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基于超高效液相色譜-質(zhì)譜紅花藥材指紋圖譜的建立

2019-10-09 10:03羅春霞祁艷茹
分析測試技術(shù)與儀器 2019年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:紅花指紋藥材

羅春霞,王 瑾,祁艷茹,馬 麗,楊 亮,關(guān) 明

(新疆師范大學(xué) 化學(xué)化工學(xué)院,新疆 烏魯木齊 830054)

紅花(CarthamustinctoriusL.)系菊科[1],又名刺紅花、草紅花,一年或兩年生草本植物. 紅花是我國傳統(tǒng)的中藥材,具有活血化瘀、舒筋活絡(luò)、預(yù)防和治療心腦血管疾病等功效[2-4]. 新疆因具有特殊的地理環(huán)境和生態(tài)條件而成為我國紅花的主產(chǎn)區(qū)[5]. 由于長期的自然選擇和人工選擇,紅花種內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了明顯分化,形成了豐富的種質(zhì)資源,不同種質(zhì)來源的紅花藥材品質(zhì)差異明顯. 中藥材的質(zhì)量問題直接關(guān)系到中藥的療效及安全,因此建立一種反映中藥內(nèi)在質(zhì)量的評(píng)價(jià)方法是關(guān)鍵.

近年來,指紋圖譜已廣泛應(yīng)用于藥材的鑒別和質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)[6-8]. 目前,關(guān)于紅花指紋圖譜的報(bào)道很多[5,9-11],但有些來源地比較有限,有些指紋圖譜共有峰較少,很難對(duì)紅花藥材的質(zhì)量進(jìn)行全面、客觀的評(píng)價(jià). 高效液相色譜(high performance chromatography, HPLC)法建立的中藥指紋圖譜存在靈敏度較低、溶劑消耗量大等問題,使中藥中的組分不能被全部識(shí)別,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致藥材質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)不夠準(zhǔn)確. 近年來,超高液相色譜(ultra high performance liquid chromatography, UPLC)以其分析速度快、分離性能好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在中藥分析中快速發(fā)展[12]. 本研究以20批不同產(chǎn)地的紅花藥材為分析對(duì)象,構(gòu)建紅花藥材多指標(biāo)成分超高效液相色譜-質(zhì)譜(ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS)指紋圖譜,對(duì)20批紅花藥材進(jìn)行相似度評(píng)價(jià),較為客觀地反映藥材的內(nèi)在質(zhì)量,為新疆地域藥材質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)理論的完善和質(zhì)量鑒別方法的建立提供一定的參考依據(jù).

1 試驗(yàn)部分

1.1 儀器、試劑與材料

UltiMate3000/QExactive超高效液相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀(Thermo Scientific);色譜柱:Hypersil Gold C18,(100 mm×2.1 mm×1.9 μm,Thermo Scientific);微波超聲波合成萃取儀(北京祥鵠科技有限公司).

甲醇、甲酸、乙腈(均為HPLC級(jí),F(xiàn)isher scientific公司);試驗(yàn)用水(廣州市屈臣氏牌純凈水).

紅花藥材采自新疆不同產(chǎn)地,共20批,經(jīng)新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)楊曉君副教授鑒定,為菊科紅花屬草紅花. 自然晾干后粉碎,過180 μm篩,放入干燥器中室溫下避光保存,樣品信息如表1所列.

表1 新疆不同地區(qū)紅花藥材采樣點(diǎn)Table 1 Sampling sites of Carthamus tinctorius L. in different areas of Xinjiang

1.2 供試品溶液的制備

20批紅花樣品粉碎,過75 μm篩,室溫下稱取1.000 0 g紅花粉末于微波超聲波合成萃取儀的三口瓶中,加15 mL 50%甲醇溶液,微波功率600 W,溫度70 ℃,萃取20 min. 冷卻至室溫,將反應(yīng)液及殘余的紅花全部倒入25 mL容量瓶,50%甲醇定容,過0.22 μm濾膜,待測.

