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純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)及其能量控制策略

2019-10-21 09:31周美蘭馮繼峰張宇
關(guān)鍵詞:電容儲(chǔ)能雙向

周美蘭 馮繼峰 張宇

Abstract:The composite energy storage system composed of battery, super capacitor and bi-directional DC-DC converter was studied to solve the problem of insufficient mileage and short battery life in electric vehicles. In order to realize rational power allocation of battery and super capacitor, the logic threshold and fuzzy control strategy were established respectively. The vehicle model was constructed based on the electric vehicle simulation software.Through simulation study,the characteristic curves of the current and SOC of battery and the current curves of super capacitor were got, and the results were compared with the single battery power supply. For verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the control strategy, the experimental platform was built to study electric vehicles during driving and braking. Simulation and the experimental results show the composite energy storage system and its control strategies successfully reduce the charge and discharge current of battery, regenerate the braking energy and improve the mileage of electric vehicles.

Keywords:electric vehicles; composite energy storage; logic threshold; fuzzy control

0 引 言

近年來(lái),隨著我國(guó)汽車(chē)保有量的急劇增加,石油資源逐漸匱乏、環(huán)境日益惡劣等問(wèn)題也接踵而至,傳統(tǒng)燃油汽車(chē)造成的負(fù)面影響已無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足人們對(duì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求,純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)已成為今后的主要發(fā)展方向[1]。純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)蓄電池的發(fā)展較為滯后,其功率密度較低、充放電次數(shù)有限、壽命較短,很難滿(mǎn)足人們的日常需求[2-3]。

為解決這一技術(shù)難題,在純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)電源系統(tǒng)中安裝了超級(jí)電容和雙向DC-DC變換器,從而組成了復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)[4]。由于超級(jí)電容具有功率密度高、壽命長(zhǎng)、能承受瞬時(shí)大電流充放電等優(yōu)點(diǎn),由此組成的復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)能夠提升原有電源系統(tǒng)的性能,從而提高純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的動(dòng)力性能和續(xù)駛里程[5-7]。

隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)逐漸走進(jìn)研究人員的視野,并已取得一些可喜的成就[8-9]。Chugoku電力公司和豐田公司對(duì)蓄電池和超級(jí)電容構(gòu)成的復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,相比單一蓄電池電源的電動(dòng)汽車(chē),具有復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)具有更好的動(dòng)力性能[10]。Arani S K等人利用遺傳算法優(yōu)化電動(dòng)汽車(chē)模糊控制器并進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明,所開(kāi)發(fā)的模糊控制器在降低功耗等方面優(yōu)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模糊控制器[11]。我國(guó)也開(kāi)始對(duì)復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)研究[12]。如王斌等人提出了一種新型復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu),并設(shè)計(jì)了7種工作方案,有效提高了復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)工作效率并保證蓄電池的充放電安全[13]。Chen Jian等人提出了一種電動(dòng)汽車(chē)用模糊邏輯參數(shù)調(diào)整的自適應(yīng)控制方法,仿真和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明了所提出方法的有效性[14]。但在能量回饋、蓄電池保護(hù)和電動(dòng)汽車(chē)?yán)m(xù)駛里程等方面仍存在較大的缺陷。針對(duì)此類(lèi)問(wèn)題,本文提出了復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的能量控制策略。

本文主要根據(jù)所選復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)了基于邏輯門(mén)限和基于模糊控制的能量控制策略。在AVL CRUISE仿真軟件中搭建了純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)整車(chē)模型進(jìn)行仿真分析,根據(jù)仿真分析的結(jié)果搭建了實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)架,從而達(dá)到驗(yàn)證所設(shè)計(jì)的控制策略的可行性與有效性的目的。

1 復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)

復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)主要由蓄電池、超級(jí)電容和雙向DC-DC變換器等三部分組成。其連接方式一般可以分為以下幾種[15-16]:蓄電池與超級(jí)電容并聯(lián)、蓄電池串聯(lián)雙向DC-DC變換器后與超級(jí)電容并聯(lián)、超級(jí)電容串聯(lián)雙向DC-DC變換器后與蓄電池并聯(lián)、蓄電池和超級(jí)電容分別串聯(lián)一個(gè)雙向DC-DC變換器后并聯(lián),這當(dāng)中以第三種方式最為經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用且易于實(shí)現(xiàn),其連接方式如圖1所示。

5 結(jié) 論

本文對(duì)復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了研究,制定了兩種控制策略。基于CRUISE在NEDC工況下進(jìn)行了仿真分析,搭建了純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)架,進(jìn)行了負(fù)載和制動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn),得到結(jié)論如下:

(1)仿真結(jié)果表明,制定的純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)能量控制策略能夠合理地進(jìn)行功率分配,使蓄電池輸出電流較為平穩(wěn),延長(zhǎng)蓄電池使用壽命,同時(shí)超級(jí)電容還能有效地回收制動(dòng)能量,提高能量的利用率。

(2)與單一蓄電池能源相比,邏輯門(mén)限控制策略總體節(jié)能6.17%,模糊控制策略總體節(jié)能34.57%;與邏輯門(mén)限控制策略相比,模糊控制策略節(jié)能效果提升5倍多,極大地提高了超級(jí)電容的利用率。

(3)負(fù)載與制動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,基于模糊控制策略的復(fù)合儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對(duì)回饋能量的有效利用,證明了所提控制策略的可行性。

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(編輯:劉素菊)

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