鄧衡
摘要:隨著我國教育改革的不斷推進,對于初中英語課堂教學來說,錘煉學生的閱讀能力顯得尤為重要。本文試從如何設計問題式學案引導學生獲取、分析、解讀信息,培養(yǎng)學生學習主體性意識和思辨能力,以及就問題式導學案在初中英語閱讀教學的應用過程中出現(xiàn)的一些問題與不足,提出自己的一些思路與看法,旨在提高學生的人文素養(yǎng),提升閱讀教學的有效性。
關鍵詞:問題式導學案;初中英語;閱讀教學
中圖分類號:G633.41文獻標識碼:A???? 文章編號:1992-7711(2019)19-043-2
問題式導學案主要是以學案為主要媒介,通過導學的方式,發(fā)揮教師主導性作用以及學生主體性功能,構建教與學之間的橋梁,幫助教師和學生共同完成教學任務。本文試以譯林版《牛津初中英語》9A第四單元Reading為例,從三個梯度“About the new words”“About the article and the writer”“About your opinions”著手,闡述如何應用問題式導學案錘煉學生的英語思維能力。(僅選其中的部分題目為例)
一、問題式導學案設計案例
Students worksheet
Preview: 1. Read aloud the article three times.
2. Finish Exercise on P5253 and check with your partner.
Challenge One: About the new words
1. As a result, he succeeded in getting a scholarship. (Line 18)
(1) Which one can take the place of the phrases?
A. However; fail to
B. Therefore; manage to
C. In general; have difficulty
(2) 歸納:succeed詞性意思用法
2. He was forced to play in another basketball league. (Line 22)
(1) In which sentence does the word have the same meaning?
A. He tried to force a window since it was locked.
B. We realized the force of his speech.
C. Tom forced himself to be nice to them.
(2) 歸納:force詞性意思用法
Challenge Two: About the article and the writer
1. Fill in the table: (5 minutes)
At firstThenAchievements
Junior HighHe was ?to play for the school team.He didnt .He got the ?and scored ?in his first game. He became the ?of the team.
Senior HighHe had to ??because of his height.He got the coach to .He became ?of the team. In his last year, he was named ?in Texas.
College/
University university invited him. He played at .He led his team to . He got ?from North Carolina State University.He got ?successfully.
After graduationHe was forced to play in .The NBA took notice of him.He joined ?in 1985. He won ?in 1986.
2. Which expression can best describe Spud Webb?
A. Practice makes perfect
B. A good medicine tastes good.
C. Its never too old to learn.
D. A man becomes learned by asking questions.
3. Why does the writer emphasize in Para 1 that Spud is “much smaller than the other kids” and point out “he had a big dream” at the same time?
4. What is the writers attitude towards Spud? Which words, phrases or sentences show it?
5. Underline some good sentences and share them with the group members.
6. Circle the linking words(連接詞) in this article and try to explain to your partner how to use them while writing.
(e.g. “However” in paragraph one is used to show a big contrast(對比,反差). When I want to compare two things and show the difference between them, I can use it.)
Challenge Three: About your opinions
1. What do you think is the key to making a good basketball player?
A. being tall and strong
B. excellent skills
C. keeping practicing
D. having team spirit
E. seizing the opportunity(抓住機遇)
F. never giving up
G.
2. According to Spud Webb, how do you understand this units topic “growing up”?
(E.g. Spud suffered a lot pain before he finally joined the NBA. So I know that growing up is a little painful but it is worth experiencing and we cant miss it.)
3. Whats your big dream? What will you do to hold fast to (堅持)your dream?
Homework: Write a 100word article on “Make my dream come true.” You should combine(結合) Spuds and your own experiences in it.
