農(nóng)順強(qiáng) 鄧益斌
【摘要】 長鏈非編碼RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)是一類長度超過200個核苷酸的無編碼功能的RNA分子。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,lncRNA主要在轉(zhuǎn)錄中、轉(zhuǎn)錄后以及表觀遺傳水平參與基因的表達(dá)調(diào)控,進(jìn)而影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,與原發(fā)性肝癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的病理生理機(jī)制及患者預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。此文將總結(jié)近年來lncRNA在肝癌中研究進(jìn)展,以期在肝癌的診斷、預(yù)防和治療上提供新的臨床思路。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 長鏈非編碼RNA;肝癌;分子標(biāo)志物
中圖分類號:R735.7 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2020.03.001
Progress of long non-coding RNA in hepatocellular carcinoma
NONG Shunqiang1,2,DENG Yibin1,2
(1.Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases,2.Graduate School,Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities,Baise 533000,Guangxi,China)
【Abstract】Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) is a non-coding RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotide in length.Evidences show that lncRNA mainly participates in the regulation of gene expression in transcriptional,post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels,affects the proliferation,apoptosis,invasion and metastasis of tumor cells and is correlated with the pathophysiological mechanism of the occurrence and development of primary liver cancer and the patients prognosis.This article reviews the research progress of lncRNA in liver cancer in recent years for providing new clinical ideas in the diagnosis,prevention and treatment of liver cancer.
【Key words】 long non-coding RNA;hepatocellular carcinoma;molecular markers
原發(fā)性肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)發(fā)病率居全球第六位、死亡率居第四位[1],惡性程度較高,是常見的惡性腫瘤之一。HCC是起源于肝細(xì)胞的原發(fā)性腫瘤,慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)或丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、黃曲霉毒素污染的食物、酗酒、肥胖、吸煙和2型糖尿病等為其主要危險因素[2]。肝癌具有進(jìn)展快、預(yù)后差、死亡率高、肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移早等特點(diǎn),其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,甲胎蛋白(AFP)在臨床上常作為HCC的重要血清標(biāo)志物,但其敏感度和特異度均不高[3]。其他血清標(biāo)志物諸如高爾基體蛋白73、異常凝血酶原、磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3等,診斷的準(zhǔn)確性都不高。因此,根究新的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)與早期干預(yù)標(biāo)志物,對改善肝癌病患預(yù)后和提高其生存率極其重要。
長鏈非編碼RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)一般是指大于200個核苷酸,缺乏或者僅有微弱蛋白編碼能力的RNA[4~5],過去曾被認(rèn)為是基因轉(zhuǎn)錄過程中的“暗物質(zhì)”。隨著第二代DNA測序技術(shù)的發(fā)展,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平、轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控、染色質(zhì)修飾、剪接調(diào)控、基因組印記、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控和表觀遺傳調(diào)控等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用[6~7],參與了多種疾病的發(fā)生。lncRNA與肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡、血管生成、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[8~9],參與了肝癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的多種生物學(xué)過程。故而,與HCC相關(guān)的lncRNA有望成為肝癌診斷、預(yù)后和治療反應(yīng)預(yù)測的候選生物標(biāo)志物及治療靶點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)就lncRNA在肝癌細(xì)胞周期、上皮細(xì)胞間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化、化療藥物敏感性、發(fā)生發(fā)展及預(yù)后中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行歸納闡述,以期在肝癌的診療及預(yù)防上提供新的臨床思路。
