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天一閣修古籍的人

2019-12-13 07:16應(yīng)磊
文化交流 2019年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:糨糊天一閣金玉

應(yīng)磊

總有人迎難而上,持之以恒,“擇一事,終一生”。在寧波的天一閣就有這樣一群修書(shū)人,在日復(fù)一日中默默堅(jiān)守,讓古老的技藝得以傳承和發(fā)揚(yáng),演繹著令人贊嘆的工匠精神。

寧波長(zhǎng)春路兩側(cè)的老樟樹(shù),常年蒼翠欲滴,沿著這條路可以走到天一閣。400多年前的明朝中期,兵部右侍郎范欽退隱在此,營(yíng)造了一個(gè)文化奇跡——匯天下書(shū)于一閣,歷經(jīng)4個(gè)多世紀(jì)而不散。

歷代藏書(shū)家很多,其藏書(shū)能保存百年以上的不多見(jiàn),而天一閣藏書(shū)卻保存至今。在天一閣藏書(shū)樓前,作家余秋雨曾這樣追問(wèn):“我不知道保住這座樓的使命對(duì)范氏家族來(lái)說(shuō)算是一種榮幸,還是一場(chǎng)延綿數(shù)百年的苦役。”

時(shí)光流轉(zhuǎn),如今有一些人正在回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。天一閣西北角一座3層小樓已然成為一家“古籍醫(yī)院”,發(fā)黃變脆斷裂的古舊字畫(huà)、蟲(chóng)蛀霉蝕破損的古籍善本、古墓出土的黏結(jié)絮化的經(jīng)書(shū)卷文等紙質(zhì)文物,在這里重獲新生。

小樓是天一閣古籍修復(fù)部,這里有13位“古籍醫(yī)生”施展修復(fù)技藝,守護(hù)著書(shū)籍記錄的歷史與文明。前不久,我們走進(jìn)這座小樓,體驗(yàn)“古籍醫(yī)生”的工作。

從紙到糨糊,十八般武器齊上陣

來(lái)到天一閣的那天,正下著雨,水珠落在屋頂,順著瓦片的走向流向地面,天一閣在雨聲的襯托下愈發(fā)寧謐。繞過(guò)園林,打開(kāi)一道裝有密碼鎖的小門(mén),走過(guò)小巷拐進(jìn)小院,出現(xiàn)在眼前的就是天一閣古籍修復(fù)部。

循樓梯而上,打開(kāi)一道木門(mén),巨大的立柜闖入視線。柜子被分隔成幾百個(gè)小格子,每一個(gè)小格子里都放著一種紙,初看只有顏色和厚度上的差異,玻璃門(mén)上貼著相應(yīng)的編號(hào)。天一閣古籍修復(fù)部主任王金玉解釋說(shuō):“每一個(gè)格子就是一個(gè)品種的手工紙,這里大概有近300種紙,我們要最大可能地為每本需要修復(fù)的古籍找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的紙。”

看著這么多的手工紙,我不禁感慨,紙是修復(fù)師最重要的材料,用最接近古籍的手工紙修復(fù)古籍,這也應(yīng)該是精益求精的工匠精神吧。

跟隨王金玉的步伐走進(jìn)修復(fù)工作室,看見(jiàn)不少修復(fù)師伏在兩米多長(zhǎng)的案子上,一手握毛筆,小心翼翼蘸著糨糊,將薄如蟬翼的修復(fù)用紙?zhí)钛a(bǔ)到古籍書(shū)頁(yè)的孔洞里。工作室里除了修復(fù)師敲打平整裝訂古籍的聲音,還有偶爾從院子傳來(lái)的鳥(niǎo)鳴聲,顯得十分安靜。

科班出身的資深修復(fù)師于美娜正在修復(fù)一套《湖峰王氏家譜》,共18冊(cè)。她用噴壺將紙面打濕,然后覆上一層薄如蟬翼幾乎透明的紙?!斑@是一張綿紙,因?yàn)榧埿趸瘜?shí)在太嚴(yán)重,只能給它加一層筋骨?!?/p>