整個學案的設計思路是將問題、學案、導學三者進行有效的融合,在啟發(fā)學生閱讀的基礎上,加以限時閱讀和動態(tài)的思考過程,促使學生提升思維品質(zhì)的敏捷性、深刻性及批判性。但問題的設置必須循序漸進,符合學生的認知規(guī)律,由淺入深,層層遞進,避免學生因望而生畏而對閱讀文章產(chǎn)生焦慮感和挫敗感。因此,筆者將學案主要分為三個板塊“About the new words”“About the article and the writer”“About your opinions”。
第一個板塊讓學生自主快速閱讀,結合上下文理解新詞匯的意思以及基本用法。筆者給出兩道典型問題,有意識地培養(yǎng)學生積累多種表達方式的能力以及能準確判斷單詞的詞性的能力。第二板塊旨在通過對文章內(nèi)容的相關問題進行巧妙設計,使學生快速進入閱讀狀態(tài),進而對所提問題進行深入思考,通過教師的引導,讓學生對文章細節(jié)、主旨大意、作者的觀點態(tài)度、寫作技巧、行文布局進行評價,幫助學生更好地理解閱讀內(nèi)容的同時,培養(yǎng)其獨立、理性、客觀地思考問題,進而提升批判性思維能力。最后一個版塊是學生通過主動思考對所學知識進行自我認知的反饋,在對信息的分解后產(chǎn)生的獨到見解。問題的設計緊扣本單元主題,聯(lián)系學生的日常生活,因而能發(fā)揮學生的積極主動性,提升教育教學的有效性。
二、反思
1.教師“重導”,學生“重學”。
問題式學案導學法應該始終堅持“以學生為主體,教師為主導”的原則。教師應“重導”意為教師的指導和協(xié)助應貫穿于教學活動的始終?;顒忧埃處煈贾孟鄳A習作業(yè)以及明確學習要求。活動過程中,教師要給學生預留足夠的閱讀時間,讓學生得以安靜地品讀文章。此外,教師應以一個合作者(或facilitator)的身份出現(xiàn),以平等的身份誘導學生思考,解其所惑,這就要求教師不僅要時刻觀察和記錄學生的學習行為以及學習情況,還要通過提問、解疑、提示、舉例、討論等方式及時引導學生有序有效地進行學習,確保教學的順利開展?;顒雍?,教師在對學生的學習過程評價之后,反饋學習效果,進行深刻反思,對學案做出相應修改。而學生應“重學”意為課堂教學應以學生為重心,以培養(yǎng)學生的能力為重心,讓學生從一個被動接受知識的閱讀者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹鲃拥母形蛘?。相信學生,把課堂還給學生。
2.根據(jù)學情,設計問題。
在導學案的編寫過程中,教師應吃透教材,理出知識體系,使之成為有機整體。全方位了解學情,掌握好問題的“梯度”,設置難易程度不等的問題,使得不同程度的學生都能參與其中,體會自主解決問題的成就感,增強學生學習英語的自信心。筆者所任教班級兩極分化較為嚴重,因此問題式學案必須根據(jù)學生的知識、能力水平來確定合適的內(nèi)容,譬如學案第二板塊第四題探究文章何處體現(xiàn)作者對Spud的態(tài)度時,能力較低的學生可從單詞入手,而能力較高者可從句子、語境、語篇等來切入。
3.多種學習方法的使用。
導學案的使用過程中,為營造良好的教學氛圍,學習方法的運用必不可少。主要有以下幾種方法:(1)小組合作制。調(diào)動課堂氣氛,能在較短的時間集眾人之智慧,表幾家之見解。(2)師徒協(xié)助制。師父和徒弟結對,兩人為一組,在解決問題的過程中起到幫扶的作用,對較難的問題師父應做適當提示,譬如徒弟在學案第二板塊的第三題解答中碰到瓶頸,師父可提示徒弟圈出兩句句子中的形容詞“big”“small”,啟迪徒弟分析二詞的關系,進而探析作者所想表達的意圖。(3)個人競賽制。以個人為單位,獨立思考問題,發(fā)揮自己的想象力,適當運用競爭,激發(fā)學生的好勝心理,促使其主動參與、積極思考、樂于探究。
總而言之,英語閱讀是提升學生思維能力的重要途徑。在閱讀教學過程中,教師應細致觀察學生的一言一行——學生是否具備良好的閱讀習慣、是否有比較強的概括、分析推理能力、是否能主動思考、敢于質(zhì)疑、客觀評價。針對學生的具體問題,教師都應反思、重新審視學案的設計。只有這樣,問題式導學案才能真正發(fā)揮其作用,讓學生在閱讀學習中成為一個有思想有價值的人。
[參考文獻]
[1]陳亞麗.利用“問題導學”構建高中英語語法教學模式[J].英語教師,2015(06).
[2]張宏斌.初中英語“導學案”的設計及應用[J].上海教育科研,2015(04).
(作者單位:太倉市浮橋鎮(zhèn)金浪中學,江蘇 太倉215400)