1.3 色譜條件

色譜柱:Thermo Hypersil Gold C18,(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.9 μm);流動(dòng)相:0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B);流速:0.3 mL/min;柱溫: 30 ℃;檢測波長:270 nm;進(jìn)樣量:2 μL;梯度洗脫程序?yàn)椋?~2 min,98% A;2~20 min,98~92% A;20~48 min,92~88% A;48~60 min,88~84% A;60~105 min,84~81% A;105~110 min,81~70% A;110~115 min,70~65% A;115~120 min,65~60% A;120~122 min,60~98% A;122~125 min,98% A.

1.4 質(zhì)譜條件

鞘氣流速:45 arb,輔助氣流速:15 arb,霧化電壓:3.3 KV,離子傳輸管溫度:350 ℃,輔助氣加熱溫度:400 ℃.

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 色譜條件的優(yōu)化

2.1.1 檢測波長的選擇

對(duì)270、403、390、367 nm 4個(gè)檢測波長進(jìn)行考察,不同檢測波長下紅花樣品的出峰情況存在顯著差異(如圖1所示). 由圖1可見,當(dāng)檢測波長為270 nm時(shí),紅花樣品中指標(biāo)成分響應(yīng)最為明顯,出峰個(gè)數(shù)多且峰型較好,能夠提供的有效成分信息較為豐富,故選擇270 nm為檢測波長.

圖1 不同檢測波長下的紅花樣品UPLC色譜圖Fig. 1 UPLC chromatograms of safflower samples at different detection wavelengths(a) 270 nm, (b) 403 nm, (c) 390 nm, (d) 367 nm

2.1.2 梯度洗脫條件的優(yōu)化

參考相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[13],采用0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈為流動(dòng)相,并對(duì)梯度洗脫條件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,最終確認(rèn)1.3項(xiàng)下為較優(yōu)色譜條件. 該條件下,紅花各組分達(dá)到最佳分離,對(duì)應(yīng)樣品UPLC色譜圖如圖2所示.

2.2 提取條件的優(yōu)化

2.2.1 提取溶劑的考察

分別以甲醇∶水為0∶100(體積比)、甲醇∶水為25∶75(體積比)、甲醇∶水為50∶50(體積比)、甲醇∶水為75∶25(體積比)、甲醇∶水為100∶0 (體積比)作提取溶劑. 結(jié)果表明,提取溶劑中無甲醇或甲醇濃度過低時(shí),紅花藥材中許多脂溶性組分沒有出峰或者峰面積較小. 而甲醇濃度過高時(shí),又會(huì)導(dǎo)致紅花中的水溶性組分無法被提取出來. 故選擇甲醇∶水為50∶50(體積比)作為提取溶劑.

圖2 紅花樣品UPLC色譜圖Fig. 2 UPLC chromatogram of safflower sample

2.2.2 提取方法考察

分別以超聲輔助提取法、微波輔助提取法、基質(zhì)固相分散萃取法(MSPD法)、快速溶劑提取法對(duì)紅花樣品進(jìn)行提取,比較5種指標(biāo)成分的峰面積、提取時(shí)間等(如表2所列). 由表2可見,超聲輔助提取法、微波輔助提取法提取出的有效成分峰面積較大,但微波輔助提取法的提取時(shí)間僅為20 min. 故選擇微波輔助提取紅花樣品.

表2 不同樣品前處理方法所得指標(biāo)成分峰面積比較Table 2 Comparison of peak area of different sample pretreatment methods

2.3 指紋圖譜的建立

在上述最優(yōu)條件下,對(duì)20個(gè)產(chǎn)地的紅花樣品進(jìn)行分離分析. 將色譜圖導(dǎo)入中藥指紋圖譜相似度評(píng)價(jià)(2004A)軟件,經(jīng)過設(shè)置參照譜圖、系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)匹配、生成對(duì)照譜圖、相似度評(píng)價(jià)4個(gè)步驟,即得到對(duì)照指紋圖譜(采用中位數(shù)法,時(shí)間窗為1.00),其中R譜即為紅花藥材的UPLC對(duì)照指紋圖譜(如圖3所示).