在于美娜修補(bǔ)間隙,我問(wèn)她能否讓我感受一下古籍修復(fù)師的工作?!澳俏蚁葞闳フ{(diào)糨糊,除了紙之外,糨糊是最重要的材料?!庇诿滥日f(shuō)。

對(duì)于古籍修復(fù)師來(lái)說(shuō),調(diào)制合適的糨糊是修復(fù)古籍的重要前提,修補(bǔ)不同的古籍,需要不同濃度的糨糊,這一切都沒(méi)有任何現(xiàn)成的教科書(shū),全憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和感覺(jué)。

在熬煮糨糊的一角,鍋罐、湯匙、淀粉、電磁爐等擺放在櫥柜上,乍一看仿若廚房。在于美娜指導(dǎo)下,我取一勺淀粉入碗,加適量純凈水?dāng)嚢瑁〕砭鶆驎r(shí)放在電磁爐上定溫加熱,面香飄起,乳白色的生糨糊逐漸凝固,變成晶瑩透亮?xí)r,糨糊這個(gè)黏合劑算是熬制完成了。

于美娜介紹說(shuō),熬制完成的糨糊藏于冰箱,平時(shí)使用時(shí),根據(jù)修補(bǔ)書(shū)頁(yè)的厚薄軟硬,加水稀釋。

我把盛放糨糊的小碗端到案前,于美娜讓我坐上了她的工作臺(tái)。修復(fù)古籍如同“醫(yī)治”古書(shū),在“問(wèn)診”前,于美娜幫我挑選了所需的各種工具:夾持紙邊的短柄鑷子、裁割紙張的馬蹄刀、下捻訂線的針錐、裱糊書(shū)頁(yè)的小排筆、挑書(shū)頁(yè)的竹起子、打磨書(shū)皮的砑石、潤(rùn)濕紙張的噴水壺、盛放漿糊的小碗……

眼看著擺滿工作臺(tái)一角的各類工具,復(fù)雜又講究,我不由感到些許緊張?!昂芏喙ぞ叨际俏易约鹤龅?,每個(gè)人都有不同的工具,一般修復(fù)師的工具從不外借,也用不慣別人的工具,我覺(jué)得這些工具已經(jīng)成為我的重要一部分了?!庇诿滥日f(shuō)。

一切準(zhǔn)備得當(dāng),我的體驗(yàn)工作開(kāi)始了。

修書(shū)如診病,“望聞問(wèn)切”都用到

翻開(kāi)古籍,我模仿于美娜的動(dòng)作拿起毛筆輕輕刷去書(shū)頁(yè)上的灰塵,將褶皺抹平。遇到書(shū)頁(yè)邊緣黏連在一起、難以撫平的部分,我就無(wú)從下手了。這時(shí)于美娜拿起短柄鑷子,屏住呼吸,小心翼翼地將碎紙剝離。

正式修補(bǔ)前,需要先將書(shū)頁(yè)打濕,我拿起噴水壺,在書(shū)頁(yè)上方輕噴,水霧均勻落在紙面,微微濕潤(rùn)的紙得以最大程度地?cái)U(kuò)張。

右手握住修復(fù)毛筆,左手粘貼修復(fù)紙,我試圖填補(bǔ)幾個(gè)蟲(chóng)蛀的空洞。由于過(guò)于緊張,我的每一個(gè)步驟都在顫抖中進(jìn)行?!氨3制届o,手要穩(wěn),修補(bǔ)的原則是從中間到四周補(bǔ),糨糊涂在補(bǔ)紙邊緣一毫米左右的地方?!闭驹谝贿叺挠诿滥炔煌5貒诟牢?。

將一塊補(bǔ)紙裁成略比蛀洞大一點(diǎn)的形狀,我拿起補(bǔ)紙,仰頭對(duì)著光細(xì)細(xì)辨別紙上的簾紋,確保簾紋方向一致。隨后,我拿起毛筆,蘸取糨糊,涂抹在書(shū)頁(yè)正中破損部位的邊緣。放下毛筆,我小心翼翼將補(bǔ)紙貼在抹過(guò)糨糊的地方,一只手按照破損形狀輕輕撕下多余的補(bǔ)紙,蟲(chóng)洞就此被蓋上。