1 LncRNA對肝癌細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)的影響
細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控是一個復(fù)雜且龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),以G1-S-G2-M為細(xì)胞周期循環(huán),若任何一個節(jié)點(diǎn)的調(diào)控機(jī)制產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)變,都可能導(dǎo)致腫瘤。研究表明,細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控因子,如細(xì)胞周期蛋白(Cyclin)、細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶(CDKs)和CDK抑制劑、pRB和p53等的調(diào)控,lncRNA可通過多種機(jī)制參與。一些因DNA損傷誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的lncRNA,可作為DNA損傷反應(yīng)參與細(xì)胞周期阻滯或誘導(dǎo)凋亡。因此,這些調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期的lncRNA可能參與腫瘤的發(fā)生、增殖、侵襲及預(yù)后,可能成為腫瘤治療和診斷新的候選分子靶點(diǎn)[10~11]。母本表達(dá)基因3(maternally expressed gene3,MEG3)能阻滯細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)而使腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖受到抑制。HCC癌組織中MEG3表達(dá)下調(diào),ZHANG等[12]研究表明MEG3的過表達(dá)增加了細(xì)胞凋亡和G1期中HepG2細(xì)胞的比例,降低了HepG2細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲。小核仁RNA宿主基因16(SNHG16)過表達(dá)于肝癌組織和細(xì)胞系,通過直接作用于miRNA let-7b-5p/CDC25B/CDK1軸來促進(jìn)G2/M細(xì)胞周期轉(zhuǎn)變,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡13]。LINC00857在多種肝癌細(xì)胞系中過表達(dá),LINC00857的沉默可阻斷細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程于G1期,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[14]。HOXD-AS1在HCC組織、細(xì)胞系中表達(dá)增加,與組織學(xué)分級呈正相關(guān),體外功能喪失實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,沉默HOXD-AS1可誘導(dǎo)S和/或G2/M期停滯,以及誘導(dǎo)Bel-7402和MHCC97H細(xì)胞的凋亡,伴隨著CyclinB1、CyclinD1、BCL-2、BAX和MMP2表達(dá)水平的變化,可以顯著抑制增殖、遷移和侵襲[15]。Lnc-UCID在HCC患者中表達(dá)上調(diào),RNA解旋酶DEAH(Asp-Glu-Ala-His)box-helicase9(DHX9)可與Lnc-UCID的850~1030 nt結(jié)構(gòu)域發(fā)生物理作用,或通過轉(zhuǎn)錄后結(jié)合于CDK6 mRNA 3-非翻譯區(qū)(3UTR)起調(diào)控作用。Lnc-UCID通過競爭性結(jié)合DHX9,從CDK6-3UTR中分離DHX9來增強(qiáng)CDK6的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)G1/S轉(zhuǎn)換和細(xì)胞增殖[16]。以上研究提示,lncRNA通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期的樞紐節(jié)點(diǎn)和細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控因子,影響肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖;進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證lncRNA和細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控機(jī)制,將為肝癌的診治提供重要參考。
2 LncRNA對肝癌上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的影響
上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)是指上皮細(xì)胞在形態(tài)學(xué)上轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g質(zhì)細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)進(jìn)程,其最顯著的特征為上皮標(biāo)志物如角蛋白、E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)表達(dá)降低,以及間質(zhì)標(biāo)志物如N-鈣黏蛋白(N-cadherin)、波形蛋白等表達(dá)升高[17]。EMT發(fā)生后,HCC細(xì)胞通過突破基底膜、侵入血管及淋巴管實(shí)現(xiàn)侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。近年來,眾多l(xiāng)ncRNA被證實(shí)在肝癌中經(jīng)由EMT進(jìn)程來轉(zhuǎn)變細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。H19高表達(dá)于肝癌組織中,通過敲低H19可靶向miR-15b/ CDC42/PAK1軸使HCC細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲和遷移受到抑制[18]。