2.4 相似度評(píng)價(jià)

相似度評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果由2.3中的“相似度評(píng)價(jià)”步驟得出,將R譜與20張紅花樣品的UPLC色譜圖進(jìn)行比較(如表3所列). 由表3可見,除樣品S1和S12與R譜的相似度低于0.70之外,其余樣品與R譜的相似度均大于0.70,其中S7、S10、S11、S18與R譜的相似度均介于0.70~0.80之間,但是其相互之間的相似度都在0.80以上. 總體來看,20個(gè)樣品與R譜的相似度在0.90以上.

圖3 20批紅花藥材UPLC圖譜(R為對(duì)照指紋圖譜)Fig. 3 UPLC chromatograms of 20 batches of safflowers (R as the control fingerprint)

No.S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8S9S10S11S12S13S14S15S16S17S18S19S20RS110.6990.5250.6390.7260.7250.7150.5260.8750.6880.9070.6530.7080.6590.4490.8860.7180.6390.4950.580.695S20.69910.7360.9380.9520.9390.6940.7930.8090.6710.8210.5920.9440.9630.740.8130.960.6430.7720.7840.952S30.5250.73610.6540.7460.7810.6740.9630.6570.7090.5820.870.750.7320.950.6550.7660.8520.9620.9490.821S40.6390.9380.65410.9190.8930.60.7290.7680.5650.7830.5160.9150.940.720.7360.9120.5940.7150.6840.886S50.7260.9520.7460.91910.9360.740.7980.8260.6910.8180.6530.930.9710.7530.8190.9840.7160.7830.8130.95S60.7250.9390.7810.8930.93610.80.820.870.7630.8270.6950.9490.9270.7960.8720.9490.730.7810.8190.968S70.7150.6940.6740.60.740.810.690.830.9560.7730.7630.7340.670.6460.8460.7580.7820.6550.7260.791S80.5260.7930.9630.7290.7980.820.6910.680.710.6150.8060.810.7790.9660.6660.8310.8450.9660.9370.879S90.8750.8090.6570.7680.8260.870.830.6810.8210.9440.7360.8420.7650.6230.980.8320.7840.6610.6850.841S100.6880.6710.7090.5650.6910.7630.9560.710.82110.7330.7580.7060.6180.6640.8360.7050.7770.6950.7180.771S110.9070.8210.5820.7830.8180.8270.7730.6150.9440.73310.6770.8310.7630.540.9530.8190.6930.5780.6390.796S120.6530.5920.870.5160.6530.6950.7630.8060.7360.7580.67710.6610.5940.8080.7410.6570.9460.8090.880.687S130.7080.9440.750.9150.930.9490.7340.810.8420.7060.8310.66110.9310.7770.830.9420.6930.7760.8180.951S140.6590.9630.7320.940.9710.9270.670.7790.7650.6180.7630.5940.93110.7470.7590.9620.6450.7540.7850.932S150.4490.740.950.720.7530.7960.6460.9660.6230.6640.540.8080.7770.74710.6040.770.8390.9530.9160.83S160.8860.8130.6550.7360.8190.8720.8460.6660.980.8360.9530.7410.830.7590.60410.8210.7620.6330.690.835S170.7180.960.7660.9120.9840.9490.7580.8310.8320.7050.8190.6570.9420.9620.770.82110.7240.8020.8340.971S180.6390.6430.8520.5940.7160.730.7820.8450.7840.7770.6930.9460.6930.6450.8390.7620.72410.840.8620.741S190.4950.7720.9620.7150.7830.7810.6550.9660.6610.6950.5780.8090.7760.7540.9530.6330.8020.8410.9360.852S200.580.7840.9490.6840.8130.8190.7260.9370.6850.7180.6390.880.8180.7850.9160.690.8340.8620.93610.862R0.6950.9520.8210.8860.950.9680.7910.8790.8410.7710.7960.6870.9510.9320.830.8350.9710.7410.8520.8621

2.5 色譜峰的指認(rèn)

采用UPLC-MS對(duì)紅花樣品進(jìn)行檢測,對(duì)已達(dá)到分離要求的組分進(jìn)行質(zhì)譜分析. 將各組分的分子量與文獻(xiàn)中已報(bào)道的組分進(jìn)行比較,確認(rèn)紅花中11個(gè)未知組分(如圖4所示). 20批紅花的11個(gè)共有峰的保留時(shí)間及峰面積如表4、5所列.