看上去并不難的修補(bǔ)工序,每一步都潛藏技巧,考驗(yàn)?zāi)托暮图?xì)心。好不容易補(bǔ)平了幾個(gè)孔洞,我懸著的手臂已經(jīng)感到酸疼??粗约盒扪a(bǔ)過(guò)的古籍,雖然只是小小的幾個(gè)步驟,但我還是收獲了滿滿的成就感。正當(dāng)我自我感覺(jué)良好的時(shí)候,于美娜把我修補(bǔ)過(guò)的補(bǔ)紙一一掀掉。“不要在意啊,其實(shí)補(bǔ)得挺好的,但還是稍有瑕疵,我要再重做一遍?!庇诿滥纫贿呁秮?lái)安慰的笑容,一邊跟我講起修補(bǔ)古籍的全過(guò)程。

經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的發(fā)展、規(guī)范,古籍修復(fù)已成為一項(xiàng)科學(xué)、嚴(yán)密的工藝。一本書(shū)從書(shū)庫(kù)提取后,修復(fù)師先要拍照存檔,記錄下種種“病害”,然后經(jīng)過(guò)拆頁(yè)、編碼、選配補(bǔ)紙、制糊、修補(bǔ)、噴水壓平、折頁(yè)、修剪、蹾齊、錘平、打眼、穿捻、捆結(jié)、裝訂等十幾道工序。修復(fù)一頁(yè)紙有時(shí)要花幾個(gè)小時(shí),而修復(fù)好一冊(cè)古籍,一般耗時(shí)一兩個(gè)月,長(zhǎng)的甚至要一年乃至更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。

為了讓我更加直觀地了解古籍的修復(fù)準(zhǔn)備工作,于美娜拿出一冊(cè)需要修補(bǔ)的《湖峰王氏家譜》展示在我面前。古書(shū)多磨難,蟲(chóng)蛀鼠咬、火燒水濕、斷線破皮……眼前的一冊(cè)古籍輕輕翻頁(yè),書(shū)脊邊緣就抖落出許多碎片,書(shū)面布滿空洞。經(jīng)過(guò)一番“辨癥”后,于美娜確定了修復(fù)方案。

“選擇修復(fù)紙張要根據(jù)材質(zhì),選擇盡量貼近的,顏色寧淺勿深?!庇诿滥日f(shuō),補(bǔ)紙的顏色和材質(zhì)盡量和古籍一致,并稍淺于原書(shū)頁(yè)顏色,修補(bǔ)后一定要留下痕跡,能讓人一眼辨出修書(shū)的痕跡。修補(bǔ)過(guò)程與醫(yī)生診療十分相像,在某種程度上,古籍修復(fù)就是書(shū)籍的醫(yī)療技藝,使古籍衰老速度放緩。古籍修復(fù)技藝的主要價(jià)值,體現(xiàn)在歷史文化價(jià)值、工藝價(jià)值和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值等幾個(gè)方面。它是一門(mén)技藝,又是一門(mén)科學(xué),屬于典型的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。

附著在古籍上的歷史和文化屬性,對(duì)修復(fù)師提出了嚴(yán)苛的要求。王金玉說(shuō),嫻熟的技藝是基礎(chǔ),但這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,古籍修復(fù)者要熟悉歷史上不同時(shí)期書(shū)籍的形式和版本,也要通曉不同時(shí)期的紙張、書(shū)皮及裝訂風(fēng)格。

