肖政 徐艷琴 羅念 周銀
摘 要: 植物原生質(zhì)體是去除了細(xì)胞壁的裸露細(xì)胞,其具有細(xì)胞全能性,現(xiàn)廣泛應(yīng)用于植物分子細(xì)胞生物學(xué)的研究中,可以大大縮減實(shí)驗(yàn)周期,并有助于得到體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)。該文除了介紹植物原生質(zhì)體的提取和純化方法外,還對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外利用各種植物的原生質(zhì)體進(jìn)行細(xì)胞瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化、亞細(xì)胞定位、細(xì)胞融合和大分子復(fù)合物相互作用等試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和討論。植物原生質(zhì)體還可用于基因表達(dá)模式的實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè),并作為生物反應(yīng)器的受體細(xì)胞進(jìn)行代謝物的體外生產(chǎn)。此外,還對(duì)當(dāng)前該技術(shù)所面臨的瓶頸進(jìn)行了分析,為植物原生質(zhì)體在分子細(xì)胞生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用提供幫助,為技術(shù)的優(yōu)化和推廣提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞: 植物原生質(zhì)體, 瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化, 亞細(xì)胞定位, 細(xì)胞融合, 實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)
中圖分類號(hào): Q942 ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
文章編號(hào): 1000-3142(2020)04-0576-07
Abstract: Plant protoplasts are naked cells without cell walls. They have been extensively applied in the researches of plant molecular and cell biology for their totipotency, which could greatly shorten the experimental periods and help to get massive effective and real-time experimental detection data in vivo. In this article, in addition to introduce the purification of plant protoplasts, we mainly summarized the application of plant protoplasts in the respects of transient transformation, subcellular localization, cell fusion and macromolecular complex interaction. Plant protoplasts could also be used to survey the expression pattern of gene in real-time detection, as well as the target cells for the production of metabolites in bioreactors. Furthermore, we have compared the advantages and disadvantages of plant protoplasts in the current research, which provides new insights into the researches on plant molecular and cell biology. We have also analyzed the difficulties in the application of plant protoplasts, which provides the reference for the optimization and promotion of this technology.
Key words: plant protoplasts, transient transformation, subcellular localization, cell fusion, real-time detection
植物原生質(zhì)體是指通過(guò)酶解或者機(jī)械的方式去除植物細(xì)胞壁所獲得的細(xì)胞。植物原生質(zhì)體具有全能性,有再分化、重新進(jìn)入細(xì)胞周期、進(jìn)行有絲分裂甚至分化為組織或器官的潛能(Eeckhaut et al., 2013)。植物原生質(zhì)體的結(jié)構(gòu)和生理特性在某種程度上與動(dòng)物細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)比較類似,經(jīng)過(guò)外源添加物處理和外源基因轉(zhuǎn)化后的植物原生質(zhì)體能迅速進(jìn)行反應(yīng)、代謝和反饋,縮短了實(shí)驗(yàn)的周期,并能幫助獲得有效的體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),因此目前被廣泛應(yīng)用于植物分子和細(xì)胞生物學(xué)的研究中。不同的植物來(lái)源,原生質(zhì)體的提取、純化和包裝步驟大致相同,轉(zhuǎn)化效率有所差別,本文將不同植物原生質(zhì)體提取、純化和活性檢測(cè)的方法進(jìn)行了概括。并重點(diǎn)論述了近幾年植物原生質(zhì)體在分子細(xì)胞生物學(xué)中的應(yīng)用,為利用植物原生質(zhì)體進(jìn)行研究和育種提供了參考。
1 植物原生質(zhì)體的提取、純化和包裝
