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單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)在結(jié)核性膿胸治療中的應(yīng)用

2020-04-05 18:50鄧高焱王永利范明何超王勛吳郁美石自力
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2020年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:膿胸結(jié)核性手術(shù)

鄧高焱 王永利 范明 何超 王勛 吳郁美 石自力

[摘要] 目的 探討單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療結(jié)核性膿胸的應(yīng)用價值,并總結(jié)相關(guān)臨床經(jīng)驗。 方法 回顧性分析我院胸外科2015年1月~2017年12月住院手術(shù)治療的120例結(jié)核性膿胸患者。依據(jù)納入、排除的相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在知情同意下將納入患者隨機(jī)分為研究組(單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)組,60例)和對照組(傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)組,60例),比較兩組患者的手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量、胸腔引流管時間、術(shù)后住院時間及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。 結(jié)果 兩組患者圍術(shù)期均無死亡病例,中轉(zhuǎn)開胸3例,中轉(zhuǎn)開胸率為5%(3/60)。單孔胸腔鏡組與傳統(tǒng)開胸組相比較,手術(shù)時間分別為(88.00±15.77)min、(87.52±15.66)min,術(shù)中出血量分別為(236.33±15.16)mL、(443.75±43.69)mL,術(shù)后引流量分別為(423.93±41.49)mL、(663.92±16.28)mL,胸腔引流管時間分別為(2.92±0.10)d、(4.35±1.44)d,術(shù)后住院時間分別為(11.50±2.51)d、(13.65±2.52)d,兩組患者的術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量、胸腔引流管時間及術(shù)后住院時間相比,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。比較兩組的手術(shù)時間,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。單孔胸腔鏡組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的總的發(fā)生率為6.67%(4/60),傳統(tǒng)開胸組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的總發(fā)生率為13.33%(8/60)。 結(jié)論 單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療結(jié)核性膿胸創(chuàng)傷小、并發(fā)癥少、住院時間短,患者恢復(fù)快,在臨床應(yīng)用中值得推廣。但在臨床實際中應(yīng)根據(jù)患者病情合理選擇手術(shù)方式。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 單孔胸腔鏡;膿胸;結(jié)核性;手術(shù)

[中圖分類號] R521.7? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)04-0050-04

Application of single-port thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of tuberculous empyema

DENG Gaoyan? ?WANG Yongli? ?FAN Ming? ?HE Chao? ?WANG Xun? ?WU Yumei? ?SHI Zili

Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha? ?410013, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application value of single-port thoracoscopic surgery for tuberculous empyema and to summarize relevant clinical experience. Methods 120 patients with tuberculous empyema who underwent surgical treatment from January 2015 to December 2017 in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to the relevant criteria of inclusion and exclusion, the patients were randomLy divided into the study group (single-port thoracoscopic surgery group, 60 cases) and the control group (traditional thoracotomy group, 60 cases) with informed consent. Surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, chest drainage time, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative complications between two groups were compared. Results There were no deaths in the perioperative period, and 3 cases were converted to thoracotomy. The conversion rate of thoracotomy was 5%(3/60). In the single-port thoracoscopic surgery group and the traditional thoracotomy group, the operation time was (88.00±15.77) min and (87.52±15.66) min, respectively; the intraoperative blood loss was (236.33±15.16) mL and (443.75±43.69) mL, respectively; the post-drainage was (423.93±41.49) mL and (663.92±16.28) mL, respectively; the chest drainage time was(2.92±0.10)d,(4.35±1.44) d, respectively; the postoperative hospital stay was (11.50±2.51)d, (13.65±2.52)d. There were significant differences in the intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, chest drainage time and postoperative hospital stay(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the operation time between the two groups(P>0.05). The overall incidence of postoperative complications in the single-port thoracoscopic surgery group was 6.67%(4/60), and the overall incidence of postoperative complications in the traditional thoracotomy group was 13.33%(8/60). Conclusion Single-port thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of tuberculous empyema has less trauma, fewer complications, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery. It is worthy of promotion in clinical application. However, in clinical practice, the surgical method should be reasonably selected according to the patient's condition.

2.2 兩組圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥比較

圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥主要包括胸腔積液、肺不張、肺漏氣、肺部感染、切口感染,單孔胸腔鏡組圍術(shù)期出現(xiàn)胸腔積液2例,肺不張1例,肺漏氣1例,無肺部感染及切口感染病例,總的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為6.67%(4/60)。傳統(tǒng)開胸組圍術(shù)期出現(xiàn)胸腔積液3例,肺不張2例,肺漏氣1例,肺部感染1例,切口感染1例,總的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為13.33%(8/60)。見表2。

3 討論

結(jié)核病嚴(yán)重影響人類的健康,目前我國的結(jié)核疫情形式嚴(yán)峻,世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organization,WHO)把印度、中國、俄羅斯、南非等22個國家列為結(jié)核病高負(fù)擔(dān)、高危險性國家,中國居世界第二位[4]。目前結(jié)核治療方案包括藥物、手術(shù)、免疫、營養(yǎng)等多種手段的綜合治療[5]。對結(jié)核病及時、正確的診斷、治療,不僅有利于患者康復(fù),而且對消除傳染源、控制結(jié)核疫情至關(guān)重要。