王金玉從事紙質(zhì)文物修復(fù)工作已超過(guò)40年。她給我說(shuō)起關(guān)于一套古籍的修復(fù)過(guò)程成為國(guó)際規(guī)范的故事。這套古籍叫《臺(tái)東澗溪鮑氏宗譜》,是乾隆五十二年追遠(yuǎn)堂修訂的,木活字本,共兩冊(cè),書(shū)高49.6厘米、寬37.1厘米?!爱?dāng)時(shí)古籍紙質(zhì)脆化,破損殘缺嚴(yán)重,缺頁(yè)嚴(yán)重,書(shū)背裝訂處有小塊殘存,后面也殘得厲害。蟲(chóng)蛀、霉蝕、絮化、水漬、褶皺等多種‘病害都有?!蓖踅鹩裾f(shuō),為了修復(fù)這套古籍,他們幾乎用上了所有的古籍修復(fù)手段?;貞浧鹦迯?fù)過(guò)程,王金玉感慨萬(wàn)分:“兩冊(cè)書(shū)花了小半年的時(shí)間,可以說(shuō)是一次教科書(shū)般的修復(fù),同時(shí)運(yùn)用了不同修復(fù)技法,又要彼此協(xié)調(diào)以確保修復(fù)后書(shū)頁(yè)的平整,其修復(fù)過(guò)程極具代表性?!?/p>

如今在我們眼前的這本《臺(tái)東澗溪鮑氏宗譜》,書(shū)頁(yè)平整、書(shū)口整齊、字跡清晰,恢復(fù)了原有的文獻(xiàn)價(jià)值和藝術(shù)價(jià)值。王金玉不無(wú)驕傲地說(shuō),這套古籍的修復(fù)過(guò)程被寫(xiě)進(jìn)了《古籍與文書(shū)修復(fù)導(dǎo)則》,“導(dǎo)則”由聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織委托天一閣博物館主持編寫(xiě),為今后東亞地區(qū)開(kāi)展古籍與文書(shū)修復(fù)、培訓(xùn)相關(guān)技術(shù)人員提供了科學(xué)規(guī)范、可操作的參考依據(jù)和國(guó)際規(guī)范。

與時(shí)間賽跑,接力延續(xù)古籍生命

修復(fù)古籍便是守護(hù)文明,需要在孤獨(dú)中保持著一分赤誠(chéng)。我走進(jìn)工作室后,謝龍龍就一直顧自己埋頭工作著。31歲的他是江蘇南通人,2011年從南京金陵科技學(xué)院古籍修復(fù)專業(yè)畢業(yè)后,來(lái)到天一閣博物館開(kāi)始修復(fù)古籍。

守在一間小小的工作室,每天8時(shí)30分上班,下午5時(shí)30分下班,重復(fù)著修書(shū)一件事情。我問(wèn)謝龍龍:“在這里修書(shū)8年,有過(guò)寂寞和厭倦嗎?”謝龍龍沒(méi)有正面回答。他說(shuō),當(dāng)年大學(xué)里80余位同專業(yè)同學(xué),至今還在從事古籍修復(fù)工作的已經(jīng)不超過(guò)5人。

如今,在謝龍龍手中恢復(fù)光彩的古籍已經(jīng)有幾十套?!爱?dāng)然也有過(guò)迷茫浮躁,但看到修復(fù)好的一本本古籍在學(xué)術(shù)研究中發(fā)揮作用,就讓我感到收獲巨大,也找到了這份工作的價(jià)值?!敝x龍龍的語(yǔ)氣中有著一分別樣的篤定。

正是有一批像謝龍龍這樣的修復(fù)師堅(jiān)持給古籍延續(xù)生命,天一閣才能從一個(gè)建筑延伸成為一個(gè)傳承歷史文明的文化標(biāo)本。

根據(jù)國(guó)家社科基金重大項(xiàng)目“天一閣所藏文獻(xiàn)分類整理與研究”的系統(tǒng)清理,作為中國(guó)現(xiàn)存最早的私家藏書(shū)樓和亞洲現(xiàn)有最古老的圖書(shū)館,天一閣目前藏有古籍共計(jì)2.2萬(wàn)種、15.8萬(wàn)冊(cè),其中善本古籍5313種、34626冊(cè)。而在這中間,約有40%的古籍因蟲(chóng)蛀、鼠噬、絮化、酸化、老化、斷線、缺損等需要修復(fù)。如今,一些人類文明的瑰寶正隨著時(shí)間的流逝而煙消云散,修復(fù)工作,就是在和時(shí)間賽跑。