植物原生質(zhì)體的來(lái)源、數(shù)量和質(zhì)量將很大程度上影響后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功與失敗?,F(xiàn)在普遍利用酶解法提取植物原生質(zhì)體,常用的酶為日本Yakult公司的纖維素酶和離析酶。若酶濃度低,酶解時(shí)間短,則原生質(zhì)體數(shù)量不夠;若酶濃度和酶解時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),則原生質(zhì)體受到酶的毒害作用易破裂,致使具有活力的原生質(zhì)體數(shù)量減少。利用懸浮培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞來(lái)提取原生質(zhì)體,可短時(shí)間酶解得到大量具有活力的原生質(zhì)體(Raimundo et al., 2018)。
原生質(zhì)體的純化方法可分為漂浮法和沉淀法,其中常用的為漂浮法,利用15%~25%的蔗糖、Percoll或Ficoll即可實(shí)現(xiàn)(Gupta & Durzan, 1986; Pindel, 2007; Fesenko et al., 2015)。而沉淀法獲得的植物原生質(zhì)體雖然數(shù)量較多,但是質(zhì)量較差,很大程度上影響后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確度。
植物原生質(zhì)體的數(shù)量和密度檢測(cè)一般通過(guò)在顯微鏡下用血球計(jì)數(shù)板進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù),密度為每毫升1×106~1×107個(gè)原生質(zhì)體較適宜。而質(zhì)量檢測(cè)一般通過(guò)二乙酸熒光素染色法(fluorescein diacetate, FDA)進(jìn)行鑒定,F(xiàn)DA可自由透過(guò)活細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜并對(duì)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行示蹤,最大激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)和發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)分別為490和526 nm,在熒光顯微鏡下可觀察到活細(xì)胞中呈現(xiàn)綠色熒光(Huang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2015; Li et al., 2018)。除此之外,原生質(zhì)體的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量控制還可以通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞術(shù)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用于植物細(xì)胞DNA含量和倍性分析、核型分析和輔助育種等(Zhai et al., 2018),植物原生質(zhì)體是進(jìn)行流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)的優(yōu)選試驗(yàn)材料,在原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)入帶有熒光標(biāo)記的特異目的蛋白,利用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)進(jìn)行分選,后續(xù)可對(duì)其進(jìn)行代謝譜或表達(dá)譜分析等(Birnbaum et al., 2005; Petersson et al., 2015)。
由于原生質(zhì)體失去了細(xì)胞壁,在后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)操作中非常容易發(fā)生破裂和凝聚,因此一些研究學(xué)者通過(guò)各種有效的方法使原生質(zhì)體固定包裝,如:硅膠/藻酸鹽、瓊脂糖、結(jié)冷膠等,形成統(tǒng)一均質(zhì)的薄層,從而利于實(shí)驗(yàn)操作和顯微鏡觀察(Lei et al., 2015)。
木本植物由于其生長(zhǎng)周期長(zhǎng),在植物研究中往往處于劣勢(shì),為了縮短實(shí)驗(yàn)周期,保存優(yōu)質(zhì)種質(zhì)資源,大量具有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和研究?jī)r(jià)值的木本植物則通過(guò)快速繁殖手段獲得無(wú)菌苗,以無(wú)菌苗作為外植體分離純化原生質(zhì)體進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),不失為一種研究策略,并已經(jīng)在花椒(Li et al., 2018)、椪柑(Zhou et al., 2018)、蘋(píng)果(Fu et al., 2019)、沙冬青(Nan et al., 2018)等喬木和灌木中進(jìn)行了研究報(bào)道。而活體取樣時(shí),盡量選取幼嫩的葉片、根尖等組織部位,以便充分酶解,保證原生質(zhì)體的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量以進(jìn)行后續(xù)試驗(yàn)。
經(jīng)過(guò)純化的植物原生質(zhì)體在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上均達(dá)到要求后,可進(jìn)行下一步實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用。一般1×103~1×104個(gè)原生質(zhì)體足以進(jìn)行報(bào)告酶的活性檢測(cè);1×104~1×105個(gè)原生質(zhì)體可用于蛋白標(biāo)記、免疫共沉淀或Western印跡實(shí)驗(yàn);大約1×106個(gè)原生質(zhì)體可用于微觀檢測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)(Xing et al., 2017)。
