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腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)治療急、慢性闌尾炎的臨床效果

2019-11-14 10:13李全民張善忠雷冠東陳筱民黃濤萬(wàn)冰
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2019年25期
關(guān)鍵詞:闌尾切除術(shù)急性闌尾炎腹腔鏡

李全民 張善忠 雷冠東 陳筱民 黃濤 萬(wàn)冰

[摘要]目的 探討腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)治療急、慢性闌尾炎的臨床效果。方法 選取2017年5月~2019年2月我院收治的168例闌尾炎患者作為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組各84例。對(duì)照組患者采用開放闌尾切除術(shù)治療,觀察組患者采用腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)治療。觀察組患者根據(jù)不同病例類型,將其分為單純性闌尾炎組(23例)、化膿性闌尾炎組(22例)、壞疽性闌尾炎組(16例)及慢性闌尾炎組(23例)。通過(guò)查看住院病例和術(shù)后2個(gè)月的隨訪記錄,比較分析不同手術(shù)方式對(duì)兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、總花費(fèi)金額以及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況(切口感染、腹腔積液、腸梗阻及切口疝等)的影響。比較分析腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)對(duì)不同病例分型闌尾炎患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、總花費(fèi)金額以及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況(切口感染、腹腔積液、腸梗阻及切口疝等)的影響。結(jié)果 觀察組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)中出血量少于對(duì)照組,總花費(fèi)金額高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組患者的切口感染發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組與對(duì)照組患者的腹腔積液、腸梗阻及切口疝發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);采用腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)后,急性闌尾炎(單純性闌尾炎組、化膿性闌尾炎組、壞疽性闌尾炎組)患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于慢性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);化膿性闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于壞疽性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);壞疽性闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于慢性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各類型闌尾炎患者的術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及總花費(fèi)金額比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);采用腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)后,壞疽性闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)后腸梗阻發(fā)生率均高于單純性闌尾炎、化膿性闌尾炎及慢性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);不同類型闌尾炎患者的術(shù)后切口感染、腹腔積液、切口疝發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)能有效治療各種類型的闌尾炎,壞疽性闌尾炎患者行腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)可能會(huì)增加腸梗阻的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

[關(guān)鍵詞]急性闌尾炎;慢性闌尾炎;闌尾切除術(shù);腹腔鏡

[中圖分類號(hào)] R656.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)9(a)-0013-05

Clinical curative effect of laparoscopic appendectomy on acute and chronic appendicitis

LI Quan-min? ?ZHANG Shan-zhong? ?LEI Guan-dong? ?CHEN Xiao-min? ?HUANG Tao? ?WAN Bing

Department of General Surgery, the First People′s Hospital of Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen? ?333000, China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical curative effect of laparoscopic appendectomy on acute and chronic appendicitis. Methods A total of 168 patients with appendicitis who were admitted to our hospital from may 2017 to February 2019 were selected as research objects, and were divided into observation group and control group by random number table method, 84 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were treated with open appendectomy, while patients in the observation group were treated with laparoscopic appendectomy. Patients in the observation group were divided into simple appendicitis group (23 cases), suppurative appendicitis group (22 cases), gangrenous appendicitis group (16 cases) and chronic appendicitis group (23 cases) according to different case types. By looking at the hospitalization cases and the follow-up records of 2 months after operation, the effects of different operation methods on the operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative exhaust time, postoperative hospitalization time, total cost? and the occurrence of complications (incision infection, peritoneal effusion, intestinal obstruction and incision hernia, etc.) of the two groups of patients were compared and analyzed. The effects of laparoscopic appendectomy on operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative exhaust time, postoperative hospitalization time, total cost and the occurrence of complications (incision infection, peritoneal effusion, intestinal obstruction and incisional hernia, etc.) of patients with different types of appendicitis were compared and analyzed. Results The operation time, postoperative exhaust time and postoperative hospitalization time of the patients in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group, the intraoperative blood loss was less than that in the control group, and the total cost was higher than that in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of incision infection in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant difference between the observation group and the control group in the incidence of ascites, intestinal obstruction and incisional hernia (P>0.05). After laparoscopic appendectomy, the operation time of patients with acute appendicitis (simple appendicitis group, suppurative appendicitis group and gangrenous appendicitis group) was longer than that of patients in the chronic appendicitis group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The amount of intraoperative hemorrhage of patients in the suppurative appendicitis group was less than that of patients in the gangrenous appendicitis group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Postoperative exhaust time of patients in the gangrenous appendicitis group was longer than that of patients in the chronic appendicitis group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in hospitalization time and total cost between patients with appendicitis of various types (P>0.05). After laparoscopic appendectomy, the incidence of postoperative intestinal obstruction of patients in the gangrenous appendicitis group was higher than that of patients in the simple appendicitis group, suppurative appendicitis group and chronic appendicitis group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative incision infection, peritoneal effusion and incision hernia among different types of appendicitis (P>0.05). Conclusion Laparoscopic appendectomy can effectively treat various types of appendicitis. Laparoscopic appendectomy may increase the risk of intestinal obstruction in patients with gangrenous appendicitis.

