施維成 朱俊高 胡錫鵬 代國忠 李雄威 李書進
摘 要: 卸載是引起巖土材料破壞的常見工況,為了研究粗粒土在不同中主應力系數(shù)b情況下三向卸載時的強度特性,使用真三軸儀對粗粒土進行偏應力q保持300 kPa不變,球應力p不斷減小的等q、等b三向等量卸載試驗,分析三向卸載條件下粗粒土的強度特性,研究常用強度準則對卸載條件粗粒土的適用性。試驗結(jié)果表明:在三向等量卸載條件下,粗粒土的強度參數(shù)與中主應力系數(shù)b有關;對于不同的b值,b=0時的內(nèi)摩擦角φb最小,破壞應力比Mb最大;破壞應力比Mb隨著b的增大而減小,且隨著b的增大,減小的梯度在逐漸減小;內(nèi)摩擦角φb在b值較小時隨著b的增大而增大,在b值較大時隨著b的增大而減小,3個方向剪切的共同影響可以解釋這一變化規(guī)律;Matsuoka-Nakai強度準則、粗粒土應力不變量強度準則和Lade-Duncan強度準則這3個強度準則都能反映內(nèi)摩擦角φb與b之間的這一規(guī)律,其中,Matsuoka-Nakai強度準則在b值較小時與試驗結(jié)果較為接近,粗粒土應力不變量強度準則在b值較大時與試驗結(jié)果較為接近;粗粒土角隅函數(shù)強度準則與等q、等b試驗結(jié)果較為吻合。
關鍵詞: 強度準則;粗粒土;強度參數(shù);卸載;加載
中圖分類號:TU447? ? 文獻標志碼:A? ?文章編號:2096-6717(2020)02-0010-07
Experimental study on the strength characteristics of coarse-grained soil under three-dimensional unloading
Shi Weicheng1, Zhu Jungao2, Hu Xipeng3, Dai Guozhong1, Li Xiongwei1, Li Shujin1
(1.School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, Jiangsu, P.R.China;2.Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098, P.R.China;3.CCCC Third Highway Engineering CO., LTD, Beijing 101300, P.R.China)
Abstract:? Unloading is a common condition that causes damage to geotechnical materials.In order to investigate the strength characteristics of the coarse-grained soil under three-dimensional unloading in different cases of the coefficient of intermediate principal stress b, several three-dimensional equal unloading tests in which the spherical stress p decreases with constant b and constant deviatoric stress q (300 kPa) were performed on coarse-grained soil by using true triaxial apparatus.The strength characteristics of coarse-grained soil were analyzed and the applicability of the commonly used strength criterions was studied.The test result shows that under the condition of three dimensional equal unloading, the strength parameter of coarse-grained soil is related to the coefficient of intermediate principal stress b.When b equals to 0, the internal friction angle φb is the minimum and the failure stress ratio Mb is the maximum.The stress ratio at failure decreases with the increase of b and, as b increases the gradient decreases gradually.The internal friction angle increases with b for small b values while decreases with the increase of b for large values.This can be explained by the co-impact of the shearing in three directions.All of the three strength criterions, including the Matsuoka-Nakai criterion, the criterion expressed by stress invariants of coarse-grained soil and Lade-Duncan criterion, can response the law between φb and b.It is found that the Matsuoka-Nakai criterion is the closest to the test results for small b values while the strength criterion expressed by stress invariants of coarse-grained soil is the closest to the test results for large b values.It is also found that the corner function strength criterion of coarse-grained soil is consistent with the experimental results.
