王學斌
(陜西省鎮(zhèn)安中學,陜西商洛 711500)
英語中的分詞既具有形容詞和副詞的功能,又具有動詞的特點,用途較為廣泛,在句子中可以作狀語、表語、定語、賓語補足語等[1]。從時間上來劃分,分詞可以分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,也就是動詞的ing 形式和ed 形式,本文主要對現(xiàn)在分詞的用法進行了分析和探討。
現(xiàn)在分詞由動詞原形后加-ing 構成,有以下四種形式。
(1)在動詞原形后直接加-ing,如work →working,start →starting,build →building,teach →teaching。
(2)去掉“e”,再加-ing,如make→making,take→taking, produce→ producing。
(3)以元音字母加重讀閉音節(jié)字母結尾時,雙寫重讀閉音節(jié)字母,再加-ing,如stop →stopping,begin →beginning,win →winning,swim →swimming。
(4)以字母-ie 結尾時,變ie 為y,再加-ing,例lie→lying,tie →tying,die →dying,等等。
在語法上,現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞和副詞的特點。
由于現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞和副詞的特點,它在句子中可以作表語、定語、補足語和狀語。
觀察下列例句,探究現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的特點。
(1)This TV program is very interesting.
(2)The theme parks are very amazing.
(3)What he did is very disappointing.
(4)The words he said to his father were frightening.
歸納:
第一,作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞一般具有情感色彩。例如,disappointing, interesting, moving, boring, exciting, surprising, worrying, tiring, frightening, pleasing, amazing, satisfying, discouraging, encouraging, shocking, confusing, delighting, embarrassing, terrifying, disgusting。
第二,一般來說,現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時,句子的主語常指事物。
觀察下列五個例句,探究現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的特點以及定語從句作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的轉換規(guī)律。
(1)There is a sleeping girl under the tree.
轉換后:There is a girl who is sleeping under the tree.
(2)I know the man standing there.
轉換后:I know the man who is standing there.
(3)A picture which dates from 118 BC has been found.
轉換后:A picture dating from 118 BC has been found.
(4)Zhuge Liang was a Chinese army general who lived from 181 to 234 AD.
轉換后:Zhuge Liang was a Chinese army general living from 181 to 234 AD.
(5)Look! A smiling girl is coming here.
轉換后:Look! A girl who is smiling is coming here.
歸納:
第一,在位置上,現(xiàn)在分詞單獨作定語時一般放在所修飾名詞之前,如例(1)(5);現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時必須放在所修飾詞之后,如例(2)(3)(4)。
第二,被修飾名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關系,如例(1)—(5),其作用相當于定語從句。
第三,定語從句的引導詞在從句中作主語時,可將從句作定語轉換為現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語(從句主謂為主動關系時)[2]。
第四,一般來說,在時態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞作定語所表示的動作為現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)、一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或一般過去時態(tài)等。
觀察下列例句,探究現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語的特點。
(1)The teacher found his students discussing the math problem when he passed the classroom.
(2)The salesman caught the boy stealing but let him off.
(3)His grandmother always suggests him getting on well with his classmates.
(4)I heard Jack and his classmates singing in the classroom just now.
歸納:
第一,在邏輯上,賓語和賓語補足語之間有主謂關系,如例(1)—(4)。
第二,在時間上,句子謂語與現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作同時進行,如例(1)(2)(4)。
第三, 現(xiàn)在分詞常在suggest, leave, feel, hear, catch, imagine, make 等之后作賓語補足語。
觀察下列例句,探究現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的特點以及某些狀語從句與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的轉換規(guī)律。
(1)When he was walking in the street, he came across his English teacher.
轉換后:(When)walking in the street, he came across his English teacher.
轉換后:He came across his English teacher when walking in the street.
(2)She sat at the door (,) watching TV.
(3)Jack and Ann went into the teacher's office, talking and
laughing.
(4)I will help her to learn English if I have time.
轉換后:(If)Having time, I will help her to learn English.轉換后: I will help her to learn English if having time.
歸納:
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,一般分為以下兩種情況。
第一,在時間、原因、條件或讓步狀語從句中,若主從句的主語一致且從句主語和謂語為主動語態(tài)時,可將從句變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語。放句首時,從句的引導詞可以帶上,也可以不帶上;若放句末時,狀語從句的引導詞必須帶上,如例(1)(4)。
第二,如簡單句含有多個謂語,且它們的動作同時發(fā)生時,須用現(xiàn)在分詞置句末(主語和該動詞之間為主動關系時)作方式、伴隨或結果狀語,如例(2)(3)。
總之,在中學英語教學中,教師要引導學生通過觀察、發(fā)現(xiàn)、歸納以及有效的訓練,來把握現(xiàn)在分詞的構成、詞性、作用及應用規(guī)律,這樣他們就能掌握和突破現(xiàn)在分詞這一學習重難點,并能對其進行正確而靈活的運用。