[Key words] Acute appendicitis; Chronic appendicitis; Appendectomy; Laparoscope

闌尾炎是由多種因素形成的炎性改變,為外科常見(jiàn)的急腹癥之一。按發(fā)病緩急將其分為急性闌尾炎和慢性闌尾炎,以急性闌尾炎較為常見(jiàn)。開放闌尾切除術(shù)為臨床根治闌尾炎的常用手術(shù)治療方法,但此種手術(shù)方式常因病灶位置不明確而做些不必要的切除,創(chuàng)傷性大,影響患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)的速度[1]。近年來(lái),隨著腹腔鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)被廣泛應(yīng)用,通過(guò)腹腔鏡可準(zhǔn)確定位于病灶位置,針對(duì)性的進(jìn)行手術(shù)切除,創(chuàng)傷性小,治療效果好,術(shù)后恢復(fù)速度較快[2-3]。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[4-5],腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)對(duì)不同類型的闌尾炎治療效果和預(yù)后有所差異,例如腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)治療急性闌尾炎的手術(shù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),壞疽性闌尾炎術(shù)后發(fā)生腸梗阻的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高等。本研究主要探討腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)治療急、慢性闌尾炎的臨床效果,為臨床更好的治療各種不同類型的闌尾炎提供理論依據(jù)。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料

選取2017年5月~2019年2月我院收治的168例闌尾炎患者作為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組各84例。對(duì)照組中,男48例,女36例;年齡13~72歲,平均(39.21±7.36)歲;病例類型:?jiǎn)渭冃躁@尾炎26例,化膿性闌尾炎20例,壞疽性闌尾炎18例,慢性闌尾炎20例。觀察組中,男46例,女38例;年齡13~72歲,平均(39.21±7.36)歲;病例類型:?jiǎn)渭冃躁@尾炎23例,化膿性闌尾炎22例,壞疽性闌尾炎16例,慢性闌尾炎23例。觀察組與對(duì)照組患者的性別、年齡、病例類型等一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

觀察組患者根據(jù)不同病例類型,將其分為單純性闌尾炎組(23例)、化膿性闌尾炎組(22例)、壞疽性闌尾炎組(16例)、慢性闌尾炎組(23例)。單純性闌尾炎組中,男12例,女11例;平均年齡(38.97±7.25)歲?;撔躁@尾炎組中,男13例,女9例;平均年齡(38.87±7.52)歲。壞疽性闌尾炎組中,男10例,女6例;平均年齡(39.22±7.18)歲。慢性闌尾炎組中,男11例,女12例;平均年齡(38.79±7.41)歲。4組不同類型闌尾炎組別患者的性別、年齡等一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究通過(guò)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者自愿參加本研究并簽署知情同意書。