空洞型肺結(jié)核,早期胸膜炎未及時或規(guī)范治療,耐藥結(jié)核菌,胸壁、脊柱旁結(jié)核膿腫破潰或直接蔓延等多種因素是結(jié)核性膿胸形成原因,結(jié)核性膿胸的病理過程包括滲出期、纖維素期及機(jī)化期[6]。美國胸科協(xié)會(AST)將結(jié)核性膿胸分為滲出期膿胸(Ⅰ期),纖維素期膿胸(Ⅱ期),機(jī)化期膿胸(Ⅲ期)[7]。早期結(jié)核性膿胸未經(jīng)規(guī)范化治療可出現(xiàn)胸廓塌陷、支氣管胸膜瘺、胸壁破潰流膿、心肺功能受損等并發(fā)癥。積極的外科手術(shù)干預(yù)對Ⅰ、Ⅱ期結(jié)核性膿胸患者康復(fù)具有良好的臨床效果,國內(nèi)外對結(jié)核性膿胸的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證及術(shù)式仍未形成統(tǒng)一的共識,目前手術(shù)方式主要包括傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)、電視胸腔鏡手術(shù)及胸腔鏡輔助小切口手術(shù)[8]。胸腔鏡手術(shù)相比于傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)的主要優(yōu)勢為創(chuàng)傷小、出血量少、術(shù)后疼痛較輕、并發(fā)癥少,主要劣勢為操作空間小、病灶難以徹底清除[7]。本研究對比分析兩組手術(shù)患者的術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量、胸腔引流管時間及術(shù)后住院時間,單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)較傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)具有明顯的優(yōu)勢,與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的觀點接近[9]。比較分析兩組患者的手術(shù)時間,兩組患者無明顯差異,本研究認(rèn)為單孔胸腔鏡暴露視野不如傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù),操作空間小,操作難度較大,同時也與手術(shù)醫(yī)師的操作技能有關(guān)。

本研究中有3例患者術(shù)中中轉(zhuǎn)開胸,其中2例為術(shù)中大出血,1例胸腔臟壁粘連嚴(yán)重。1例術(shù)中出現(xiàn)大出血的患者為Ⅲ期膿胸患者,胸膜纖維板增厚及部分胸膜鈣化,分界不清,不易剝離。機(jī)化期膿胸(Ⅲ期)常出現(xiàn)胸廓塌陷,肋間隙狹窄,脊柱側(cè)彎,手術(shù)操作難度大,術(shù)中容易損傷肺組織導(dǎo)致大出血,增厚胸膜分界不清使膈肌破裂,誤傷腹腔臟器,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)支氣管胸膜瘺或肺瘺的風(fēng)險增加[10-11]。1例為術(shù)中損傷肺靜脈,出血量大,從手術(shù)安全角度考慮中轉(zhuǎn)開胸。1例為全胸腔粘連,病程超過3個月,操作難度大。筆者認(rèn)為單孔胸腔鏡治療結(jié)核性膿性最好選?、瘛ⅱ蚱诨颊?,胸腔鏡下易完整剝離纖維板,術(shù)中肺組織牽拉少,出血量少,肺復(fù)張好。部分Ⅲ期初期如胸腔粘連輕亦可嘗試選擇,操作者需具備嫻熟的胸腔鏡操作技能,盲目的追求微創(chuàng)手術(shù)容易導(dǎo)致胸膜纖維板剝離不徹底、創(chuàng)面滲血增多、肺組織破損多及術(shù)后瘺氣時間長等并發(fā)癥的增加,此類患者胸腔鏡輔助小切口手術(shù)可作為備選項[8]。結(jié)核性膿胸胸腔粘連較重,掌握好粘連分離的原則可減少手術(shù)時間、減少出血量、降低操作難度。本研究認(rèn)為一般而言應(yīng)先分離粘連較輕處,再分離粘連較重處,或先分離視野暴露好、易分離處,先易后難。

與傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)相比,胸腔鏡手術(shù)并發(fā)癥少[12]。Marks DJB等[13]研究認(rèn)為胸腔鏡膿胸剝脫術(shù)在肺功能保護(hù)、快速康復(fù)、減少疼痛等方面較傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)具有明顯優(yōu)勢。本研究中主要并發(fā)癥包括胸腔積液、肺不張、肺漏氣、肺部感染、切口感染,胸腔積液的原因包括胸腔引流管位置較高、術(shù)后傷口疼痛、術(shù)后營養(yǎng)差等,單孔胸腔鏡組有2例出現(xiàn)胸腔積液,傳統(tǒng)開胸組有3例,本研究認(rèn)為單孔胸腔鏡組術(shù)后引流管在操作孔下緣,相比于傳統(tǒng)開胸組引流管位置較高,引流效果較差。傳統(tǒng)開胸組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肺不張、肺部感染的概率較單孔胸腔鏡組高,主要考慮為手術(shù)創(chuàng)面大,疼痛難忍,患者術(shù)后咳嗽、吹氣球等依從性差。如患者術(shù)后傷口疼痛難忍可使用止痛藥,鼓勵患者咳嗽、咳痰。對于術(shù)后傷口疼痛難忍患者待胸腔引流液減少后可盡早拔除胸腔引流管,減輕患者疼痛,在CT或彩超引導(dǎo)下置入胸腔微管(一般使用中心靜脈導(dǎo)管),或術(shù)中常規(guī)留置胸腔微管,術(shù)后間斷予以尿激酶胸腔沖管,引流效果佳。本研究中出現(xiàn)術(shù)后持續(xù)漏氣2例,均為胸腔粘連重,術(shù)中剝離面大,出現(xiàn)較大的肺破口,均采用持續(xù)留置胸腔引流管,囑患者加強(qiáng)營養(yǎng),保守治療后痊愈,此外部分文獻(xiàn)報道對于持續(xù)性漏氣可以使用高滲葡萄糖和(或)自體血胸腔注射效果良好[14-15]。結(jié)核性膿胸為Ⅲ類切口,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)切口感染的概率較Ⅰ、Ⅱ類切口高,術(shù)前規(guī)律抗結(jié)核6~8周可降低術(shù)后切口感染發(fā)生率。本研究中傳統(tǒng)開胸組出現(xiàn)切口感染1例,患者合并2型糖尿病,術(shù)前血糖控制欠佳,主要與手術(shù)創(chuàng)面大及術(shù)后血糖控制欠佳有關(guān)。圍術(shù)期血糖控制在6.0~10.0 mmol/L能有效的減少切口感染發(fā)生率[16]。

總之,與傳統(tǒng)的開胸手術(shù)相比,單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療Ⅰ、Ⅱ期結(jié)核性膿胸創(chuàng)傷小、并發(fā)癥少、住院時間短,在臨床應(yīng)用中值得推廣,但對于Ⅲ期的結(jié)核性膿胸患者應(yīng)慎重,在臨床實際中的應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況合理選擇手術(shù)方式。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[4] Biritwum RB,Minicuci N,Yawson AE,et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with frailty and disability in older adults from China,Ghana,India,Mexico,Russia and South Africa[J]. Maturitas,2016,91:8-18.

[5] 崖宇翔.伴合并癥的肺結(jié)核治療研究進(jìn)展[J].心理醫(yī)生,2016,22(34):3-4.

[6] Terzi A,Bertolaccini L,Gorla A,et al. Surgery for the treatment of the tuberculosis-destroyed lung:To protect or not to protect the bronchial stump?[J]. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery:Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery,2013, 43(1):201.

[7] Lee SF,Lawrence D,Booth H,et al. Thoracic empyema:Current opinions in medical and surgical management[J].Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine,2010,16(3):194.

[8] Barbetakis N,Paliouras D,Asteriou C,et al. Comment:The role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the management of tuberculousempyemas[J]. Interactive Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery,2009,8(3):337.

[9] 徐寧,湯磊,朱峰,等.電視胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療結(jié)核性膿胸的臨床療效分析[J].中國防癆雜志,2017,39(5):459-463.

[10] Kundu S,Mitra S,Mukherjee S,et al. Adult thoracic empyema:A comparative analysis of tuberculous and nontuberculous etiology in 75 patients[J]. Lung India Official Organ of Indian Chest Society,2010,27(4):196-201.

[11] 鄧勇軍,劉煥鵬,喻應(yīng)洪,等.改良胸腔鏡下胸膜纖維板剝脫術(shù)治療慢性膿胸31例[J].中國微創(chuàng)外科雜志,2016, 16(11):1009-1012.

[12] Zhao L,Cao S,Zhu C,et al. Application of thoracoscopic hybrid surgery in the treatment of stage III tuberculous empyema[J].Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2015,21(6):523-528.

[13] Marks DJB,F(xiàn)isk MD,Koo CY,et al. Thoracic Empyema:A 12-Year study from a UK Tertiary Cardiothoracic Referral Centre[J]. Plos One,2012,7(1):e30074.

[14] Oliveira FHS,Cataneo DC,Ruiz RL,et al. Persistent pleuropulmonary air leak treated with autologous blood:Results from a university hospital and review of literature[J].Respiration,2010,79(4):302-306.

[15] Fujino K,Motooka Y,Koga T,et al. Novel approach to pleurodesis with 50% glucose for air leakage after lung resection or pneumothorax[J].Surgery Today,2016,46(5):599-602.

[16] 彭海軍,段小亮,李建行,等.肺結(jié)核合并2型糖尿病患者行電視胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療的臨床分析[J].醫(yī)學(xué)理論與實踐,2014,(16):2109-2111.

(收稿日期:2019-10-12)

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