當b繼續(xù)增大,σ2-σ3繼續(xù)增大,“因素2”使剪切強度參數(shù)減小的影響也繼續(xù)增大;而σ1-σ2繼續(xù)減小,在σ3側(cè)向約束下,σ1、σ2間的剪切作用繼續(xù)減小,“因素3”繼續(xù)使剪切強度參數(shù)增大;“因素1”中的σ2側(cè)向約束繼續(xù)增大,也是使剪切強度參數(shù)增大的因素。當b增大到某一值時(如試驗中b=0.5時),“因素2”使剪切強度參數(shù)減小的影響與“因素3”、“因素1”使剪切強度參數(shù)增大的影響相同時,內(nèi)摩擦角達到最大值。
當b增大到較大值時(如試驗中b=0.75時),σ2-σ3增大到較大值,而σ1-σ2則減小到較小值,此時“因素2”使剪切強度參數(shù)減小的影響超過“因素3”、“因素1”使剪切強度參數(shù)增大的影響,內(nèi)摩擦角較b=0.5時開始減小。
當b=1時,σ1=σ2,σ1-σ2=0,σ2-σ3=σ1-σ3,“因素3”不會對剪切強度參數(shù)產(chǎn)生影響;“因素1”和“因素2”都是在σ1側(cè)向約束下的剪切作用σ1-σ3。和b=0時相比,σ1的側(cè)向約束要強于σ3的側(cè)向約束,故b=1時的剪切強度參數(shù)比b=0時的大。
4 強度準則適用性研究
筆者曾根據(jù)粗粒土的三向加載試驗得到粗粒土應力不變量強度準則和角隅函數(shù)強度準則,將這些強度準則與等q、等b試驗得到的試驗結(jié)果進行比較,以驗證其對粗粒土三向卸載情況的適用性。
4.1 應力不變量強度準則
筆者曾提出應力不變量表示的粗粒土強度準則[17],如式(1)所示。
I31+4I1I2 I3 =kf (1)
式中:I1、I2、I3分別為第一、第二、第三應力不變量,kf為常量,與材料性質(zhì)有關。
對于粗粒土,假設凝聚力c=0,有[17]
kf= 63-63sin φ0+5sin2φ0+3sin3φ0 1-sin φ0-sin2φ0+sin3φ0
(2)
式中:φ0為b=0時的內(nèi)摩擦角。
Lade和Duncan根據(jù)蒙特里砂試驗結(jié)果,提出Lade-Duncan強度準則[18],表達式為
I31 I3 =kf (3)
式中
kf= (3-sin φ0)3 1-sin φ0-sin2φ+sin3φ0? (4)
Matsuoka-Nakai強度準則[19]表達式為
I1I2 I3 =kf (5)
式中kf= 9-sin2φ0 1-sin2φ0? (6)
將上述3個強度準則表示成φb與b的形式,并將π平面上的形狀畫出,與粗粒土三向卸載的試驗結(jié)果進行比較,如圖3所示。粗粒土三向卸載試驗結(jié)果顯示,b值較小時,內(nèi)摩擦角φb隨著b的增大而增大;b值較大時,內(nèi)摩擦角φb隨著b的增大而減小。顯然,3個強度準則都能反映這一規(guī)律,Matsuoka-Nakai強度準則在b值較小時與試驗結(jié)果較為接近,粗粒土應力不變量強度準則在b值較大時與試驗結(jié)果較為接近。
4.2 角隅函數(shù)強度準則
土的三維強度準則通常可用角隅函數(shù)表示為
q p? f=Mc·g(b) (7)
式中:Mc為b=0時的破壞應力比。
筆者曾根據(jù)粗粒土的加載試驗結(jié)果得到一個粗粒土角隅函數(shù)強度準則[20]
g(b)= 1 (1+k)-k·(b-1)2? (8)
式中:k是與土的性質(zhì)有關的參數(shù),可表示為[21-22]
k=1.462sin φ0-0.523 2 (9)
圖4為粗粒土角隅函數(shù)強度準則和等q、等b試驗結(jié)果,由圖4可以看出,粗粒土角隅函數(shù)強度準則與等q、等b試驗結(jié)果較為吻合。
5 結(jié)論
使用真三軸儀對粗粒土進行了等q、等b三向等量卸載試驗,分析了三向卸載條件下粗粒土的強度特性,研究了常用強度準則對卸載條件粗粒土的適用性,得出以下結(jié)論:
1)不同b的粗粒土等q、等b三向等量卸載條件下,粗粒土的強度參數(shù)與中主應力系數(shù)b有關;b=0時的內(nèi)摩擦角φb最小,破壞應力比Mb最大;破壞應力比Mb隨著b的增大而減小,且隨著b的增大,減小的梯度在逐漸減小;內(nèi)摩擦角φb在b值較小時隨著b的增大而增大,在b值較大時隨著b的增大而減小。
2)三向主應力σ1、σ2、σ3共同作用下的剪切強度參數(shù)可以認為是受3個方向剪切的共同影響,進而可以解釋上述內(nèi)摩擦角φb隨b的變化規(guī)律。
3)Matsuoka-Nakai強度準則、粗粒土應力不變量強度準則和Lade-Duncan強度準則這3個強度準則都能反映內(nèi)摩擦角φb隨b的變化規(guī)律,Matsuoka-Nakai強度準則在b值較小時與試驗結(jié)果較為接近,粗粒土應力不變量強度準則在b值較大時與試驗結(jié)果較為接近。
4)粗粒土角隅函數(shù)強度準則與等q、等b試驗結(jié)果較為吻合。
致謝:
感謝江蘇省高?!扒嗨{工程”、江蘇省高校優(yōu)秀中青年教師和校長境外研修計劃項目資助。
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(編輯 王秀玲)
收稿日期:2019-07-18
基金項目:? 國家自然科學基金 (51678083);常州市科技支撐計劃(CE20195034)
作者簡介:? 施維成(1982- ),男,博士,教授,主要從事土的基本性質(zhì)研究,E-mail: shiweicheng1982@163.com。
Received: 2019-07-18
Foundation items:? National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51678083); Changzhou Science and Technology Support Program (No. CE20195034)
Author brief:? Shi Weicheng (1982- ), PhD, professor, main research interest: basic properties of soil, E-mail: shiweicheng1982@163.com.