供暖溫控系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時(shí)性、低功耗需求,則須使ZigBee傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中數(shù)據(jù)傳輸能耗最低、時(shí)延最小。在比較自適應(yīng)匯聚路由算法[24](如:DD,LEACH,TEEN,LEGA,MEGA等),最短路徑算法(如:Dijkstra算法、PBM,矩陣算法、貪婪算法、Floyd算法等)后,得出動(dòng)態(tài)規(guī)劃算法在無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中具有較高的時(shí)效性,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出一種基于最小時(shí)延的低功耗路由算法(LDLECR)。
從系統(tǒng)硬件結(jié)構(gòu)圖可看出,協(xié)調(diào)器節(jié)點(diǎn)在整個(gè)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中只有唯一節(jié)點(diǎn),路由器節(jié)點(diǎn)與協(xié)調(diào)器直接相連,終端節(jié)點(diǎn)與路由器節(jié)點(diǎn)相連,終端節(jié)點(diǎn)分為傳感器和控制2部分,負(fù)責(zé)收集、執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù),是實(shí)現(xiàn)無限局域網(wǎng)內(nèi)低功耗、低時(shí)延關(guān)鍵部分。
考慮最小時(shí)延的低功耗路由相當(dāng)于最小跳數(shù)和最小能耗路由的結(jié)合,算法步驟
3.2.1 狀態(tài)模型
狀態(tài)模型中將A設(shè)為信號(hào)發(fā)出的某個(gè)終端節(jié)點(diǎn),節(jié)點(diǎn)F為路由器節(jié)點(diǎn)。監(jiān)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)由A發(fā)往F.把A到F的每一跳看作一個(gè)階段,一個(gè)終端節(jié)點(diǎn)只能成為某一階段的狀態(tài)變量,對(duì)于處于n個(gè)不同階段的節(jié)點(diǎn)分別增加相應(yīng)的(n-1)個(gè)虛擬節(jié)點(diǎn),這樣可使每個(gè)終端節(jié)點(diǎn)都可以被明確地劃分在唯一的階段中,同一階段的不同節(jié)點(diǎn)之間不存在通路。狀態(tài)模型如圖5所示。
從圖6可以看出,引入動(dòng)態(tài)規(guī)劃的LDLECR算法在網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸路徑上進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,節(jié)點(diǎn)的能耗與PBM,DD相比具有較大幅度的減小,與PBM,DD相比,節(jié)點(diǎn)能耗分別減小了62%和37%.從圖7可以看出,LDLECR算法的時(shí)延最小,LDLEC算法是從最小跳數(shù)的路徑集合中選擇合適的節(jié)點(diǎn)作為傳輸路徑,因而具有更小時(shí)延。與PBM,DD相比,時(shí)延分別減小了70%和44%.仿真結(jié)果表明,LDLECR算法在節(jié)點(diǎn)能耗、網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)延方面較優(yōu)于PBM,DD路由算法。
5 嵌入式遠(yuǎn)程智能供暖溫控系統(tǒng)功能分析
系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)采用2種模式調(diào)控:①溫度調(diào)控:用戶根據(jù)所需自行調(diào)節(jié)溫度;②情景調(diào)控:根據(jù)場(chǎng)景的不同設(shè)置相應(yīng)的控制命令,如睡眠模式、早起模式、離開模式等??蛻舳艘訵eb,APP等方式對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行設(shè)定,實(shí)現(xiàn)查詢實(shí)時(shí)、歷史數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送控制命令,從而達(dá)到對(duì)供暖設(shè)備的監(jiān)控。Web實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)畫面如圖9所示。
APP監(jiān)控查詢供暖狀態(tài)如圖10所示。圖9顯示W(wǎng)eb實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控用戶室內(nèi)、外溫度,進(jìn)、回水溫度,以及電磁閥開度狀態(tài),圖10顯示APP查詢供暖數(shù)據(jù)。APP查詢2019年1月的供暖流量數(shù)據(jù),通過熱流量分析圖可看出1月14日、21日、27日,室外溫度分別1,0.5,1 ℃,但流量均值為0;1月3日與1月13日室外溫度相近,但流量均值相差較大;8日、29日室外溫度均值相差7.5 ℃,但流量均值相同。達(dá)到了遠(yuǎn)程、實(shí)時(shí)按需取量,按量計(jì)費(fèi),節(jié)能減耗的目的。
6 結(jié) 論
1)系統(tǒng)中數(shù)據(jù)收集和轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)流程采用低功耗中斷請(qǐng)求方式,控制器將真實(shí)信號(hào)經(jīng)過修正后與目標(biāo)信號(hào)作差得到誤差信號(hào),經(jīng)過電磁閥控制算法生成PWM電控信號(hào),通過氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行單元控制閥芯和閥體,實(shí)現(xiàn)流量的精準(zhǔn)調(diào)節(jié)。
2)利用HalUARTWrite函數(shù)將MSP430 RXD與CC2530 P 0.3 TXD相連,MSP430 TXD與CC2530 P 0.2 RXD相連,位移反饋單元的真實(shí)信號(hào)采用單級(jí)性電流測(cè)量法,最終轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)字電壓信號(hào),實(shí)現(xiàn)雙路信號(hào)的數(shù)據(jù)處理。
3)引入動(dòng)態(tài)規(guī)劃的LDLECR算法在網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸路徑上進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,從最小跳數(shù)的路徑集合中選擇合適的節(jié)點(diǎn)作為傳輸路徑。通過NS 2.35仿真環(huán)境的對(duì)比,結(jié)果表明LDLECR在能耗、網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)延方面取得了較優(yōu)結(jié)果。
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