1.2納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合《外科學(xué)》7版[6]中關(guān)于急、慢性闌尾炎的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者;②臨床癥狀及X線等檢查進(jìn)一步確診者;③術(shù)后根據(jù)病理診斷報(bào)告確診病例分型者;④初次患病者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有手術(shù)禁忌證者;②嚴(yán)重肝腎功能障礙者;③對(duì)手術(shù)使用藥物過(guò)敏者;④精神異常者。

1.3手術(shù)方法

對(duì)照組患者進(jìn)行腹膜外麻醉后,經(jīng)麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)切口切開腹壁,沿結(jié)腸帶找到闌尾進(jìn)行切除,切除闌尾放入標(biāo)本袋中,擦凈腹腔膿液并進(jìn)行荷包縫合。

觀察組患者平臥,行氣管插管全麻后,在臍下緣作一弧形切口(10 mm),建立CO2人工氣腹(氣腹壓15 mmHg)后放置腹腔鏡,在腹腔鏡直視下對(duì)麥?zhǔn)霞胺贷準(zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)各作一個(gè)長(zhǎng)度為5 mm的切口,插入套管針。采用腹腔鏡對(duì)腹腔內(nèi)環(huán)境進(jìn)行探查,吸除腹腔內(nèi)膿液,找到闌尾后分離周圍粘連,用電鉤清理闌尾根部,結(jié)扎后電凝處理,切除闌尾放入標(biāo)本袋中,清洗腹腔并縫合切口。

1.4觀察指標(biāo)

通過(guò)查看患者住院病例和術(shù)后2個(gè)月的隨訪記錄,統(tǒng)計(jì)患者手術(shù)及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。①比較不同手術(shù)方式對(duì)兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、總花費(fèi)金額以及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況(切口感染、腹腔積液、腸梗阻及切口疝等)。②考察腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)對(duì)不同病例分型的闌尾炎患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、總花費(fèi)金額以及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況(切口感染、腹腔積液、腸梗阻及切口疝等)的影響。

1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較用F檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn);以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及總花費(fèi)金額的比較

觀察組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)中出血量少于對(duì)照組,總花費(fèi)金額高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。

2.2兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況的比較

觀察組患者的切口感染發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組與對(duì)照組患者的腹腔積液、腸梗阻及切口疝發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2)。

2.3不同類型闌尾炎患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及總花費(fèi)金額的比較

采用腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)后,急性闌尾炎(單純性闌尾炎組、化膿性闌尾炎組、壞疽性闌尾炎組)患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于慢性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);化膿性闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于壞疽性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);壞疽性闌尾炎患者的術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于慢性闌尾炎,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各類型闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及總花費(fèi)金額比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表3)。

2.4不同類型闌尾炎患者腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況的比較

采用腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)后,壞疽性闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)后腸梗阻發(fā)生率高于單純性闌尾炎組、化膿性闌尾炎組及慢性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。不同類型闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)后切口感染、腹腔積液、切口疝發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表4)。

3討論

開放闌尾切除術(shù)與腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)均為外科治療急性闌尾炎的常用治療方法,其預(yù)后程度與手術(shù)方式不同而有所差異,手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、術(shù)中出血量多、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間長(zhǎng)均可增加患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不同手術(shù)方法對(duì)不同類型闌尾炎術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況也有所差異[7-9]。

有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[10],腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)治療急性闌尾炎的手術(shù)時(shí)間短于開放闌尾切除術(shù)治療,術(shù)中出血少、術(shù)后腸胃功能恢復(fù)快、住院時(shí)間短,且切口感染的發(fā)生率低。吳迅等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)術(shù)后,患者恢復(fù)快、排氣時(shí)間短、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間較短,術(shù)后僅有1例患者發(fā)生切口感染,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低。但由于腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)需對(duì)患者進(jìn)行氣管插管全麻,并且需使用電鉤等特殊醫(yī)療器械,因此,手術(shù)費(fèi)用相對(duì)開放闌尾切除術(shù)高。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)中出血量少于對(duì)照組,總花費(fèi)金額高于對(duì)照組,觀察組患者的切口感染的發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),與上述研究結(jié)論基本一致。原因可能與腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)可快速發(fā)現(xiàn)病變部位并對(duì)應(yīng)進(jìn)行切除,切口暴露面積較小,可在一定程度上避免感染的發(fā)生有關(guān)。因此,腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)具有術(shù)后恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