天一閣修復(fù)了包括《天圣令》《明代進(jìn)士登科錄》《明代會(huì)試錄》等諸多堪稱國(guó)寶的古籍。2012年至今,王金玉帶領(lǐng)天一閣古籍修復(fù)團(tuán)隊(duì)共完成書(shū)頁(yè)修復(fù)5萬(wàn)頁(yè)、古籍基礎(chǔ)維護(hù)3054冊(cè)、書(shū)畫(huà)裝裱374幅、碑帖傳拓與修復(fù)11889張。

“如果要把天一閣所有‘病害書(shū)籍全部修繕一遍,要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?”我問(wèn)王金玉?!靶枰獛状说呐Π桑 彼卮鹫f(shuō)。幾代人,意味著要有年輕古籍修復(fù)師不斷加入到這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。

從古籍修復(fù)工作室出來(lái),我看見(jiàn)一位年輕女孩正在全神貫注地工作。王金玉告訴我,這是團(tuán)隊(duì)里最年輕的古籍修復(fù)師,名字叫張婧,1997年出生。去年畢業(yè)的她正在修復(fù)《月山王氏宗譜》,這是一部絮化較嚴(yán)重的5冊(cè)古籍。年輕匠人眼疾手快,畢業(yè)至今已經(jīng)修復(fù)3套普通版本古籍。

工作間隙,看見(jiàn)王金玉站在身邊,她有些緊張,動(dòng)作放慢了?!皫煾到?jīng)驗(yàn)豐富,經(jīng)常手把手教我,但她對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)要求很高,我有一些怕。”她和其他90后一樣,管王金玉叫“師傅”,也得到了王金玉更多的關(guān)注。

為什么選擇這份“沉悶”的工作?張婧告訴我:“以前看過(guò)一部古籍修復(fù)的紀(jì)錄片,就迷上了這件事情,讀大學(xué)的時(shí)候堅(jiān)決選了這個(gè)專業(yè)?!?/p>

在這個(gè)13個(gè)人的古籍修復(fù)團(tuán)隊(duì)里,已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了幾位像張婧一樣的90后面孔??吹竭@些青春面孔加入到古籍修復(fù)師隊(duì)伍,我不禁有些感動(dòng)。正是有了這些新人的不斷加入,古籍方能延長(zhǎng)壽命,文明也因此而得到更好的傳承。

青春作伴,古籍不老

天一閣,其名取自《易經(jīng)注》的“天一生水”,寄托著以水制火、守護(hù)書(shū)籍的美好意愿。然而,書(shū)籍最大的敵人卻是時(shí)間,昔日大思想家黃宗羲登上天一閣,發(fā)出“讀書(shū)難,藏書(shū)尤難,藏之久而不散,則難之難矣”的感嘆。

如今我們走進(jìn)天一閣,香草氣息撲面而來(lái)。香草防蛀,以古老的方式維系著古籍的生命。實(shí)驗(yàn)室里,先進(jìn)儀器精確檢測(cè)古籍的年代、材質(zhì)、色度,日新月異的科技給年輕工匠修補(bǔ)古籍帶來(lái)了更多更好的手段。新老手段綜合運(yùn)用,古籍延續(xù)生命的故事,以更加豐富的形象展現(xiàn)在我們面前。

越來(lái)越多科班出身的年輕人走進(jìn)古籍修復(fù)間,在傳承傳統(tǒng)修復(fù)技藝的同時(shí),又讓現(xiàn)代科學(xué)賦能古籍修復(fù)。我們看到,每一種材料、每一個(gè)步驟都被記錄,這些檔案又為未來(lái)的修復(fù)工作提供了大數(shù)據(jù)的支撐,這讓我們對(duì)未來(lái)有了更多的想象。在天一閣古籍修復(fù)工作間里,充滿青春活力的90后和飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜的古籍形成了一幅動(dòng)靜相宜的和諧畫(huà)面。青春作伴,古籍不老。

When Fan Qin (1506-1585) retired from the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty, he came back to his hometown Ningbo. He set up Tianyige Library. The library is the present-day Chinas only ancient private library that has survived for over 400 years of wars and political tumults. Changchun Road in Ningbo leads to the ancient library, where some very precious books of the Ming are housed.?