根據(jù)高分辨質(zhì)譜提供的準(zhǔn)確分子量與紅花中已知組分的分子量進(jìn)行對(duì)比,將理論分子量和實(shí)測分子量進(jìn)行比較計(jì)算,對(duì)于質(zhì)量偏差小于2 ppm的組分予以確認(rèn),共確定了11個(gè)組分,按照保留時(shí)間的先后順序分別如表6所列.

圖4 UPLC-MS聯(lián)機(jī)分析紅花藥材中的11個(gè)組分Fig. 4 Analysis of 11 components in safflower by UPLC-MS

編號(hào)保留時(shí)間/minS1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8S9S10S11S12S13S14S15S16S17S18S19S20RSD/%12.762.682.692.782.722.672.672.692.702.692.772.702.702.702.702.692.702.702.702.690.84216.8716.7816.8016.8916.7816.7216.7916.7716.8316.8116.9716.8816.7416.8116.8016.8016.7316.8416.8016.770.24318.0618.0818.1218.1518.1218.1218.0818.1218.1418.0918.1118.0918.0918.0918.0918.1018.1118.1418.1218.110.13418.8218.8518.8918.9118.8818.8918.8618.8918.9118.8618.8718.8618.8618.8618.8618.8618.8818.9018.8918.870.12531.3831.4831.5731.6331.6231.5631.5431.5831.6131.5731.4831.5231.5631.5631.5831.5831.6031.6231.5831.580.18632.1932.3132.4032.4732.4532.4032.3832.4132.4432.3932.3132.3532.3932.3932.4132.4232.4432.4532.4132.410.19735.3835.4835.5735.6635.6335.6035.5835.5935.6235.5835.4935.5235.5535.5635.5835.6035.6135.6235.5835.580.21836.2636.3536.4436.5336.5136.4936.5036.4736.5036.5036.3736.4036.4336.4436.4736.5036.5236.5036.4736.460.31941.1641.2441.4041.4441.4341.4741.3841.4041.4341.4241.2841.3341.3541.3941.4341.4041.4541.4341.3841.400.191051.5751.7251.8651.8851.9151.8951.8851.8951.9051.8651.7451.8551.8651.8751.8651.8651.9051.8951.8851.880.131157.4757.6057.7057.7057.6957.6757.7257.7357.7257.7457.6557.7157.6857.7357.6957.7257.7357.7357.7357.710.17

表5 20批紅花樣品11個(gè)共有峰的峰面積Table 5 Peak areas of 11 peaks in 20 batches of safflower samples

表6 紅花藥材中11個(gè)共有峰具體信息表Table 6 Specific information table of 11 common peaks in safflower

3 結(jié)論

本研究以來自新疆伊犁地區(qū)、塔城地區(qū)、昌吉地區(qū)、喀什地區(qū)及和田地區(qū)等不同產(chǎn)地的20批紅花樣品為分析對(duì)象,建立了一種UPLC-MS指紋圖譜分析方法,確定了67個(gè)共有峰,并通過UPLC-MS指認(rèn)了其中的11種組分. 本文建立的UPLC-MS指紋圖譜可識(shí)別出更多的有效成分,在紅花藥材的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)方面更具優(yōu)勢,可為紅花藥材質(zhì)量的全面控制提供一定的借鑒. 同時(shí),該方法可為構(gòu)建紅花藥材質(zhì)量分析體系與優(yōu)質(zhì)紅花藥材種質(zhì)的篩選奠定基礎(chǔ),為紅花藥材的質(zhì)量分析與評(píng)價(jià)提供較為全面的技術(shù)支撐和參考.

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