SNHG7在肝癌組織中顯著上調(diào),SNHG7與miR-425作為ceRNA直接相互作用,通過分子海綿miR-425調(diào)控Wnt/β-catenin/EMT途徑,抑制了肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲[19]。HOTAIR在HCC組織和細(xì)胞系中過表達(dá),HOTAIR正向調(diào)節(jié)與EMT相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子鋅指E盒結(jié)合蛋白1(ZEB1),增強(qiáng)EMT促進(jìn)HCC細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[20]。lncRNA UBE2CP3過表達(dá)于肝癌組織和細(xì)胞系,增加了鋅指蛋白Snail1和N-cadherin的表達(dá),但降低了E-cadherin的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)了上皮到EMT的過程,并最終誘導(dǎo)了細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移[21]。癌細(xì)胞的遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移為HCC預(yù)后差的原因之一,lncRNA與EMT作用機(jī)制還需要更深層次的細(xì)胞及動物實(shí)驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證,以期通過改變特定lncRNA的表達(dá)來降低HCC的轉(zhuǎn)移,作為治療HCC的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)。
3 LncRNA對肝癌化療藥物敏感性的影響
化療作為中晚期肝癌重要的一種綜合醫(yī)治手段,HCC細(xì)胞對藥物的敏感性影響了化療的療效、患者預(yù)后及生存質(zhì)量,多藥耐藥產(chǎn)生機(jī)制極為復(fù)雜,是HCC藥物治療效果不佳或失敗的重要原因之一。越來越多的研究顯示,lncRNA通過多種途徑影響化療藥物敏感性,是介導(dǎo)肝癌化療藥物耐藥的重要機(jī)制[22]。在HCC中,lnc-VLDLR表達(dá)上調(diào),阿霉素、索拉非尼、喜樹堿等化療藥物刺激可進(jìn)一步增加其表達(dá),機(jī)制研究顯示,敲低lnc-VLDLR可以引起ATP結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白G超家族成員2(ABCG2)的下調(diào),使細(xì)胞內(nèi)化療藥物外流減少而維持有效治療藥物濃度,從而增強(qiáng)了化療藥對肝癌細(xì)胞的殺傷力[23]。lncRNA-ROR高表達(dá)于肝癌細(xì)胞并在癌細(xì)胞的外泌體中富集,為應(yīng)激反應(yīng)性lncRNA,在化療應(yīng)激過程中降低對HCC細(xì)胞化療敏感性,將高表達(dá)lncRNA-ROR的外泌體與受體細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)可降低藥物對受體細(xì)胞的毒性作用[24]。XIAO等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)肝癌相關(guān)的長鏈非編碼RNA(HANR)在HCC中表達(dá)上調(diào),HANR基因敲除誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,明顯抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖及轉(zhuǎn)移,增強(qiáng)癌細(xì)胞對阿霉素的敏感性。HULC在肝癌中高度上調(diào),XIONG等[26]研究證實(shí)了HULC可以通過穩(wěn)定Sirt1蛋白來觸發(fā)HCC細(xì)胞的自噬。HULC降低了miR-6825-5p、miR-6845-5p和miR-6886-3p的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致了USP22和Sirt1蛋白的上調(diào),通過HULC/USP22/Sirt1/自噬途徑降低了肝癌細(xì)胞對化療藥物的敏感性。lncRNA NEAT1定位于核paraspeckle結(jié)構(gòu),在腫瘤組織中表達(dá)增加。KESSLER等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NEAT1在3株索拉非尼和阿霉素耐藥細(xì)胞系中均有過表達(dá),在所有化療耐藥細(xì)胞中均可檢測到paraspeckle結(jié)構(gòu),而在敏感細(xì)胞中未檢測到信號,提示NEAT1誘導(dǎo)了HCC細(xì)胞化療中的耐藥。肝癌中l(wèi)ncARSR上調(diào),lncARSR通過調(diào)節(jié)PTEN-PI3K/Akt途徑促進(jìn)了HCC對阿霉素的耐藥性[28]?;诨熕幬锩舾行韵嚓P(guān)lncRNA的研究,使針對HCC患者個體敏感用藥化療的效果得以提高,是今后開發(fā)肝癌化療增敏的新策略。
4 LncRNA對肝癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的影響
腫瘤的一個重要特點(diǎn)就是腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖失調(diào),腫瘤細(xì)胞通過多種信號通路影響腫瘤無限增殖,部分腫瘤(包括肝癌)通過芯片檢測或者測序手段發(fā)現(xiàn)大量的lncRNA在腫瘤增殖過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[29]。lncRNA可通過多種機(jī)制、多種途徑,促進(jìn)或抑制肝癌發(fā)生發(fā)展。PTEN為常見的腫瘤抑制因子之一,細(xì)胞內(nèi)PTEN的減少可增加CUDR與CyclinD1的結(jié)合量,絕緣體CTCF募集CUDR-CyclinD1復(fù)合體,形成位于C-myc啟動子區(qū)域的CUDR-CyclinD1-絕緣體CTCF復(fù)合體,提高了C-myc的轉(zhuǎn)化率,過量C-myc引起肝癌干細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞樣干細(xì)胞惡性增殖[30]。HULC在HBV相關(guān)肝癌組織中高表達(dá),其表達(dá)水平與HBx的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),HBx通過上調(diào)HULC使p18受抑制,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞增殖[31]。HULC在體外和體內(nèi)都能與Y-box結(jié)合蛋白1(YB-1)特異性結(jié)合,促進(jìn)YB-1蛋白的磷酸化,使YB-1從其結(jié)合的mRNA中釋放出來,從而使CyclinD1、CyclinE1和MMP3等mRNA的翻譯被激活,誘導(dǎo)肝癌的發(fā)生[32]。