For such a library, how to keep ancient books in good conditions and how to resuscitate those that can resist the wear and tear of time no more is always a huge challenge.

“I dont know whether protecting the library is an honor for the Fan family or a hard labor of hundreds of years,” wonders Yu Qiuyu, a scholar of Chinese culture. Now there are 13 book restorers working at a stand-alone three-story building in the library compound. They are there to keep the librarys collection intact.

The team is headed by Wang Jinyu, a woman who has worked in antique book restoration for over 40 years and now is director of the Book Restoration Department of Tianyige.

The teams mission sounds simple, but the work it does is huge. In the collection of the library are 158,000 volumes in 22,000 titles. The library has a special collection of about 800 family ancestral books and documents donated by various families across Zhejiang. About 40 percent of the ancient books and documents in this special collection need restoring. Chemicals in the pages and binding threads that cone bound the books together break down due to the wear and tear of time. It takes several generations to restore this number of books before other books now in good condition will see the risk of disintegration.

Antique book restoring is difficult and time-consuming. At Tianyige Library, a restorer photographs a target book from page to page at the very beginning of a book restoration task. A restoration procedure comprises 14 steps. After all the preparations and diagnose and analyses, it usually takes a few hours to repair a single page. Generally speaking, it takes one month or two to make a book good again. In some cases, a year or more is needed to restore a book.

The most important material for antique book restoration is paper. The book hospital has a special room where nearly 300 kinds of hand-made paper are kept in compartments of a huge wood cabinet. On the glass door of each small compartment is a sticker with an exclusive serial number on it. Each number is a databank where all the technical information on the paper is stored and can be traced. A restorer needs to evaluate the paper of a target book and selects the same or similar paper from the papers stored at the paper room.

Another important task for restoration is to make a starch paste. As different books require different starch pastes, an apprentice learns gradually how to make a starch paste for a special task. There is no text book on the making of starch pasts for antique book restoration at Tianyige Library. An apprentice learns from a master and studies special recipes.

At Tianyige Library a restorer prefers to use her own tools and occasionally she makes some special tools for herself. The restorers dont borrow tools from each other.

In the eye of the restoration team, the most glorious moment in these years for Tianyige occurred on December 8, 2015 when a book restoration and a document restoration done at Tianyige were officially adopted by UNESCO as case studies and written into . The guidelines were jointly written by experts at Tianyige.

Some restorers at Tianyige are quite young. The 31-year-old Xie Longlong has been working as a book doctor at Tianyige since his graduation as a major of antique book restoration from Jinling Institute of Technology based in Nanjing. He has restored dozens of books at Tianyige. He feels happy after seeing the role antique books play in academic research. He had over 80 college mates who specialized in the restoration major. Today, about five of them are still in this profession.

The youngest restorer of the department is a girl named Zhang Jing born in 1997. She graduated from college in 2018. A fast worker, she has restored and repaired three sets of antique books since she joined the restoration department. Asked why she chose this job, she says, “I watched a documentary about antique book restoration and fell in love with this kind of work. I chose the profession when I entered college.”

Zhang is not the only one born in the 1990s on the team. There are others who are as young as Zhang. They are the future of the restoration at Tianyige.

Any visitor who steps into Tianyige will inevitably notices a fragrance of herbals. The ambience aroma is a traditional way to protect books from being gnawed by insects or mice. But the library has something quite new. The Book Restoration Department has a modern lab equipped with sophisticated devices that help restorers find out exact information on the age, texture, and color shades of antique books.

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