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基于培養(yǎng)學生的概括歸納能力的一節(jié)英語閱讀課

2020-04-29 12:10范凌燕
中學課程輔導·教育科研 2020年10期

范凌燕

【摘要】本文以學生英語閱讀理解題目中的錯題為例,探討在閱讀教學中如何提高學生的概括歸納能力,培養(yǎng)學生的高階思維能力。

【關鍵字】高階思維能力? ?概括歸納能力? ?閱讀教學

【中圖分類號】G633.41? ?【文獻標識碼】A? ?【文章編號】1992-7711(2020)10-036-01

英語高階思維(high order thinking)是一種以高層次認知水平為主的綜合性能力, 關注學生系列能力的發(fā)展, 如批判性思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力、解決問題的能力、自主學習能力等。文秋芳教授指出邏輯思維能力包括“分析與綜合能力、抽象與概括能力。 學生的語言學習過程, 是通過不斷分析、比較、概括、綜合、抽象以及具體化和系統(tǒng)化等, 對感性材料進行加工處理并轉化為理性認識并最終解決實際問題的過程。由此可見,概括、歸納、綜合能力是高階思維能力中一個重要組成部分。

同時,縱觀歷年《普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱》(以下簡稱《考綱》),都對學生的閱讀能力做如下要求:(1)考生應能理解主旨要義;(2)理解文中具體信息;(3)根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義;(4)做出判斷和推理;(5)理解文章的基本結構;(6)理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。高考閱讀理解直接考查學生的思維品質所表現(xiàn)出來的推理、判斷、總結、歸納等思維能力。綜上所述,概括歸納能力是我們在平時閱讀理解中要注重去提高的一種高階思維能力。

這類試題要求對文章的整體或局部(如段落)進行分析、概括,歸納相關部分的中心大意(Main idea),選擇標題(title),判斷作者的寫作目的(purpose)觀點態(tài)度(attitude)等,旨在考查考生加工與濃縮信息的能力。這一項考查的是文章的靈魂與中心。準確把握文章的主旨大意是做好英語閱讀理解題的關鍵所在。常見設問方式有:

(1)What can we learn from this paragraph?

(2)Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(3)What does the passage/author mainly discuss?

(4)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

在做高中英語閱讀理解題時,學生要注意明確主旨大意題的常見設問方式,明確考查類型,掌握解題技巧,從而突破閱讀理解障礙。為了提高學生此類題目的答題的正確性,筆者結合了學生閱讀理解的一些典型錯題,總結歸納解題規(guī)律與技巧。

Skill 1:抓住關鍵詞

They block entrances, crowd street corners and tip onto their sides, turning a convenient form of transportation into a sidewalk danger that is particularly dangerous for the elderly and disabled.

what is the main idea of the first paragraph?

A. The elderly are easy to get injured.

B. E-scooters are difficult to find.

C. Many problems are caused by e-scooters

D. New inventions provide people with convenience.

所謂關鍵詞,是指在文章中能夠概括文章主旨、解釋文章中心、展示文章脈絡、標示句段關系的詞語。在進行該段的歸納時,學生要抓住幾個關鍵的動詞和形容詞,block,crowd, tip,danger,dangerous,便可知道答案是C。因此在做段意歸納時,要學會抓住文中的關鍵詞,多為實詞,即名詞,動詞,形容詞等。

Skill 2:取主舍次

Jonathan Rogers is a robotic expert. working in the field, many robots would face many problems. That's when an idea hit him: what if the robot could move above the crops? After all, he realized, “Sloths move from tree branch to avoid having to walking around the forest floor.”Inspired, his team set out to design a robot that could swing hand to hand along wires hanging above a field. He named their invention Tarzan after the jungle-swing character of a well-known film.

what is the paragraph mainly about?