2 植物原生質(zhì)體在分子細(xì)胞生物學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
2.1 亞細(xì)胞定位檢測(cè)
目前經(jīng)過(guò)純化的原生質(zhì)體最廣泛應(yīng)用于植物亞細(xì)胞定位的檢測(cè)中,常用的原生質(zhì)體來(lái)源于煙草、擬南芥等,由于原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞圓滑完整,在顯微鏡下對(duì)于細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)觀察非常清楚,并且排除了活體觀察時(shí)細(xì)胞間以及組織部位其他結(jié)構(gòu)的背景干擾,結(jié)果分析具有說(shuō)服力。在植物基因功能驗(yàn)證時(shí),基本的蛋白定位即采用模式植物的原生質(zhì)體進(jìn)行亞細(xì)胞定位(Sui et al., 2019),并且在許多生物學(xué)背景不清楚、遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系不穩(wěn)定或者效率不高的非模式植物中,也廣泛進(jìn)行原生質(zhì)體的分離、純化和轉(zhuǎn)化,如Li et al. (2018)在蝴蝶蘭雜交種(Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar “Ruili Beauty”)的葉肉原生質(zhì)體中由PEG4000介導(dǎo)瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化綠色熒光蛋白基因(GFP),轉(zhuǎn)化效率達(dá)到41.7%。Huang et al. (2013)在黃瓜原生質(zhì)體中瞬時(shí)表達(dá)pUC-GFP質(zhì)粒,可以在顯微鏡下明顯觀察到胞液、葉綠體和質(zhì)膜上有綠色熒光,轉(zhuǎn)化效率達(dá)到57%。Fu et al. (2018)在玉米原生質(zhì)體中,利用eGFP融合轉(zhuǎn)錄因子ZmWRKY79蛋白,對(duì)目的蛋白進(jìn)行亞細(xì)胞定位,直觀影像確定其位于細(xì)胞核中。Wang et al. (2015)分離獲得葡萄原生質(zhì)體,并利用GFP融合黃酮類生物合成途徑中的查爾酮合成酶(VvCHS)、查爾酮異構(gòu)酶(VvCHI)、黃酮醇3-O-葡萄糖苷轉(zhuǎn)移酶(VvUFGT)和花青素還原酶(VvANR)蛋白,將它們的亞細(xì)胞定位在細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核中,瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化效率達(dá)到60.1%。Sun et al. (2018)在芥藍(lán)(Brassica oleracae var. alboglabra)中分離、純化和轉(zhuǎn)化葉肉細(xì)胞的原生質(zhì)體,外源基因的轉(zhuǎn)化效率可達(dá)到30%。
2.2 細(xì)胞融合培育新品種
植物原生質(zhì)體往往是原生質(zhì)體融合培育新品種,制造“人工種子”的優(yōu)良原始材料,并且原生質(zhì)體融合技術(shù)可以完全或者部分解決自然界種屬間有性繁殖不親和的現(xiàn)象。原生質(zhì)體融合技術(shù)在柑橘的性狀改良方面有著巨大潛力,通過(guò)將伏令夏橙(Citrus sinensis)愈傷原生質(zhì)體與葉肉細(xì)胞原生質(zhì)體進(jìn)行融合,獲得了穩(wěn)定的二倍體“cybrids”,胚性愈傷原生質(zhì)體中的線粒體DNA刺激了葉肉原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞的分化和再生(Cai et al., 2017)。Dutt et al. (2018)從柑橘懸浮培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞中提取原生質(zhì)體作為初始材料,并將構(gòu)建在胚中特異性表達(dá)花青素的基因載體(Dc3啟動(dòng)子:VvMybA1)轉(zhuǎn)化到柑橘原生質(zhì)體中,在體細(xì)胞胚的發(fā)育過(guò)程中可以直接通過(guò)肉眼觀察到“紫色胚”來(lái)進(jìn)行初步陽(yáng)性篩選。Yu et al. (2014)將水稻的育性恢復(fù)基因Rf5轉(zhuǎn)化到細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育(HL-CMS)紅蓮型水稻的原生質(zhì)體中,在轉(zhuǎn)化后的原生質(zhì)體中檢測(cè)到細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育蛋白ORFH79的水平顯著降低。Wang et al. (2014)將小麥和中間偃麥草(Thinopyrum intermedium)的原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞進(jìn)行融合,獲得漸滲系群體,篩選出生命力旺盛并自花授粉可育的后代。原生質(zhì)體培育新品種可以打破物種的限制,但是培育周期較長(zhǎng)。
2.3 胞內(nèi)生化反應(yīng)的實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)
