王守華 李云柯 孫希延 紀(jì)元法
摘 要:針對(duì)低成本接收機(jī)雙天線測(cè)姿系統(tǒng)利用直接法解算精度較低且存在系統(tǒng)粗差的問(wèn)題,提出一種基于載波和偽距雙差實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)定位(RTK)卡爾曼濾波算法。首先,引入基線長(zhǎng)度作為觀測(cè)量,并將事先測(cè)量得到的精確基線長(zhǎng)度作為觀測(cè)量誤差;然后,根據(jù)從天線接收機(jī)的歷元時(shí)間間隔對(duì)主天線位置進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)矯正,而周整模糊度采用改進(jìn)LABMDA算法求解。在靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)情況下進(jìn)行了測(cè)試,結(jié)果表明,在基線長(zhǎng)度為1.1m、采用GPS和北斗雙系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行觀測(cè)的情況下,所提算法解算出的航向角精度在1°左右,俯仰角精度在2°~3°。相比傳統(tǒng)的雙天線直接法測(cè)姿,該算法在系統(tǒng)抗差性能和精度上都較優(yōu)。
關(guān)鍵詞:雙天線測(cè)姿;低成本接收機(jī);卡爾曼濾波;基線約束;實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)定位
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):?TN967.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Dual-antenna attitude determination algorithm based on low-cost receiver
WANG Shouhua1,2*, LI Yunke1,2, SUN Xiyan1,2, JI Yuanfa1,2
1.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation and Location Awareness (Guilin University of Electronic Technology), Guilin Guangxi 541004, China ;
2.National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Navigation and Location Awareness, Guilin Guangxi 541004, China
Abstract:?Concerning the problem that low-cost Dual-antenna Attitude determination System (DAS) has low accuracy and gross error because of using direct solution, an improved algorithm based on carrier phase and pseudo-range double-difference Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Kalman filter was proposed. Firstly, the baseline length was employed as the observation, then the precise baseline length obtained in advance was taken as the observation error. Secondly, the position of master antenna was corrected according to the epoch time interval of the slave antenna receiver and the integer ambiguity was solved by MLABMDA (Modified LABMDA) algorithm. Experimental results in static and dynamic mode show that the accuracy of the heading angle calculated by the proposed algorithm is about 1 degree and the calculated pitch angle accuracy is about 2-3 degrees in the case of baseline length 1.1m with GPS and Beidou dual systems. The proposed algorithm improves the robustness and accuracy of the system greatly compared with the traditional dual-antenna attitude determination by direct solution.
Key words:?dual-antenna attitude determination; low-cost receiver; Kalman filter; baseline constraint; Real Time Kinematic (RTK)
0 引言
全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)技術(shù)在定位、導(dǎo)航和測(cè)繪領(lǐng)域有著眾多的應(yīng)用,姿態(tài)測(cè)量就是其中之一,它可以實(shí)時(shí)提供低速載體的姿態(tài)信息,利用雙天線可以測(cè)量出載體的航向角和俯仰角,對(duì)于船舶、車(chē)輛等載體有著實(shí)際的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。相比慣性導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng),天線測(cè)姿系統(tǒng)所產(chǎn)生的誤差不會(huì)隨時(shí)間積累,具有成本低、維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單、功耗小的優(yōu)點(diǎn),然而受限于測(cè)量方法,系統(tǒng)精度與精密慣導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)相比還存在一定差距,且不適用于高速動(dòng)態(tài)和信號(hào)遮擋的場(chǎng)景。目前天線測(cè)姿解算方法主要有三種:基于矢量觀測(cè)法、基于最優(yōu)估計(jì)法和直接矩陣法[1],其中直接法算法實(shí)現(xiàn)容易,對(duì)硬件平臺(tái)要求較低,且計(jì)算精度也能滿(mǎn)足實(shí)際需求[2];從天線布局上有立體布局和平面布局[3],雙天線測(cè)姿屬于平面布局。
用基線參數(shù)來(lái)解算姿態(tài)角時(shí),需要得到毫米級(jí)的基線向量,天線之間的基線向量采用實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)定位(Real Time Kinematic, RTK)解算算法,該方法運(yùn)用載波偽距雙差和周整模糊度解算技術(shù)來(lái)獲取天線之間精確的基線解[4]。另一種方法是通過(guò)姿態(tài)參數(shù)組合或四元數(shù)法,將姿態(tài)角引入到GNSS觀測(cè)方程中來(lái)求解[5];但是該方法在觀測(cè)方程中并沒(méi)有用到基線約束條件,而且引入四元數(shù)后,算法復(fù)雜度大大增加。文獻(xiàn)[6]和文獻(xiàn)[7]采用多天線接收機(jī)解決了鐘差所帶來(lái)的影響,解算精度較高;但是多天線接收機(jī)成本較高,不宜普及。文獻(xiàn)[8]使用傳感器融合技術(shù)對(duì)載體姿態(tài)進(jìn)行求解,該方法使用磁力計(jì)、加速度計(jì)、陀螺儀等傳感器,通過(guò)多級(jí)濾波器融合進(jìn)行解算,在精度和抗干擾性能上較好;但是傳感器的使用引入了更多的系統(tǒng)誤差,而且使用精度越高的傳感器相應(yīng)成本也越高。