MEG3可通過與p53蛋白相互作用來激活p53介導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性并影響部分p53靶基因的表達(dá),起到抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的作用[33]。此外,MEG3可增加PTEN、bcl2相關(guān)X蛋白(Bax)及p53的表達(dá),調(diào)控PTEN/AKT/MMP-2/MMP-9信號軸,并通過靶向miRNA-10a-5p參與肝癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展[12]。以上研究表明,通過對lncRNA及其相關(guān)靶向調(diào)控通路的研究,有望為HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展提供新的早期診斷標(biāo)志物及治療方案。
5 LncRNA對肝癌預(yù)后的影響
HCC發(fā)病率高、復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移率高、預(yù)后差,嚴(yán)重危及人類健康,故而精確判斷患者的預(yù)后更有利于個體化醫(yī)治。研究表明,與肝癌患者預(yù)后相關(guān)的lncRNA,如MVIH的過度表達(dá),與腫瘤淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移分期、微血管浸潤、無復(fù)發(fā)生存期和總生存期有關(guān)[34];HCC中l(wèi)ncCAMTA1的高表達(dá)提示臨床預(yù)后不良[35];SNHG7在肝癌組織尤其是侵襲性癌組織中過表達(dá),并與預(yù)后不良密切相關(guān)[19];SNHG16過表達(dá)于肝癌組織和細(xì)胞系中,預(yù)示肝癌患者預(yù)后不良[13];UBE2CP3的過度表達(dá)可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)外的侵襲和遷移,與肝癌患者預(yù)后差有關(guān)[21];KIF20A在肝癌組織中表達(dá)上調(diào)與肝癌患者預(yù)后相關(guān)[36];肝癌中l(wèi)ncARSR的上調(diào),與腫瘤大小和BCLC晚期及預(yù)后不良有關(guān)[28]。這類與HCC的預(yù)后相關(guān)的lncRNA在腫瘤組織中多為過度表達(dá)型,且與患者的預(yù)后不良和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),其相關(guān)機(jī)制需要更多的動物和臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)加以驗(yàn)證。若能通過檢測特異性lncRNA精確判斷或預(yù)測病人的預(yù)后,必將會對臨床診治方式產(chǎn)生重要影響。
6 小結(jié)與展望
肝癌是人類最常見、最具侵襲性的惡性腫瘤之一。近年來,肝癌早期診療方面取得的進(jìn)展,在一定程度上改善了部分病患的預(yù)后,但總體生存率仍很低。目前,相關(guān)研究揭示了lncRNA參與肝癌調(diào)控的部分機(jī)制,但仍有諸多影響及調(diào)控機(jī)制尚未闡明;靶向基因調(diào)控機(jī)制尚不明了;研究大多建立在體外分化系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上,許多研究結(jié)果缺乏體內(nèi)證據(jù);以上種種,需要我們進(jìn)一步的探索和研究,來充分評估其作為診斷和治療靶標(biāo)的潛力。lncRNA作為標(biāo)志物用于腫瘤診斷及治療尚有許多問題有待解決,但基因芯片和高通量測序等方法的推廣,為lncRNA在肝癌的診斷和治療方面提供新的思路和角度,相信在不久的將來lncRNA必將為肝癌患者帶來前所未有的福音。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-12 修回日期:2020-02-24)
[專家介紹]醫(yī)學(xué)博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,臨床檢驗(yàn)診斷學(xué)學(xué)科帶頭人,右江民族醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院副院長,學(xué)校發(fā)展規(guī)劃處副處長(兼)。兼任國家自然科學(xué)基金函審專家,廣西科技計劃項(xiàng)目評審專家,廣西衛(wèi)生食品安全風(fēng)險評估專家;廣西醫(yī)學(xué)會檢驗(yàn)學(xué)分會副主任委員、醫(yī)學(xué)教育學(xué)分會委員、精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)分會委員;廣西醫(yī)師協(xié)會檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)師分會常務(wù)委員、倫理醫(yī)師分會委員;百色市醫(yī)學(xué)會檢驗(yàn)學(xué)分會主任委員;《中華腫瘤防治雜志》、《世界華人消化雜志》和《右江民族醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報》雜志編委。先后承擔(dān)國家自然科學(xué)基金2項(xiàng),廣西自然科學(xué)基金5項(xiàng),廣西教育廳資助課題3項(xiàng);以第一作者和通訊作者公開發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論著58篇,其中SCI收錄10篇;主(參)編著作/教材2部;獲百色市科技進(jìn)步二等獎1項(xiàng)、科技創(chuàng) 新三等獎1項(xiàng);培養(yǎng)博士研究生1名、碩士研究生6名。
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(81460123);廣西自然科學(xué)基金(2018GXNSFAA281187);廣西科技計劃人才與基地項(xiàng)目(桂科AD17129025);2018年廣西研究生教育創(chuàng)新計劃項(xiàng)目(YCSW2019222)
作者簡介:農(nóng)順強(qiáng),男,主管技師,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向:HBV相關(guān)肝癌非編碼RNA調(diào)控機(jī)制研究。E-mail:252769806@qq.com
通信作者:鄧益斌。E-mail:dengyb75@163.com
[本文引用格式]農(nóng)順強(qiáng),鄧益斌.長鏈非編碼RNA在肝癌中的研究進(jìn)展[J].右江醫(yī)學(xué),2020,48(3):161-165.