有研究指出[4],急性闌尾患者采用腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)的手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于慢性闌尾炎患者、術(shù)中出血量大及術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。而Markar等[12]研究認(rèn)為腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)治療急、慢性闌尾炎后患者的住院時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,采用腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)后,急性闌尾炎患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于慢性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);化膿性闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于壞疽性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);壞疽性闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于慢性闌尾炎組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。其原因可能為急性闌尾炎因化膿、壞疽而增加了手術(shù)難度,手術(shù)造成的創(chuàng)傷程度大,從而使術(shù)中出血量增多及住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),提示腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)對(duì)不同類型闌尾炎的治療效果不同。壞疽性闌尾炎的炎性癥狀較重,多在手術(shù)之前就存在腹腔感染,部分患者還可能伴有粘連現(xiàn)象,由于手術(shù)切除闌尾時(shí)壞疽部位切除不徹底及炎性較重等原因,術(shù)后容易出現(xiàn)腸粘連復(fù)發(fā),最終導(dǎo)致腸梗阻的發(fā)生[13]。相關(guān)研究顯示[14],急性闌尾炎術(shù)后腸梗阻的發(fā)生率高于慢性闌尾炎(P<0.05)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,采用腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)后,壞疽性闌尾炎組患者的術(shù)后腸梗阻發(fā)生率均高于單純性闌尾炎組、化膿性闌尾炎組、慢性闌尾炎組(P<0.05),與上述研究所得結(jié)論基本一致。因此,壞疽性闌尾炎患者行腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)注意術(shù)中調(diào)整患者體位,以便于更好、更徹底地切除病變組織,并且在改變體位過(guò)程中應(yīng)盡量避免炎性滲出物外漏,從而有效避免術(shù)后腸梗阻的發(fā)生[15]。

綜上所述,腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)能有效治療各種類型的闌尾炎,壞疽性闌尾炎行腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)可能會(huì)增加腸梗阻的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),手術(shù)過(guò)程中可通過(guò)控制患者體位來(lái)減少炎性滲出物外漏,從而避免腸梗阻的發(fā)生。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[8]官敏,張平,魯力.超重的穿孔或壞疽性闌尾炎患者行腹腔鏡手術(shù)的近期療效分析[J].中國(guó)普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志,2015,22(11):1354-1358.

[9]李樂(lè),李鑫,景化忠,等.腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療壞疽及穿孔性闌尾炎的探討[J].中國(guó)普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志,2015,22(7):828-831.

[10]王懷科,朱澤衛(wèi),王浩龍,等.腹腔鏡和開腹闌尾切除術(shù)在治療急性闌尾炎中的臨床對(duì)比分析[J].中國(guó)煤炭工業(yè)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2015,18(9):1510-1514.

[11]吳迅,劉春,錢皓,等.腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)與開腹闌尾切除術(shù)在闌尾炎治療中的應(yīng)用效果比較[J].現(xiàn)代生物醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)展,2016,39(29):5742-5745.

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[14]杜亞瓊,花豹,吳巨鋼,等.腹腔鏡與開腹闌尾切除術(shù)治療急性闌尾炎的療效對(duì)比分析[J].中國(guó)普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志,2016,23(10):1231-1235.

[15]孫國(guó)明,王建華,錢濤,等.腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)手術(shù)并發(fā)癥及對(duì)策[J].江蘇醫(yī)藥,2015,41(10):1224-1225.

(收稿日期:2019-06-12? ?本文編輯:孟慶卿)

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