A. The inspiration for the new robot.

B. The origin of the new robot's name.

C. The advantages of the new robot.

D. The comparison of the new robot with old ones

篩選并整合文中的信息是閱讀基本能力,它要求學生能夠篩選文中的主要信息,過濾次要信息。文中主要信息為That's when an idea hit him: what if the robot could move above the crops?After all, he realized, “Sloths(樹懶) move from tree branch to avoid having to walking around the forest floor.”Inspired, his team set out to design a robot that could swing hand to hand along wires hanging above a field.,占了文章2/3的篇幅,就 Jonathan Rogers如何獲得靈感從而發(fā)明了類似樹懶可以懸掛在樹間的機器人這一問題,作者詳細闡述前因后果,由此可知這是文章的主要信息。而 He named their invention Tarzan after the jungle-swing character of a well-known film.這一部分內容,講述該機器人名字的由來,只占該段不到1/3的篇幅,沒有一句展開論述的話,是文章的次要信息,在選項中是作為一個干擾項出現(xiàn)的,因此該題的答案為A, 而B選項只是一項次要信息,應舍棄。

Skill 3: 分層歸納

At the beginning of 2018, eXP Realty had around 6500 brokers, but till today the number has increased to over 12000. They are operating in 300 markets across the US and Canada. If that isn't enough to convince you, the company was recently listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, with first-day market capitalization of over $1 billion. But it doesn't own or lease any more physical space than what is required by law.

We can infer from the last paragraph that eXP Realty___.

A. eXP Realty has poor performance in the stock markets

B. eXP Realty is expanding its business worldwide

C. eXP Realty has some illegal business

D. eXP Realty is really a success

在進行該段落大意歸納時,我們觀察到該句有四層意思,分別用四個句號分開,分別論述了the increase of brokers of eXP Realty,the increase of markets of eXP Realty,the increase of capitalization of eXP Realty以及l(fā)ow cost of eXP Realty,綜合以上四層意思, eXP地產(chǎn)公司經(jīng)紀人增加,市場不斷擴大,資本也逐步增加,而所需成本卻非常低,可歸納出這一段告訴我們 eXP地產(chǎn)公司取得了巨大成功,因此答案為D。由此可看出在歸納段落大意時,有時主題句隱含在全文中, 沒有明確的主題句. 必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實細節(jié),進行全面考慮,綜合分析,然后找出共同的東西,歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括時過于寬泛,要恰如其分。我們要認真觀察標點符號,分清層次,了解句與句之間的邏輯關系,再進行歸納總結,也就是分層歸納法。

Skill 4:關注連接詞

For the European societies, the increase has put pressure on some airports and is adding to developmental issues in some areas. On the other hand, the European Union sees the rise in Chinese visitors as important to the economy. The European Commission said, “Tourism has the potential to contribute to employment and economic growth, as well as to development in rural areas.

What can we infer from the Paragraph 3?

A. Tourism is European's main source of finance.

B. More European airports are urgently needed.

C. Tourism brings more benefits to European rural areas

D. Europeans have mixed feelings about increasing tourism

這一段內容其實是關于歐洲社會對旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的看法和觀點,既有歡迎也有擔憂,是一種mixed feelings ,因此正確答案是D.

連接詞在文章閱讀中,特別是在一些邏輯分析及抽象理論性較強的文章中經(jīng)常被使用。它對于文章的一致性及連貫性起著重要作用。常見的關聯(lián)詞有however, besides, what's more, in short,on the other hand, for one thing,for another等。如果段落中出現(xiàn)表正反對比關系的連接詞如on the one hand,on the other hand時,概括段落大意時,要把正反兩方面的觀點都要概括其中。如果段落中出現(xiàn)表轉折關系或總結關系的連接詞如however,but,therefore, thus, in fact, in short等,這些詞后的內容很可能就是文章主旨。

在閱讀理解中,教師要注重培養(yǎng)學生加工、處理信息的能力,篩選并整合文中的信息,抓住文中關鍵詞及文章基本結構,在平時的閱讀中多加以應用,學會反思錯題,定能起來事半功倍的效果。