蛋白酶在催化底物發(fā)生細(xì)胞內(nèi)生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)時(shí),植物原生質(zhì)體是非常合適的實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,合理選取一些能發(fā)熒光的底物,即能在顯微鏡下實(shí)時(shí)觀察反應(yīng)的進(jìn)程。Rottmann et al. (2018)在研究擬南芥蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白時(shí),先利用熒光蔗糖類似物Esculin作為底物,將表達(dá)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的AtSUC基因轉(zhuǎn)化到擬南芥原生質(zhì)體中,再通過(guò)調(diào)整激光共聚焦顯微鏡的不同激發(fā)光波段,可以實(shí)時(shí)觀察到綠色熒光蛋白、紅色葉綠體自發(fā)熒光和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到胞內(nèi)的湖藍(lán)色熒光Esculin分子。Wang et al. (2019)在水稻中研究氨基酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶OsAAP5的功能時(shí),從野生型、該基因超表達(dá)及RNAi株系中分離原生質(zhì)體,利用異硫氰酸熒光素(FITC)標(biāo)記的堿性氨基酸(Lys與Arg)及部分中性氨基酸(Ala與Val)進(jìn)行底物吸收實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在超表達(dá)株系原生質(zhì)體中熒光信號(hào)顯著強(qiáng)于野生型,干擾株系原生質(zhì)體中熒光信號(hào)則弱于野生型,表明OsAAP5在水稻中具有轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)堿性氨基酸及部分中性氨基酸的功能,此研究將有助于提高水稻的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。Bienertia sinuspersici是一種進(jìn)行C4光合作用的陸生植物,有兩種不同類型的亞細(xì)胞葉綠體。為了揭示細(xì)胞內(nèi)兩種葉綠體的分化機(jī)制,Wimmer et al. (2017)將光合作用細(xì)胞中相關(guān)蛋白(丙酮酸磷酸雙激酶,PPDK;磷酸丙糖異構(gòu)酶,TPI;腺苷酸激酶,AK)的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)肽進(jìn)行突變,再瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化到B. sinuspersici原生質(zhì)體中進(jìn)行亞細(xì)胞定位和含量檢測(cè),結(jié)果表明突變的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)肽一定程度上可以使蛋白的選擇性發(fā)生丟失,而人工合成的誘餌mRNA對(duì)于蛋白的分選過(guò)程作用并不是很關(guān)鍵。
2.4 基因表達(dá)模式的實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)
由于植物原生質(zhì)體內(nèi)分子水平的基因表達(dá)變化迅速,因此可以利用原生質(zhì)體瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)鑒定不同基因在不同內(nèi)因和外因條件下表達(dá)模式的變化水平,為植物穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)提供輔助證據(jù)。Patra et al. (2018)從長(zhǎng)春花(Catharanthus roseus)葉肉細(xì)胞中提取其原生質(zhì)體,利用電激的方法分別瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化了眾多參與茉莉酸代謝和長(zhǎng)春堿代謝相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,通過(guò)qRT-PCR檢測(cè)受各轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控的相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)模式的變化。Zhang et al. (2011)利用水稻原生質(zhì)體研究植物光學(xué)相關(guān)的細(xì)胞生物學(xué)過(guò)程,在水稻綠色組織來(lái)源的原生質(zhì)體中超表達(dá)光相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子OsGLK1,并進(jìn)行光照和誘導(dǎo)劑達(dá)草伏(norflurazon, NF)處理。通過(guò)qRT-PCR檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),與光合作用相關(guān)的基因(OsLhcb1, OsLhcp, GADPH和RbcS)的表達(dá)量在OsGLK1超表達(dá)的原生質(zhì)體中上調(diào)了30~168倍,而在NF處理的原生質(zhì)體中相應(yīng)基因的表達(dá)量則降低了30%~75%。Ond rˇej et al. (2010)利用黃瓜的原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞進(jìn)行抗氧化脅迫研究,結(jié)果表明用抗壞血酸處理的黃瓜原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞,不僅降低了氧化脅迫的水平,還通過(guò)qRT-PCR檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)提高了抗壞血酸過(guò)氧化物酶和過(guò)氧化氫酶的表達(dá)水平。而在細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)觀察時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),相比較未處理的原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞,染色質(zhì)的壓縮更加緊密,因此,細(xì)胞的抗氧化機(jī)理還與細(xì)胞增殖有關(guān)。
2.5 蛋白質(zhì)/蛋白質(zhì)或蛋白質(zhì)/DNA互作實(shí)驗(yàn)
由于植物原生質(zhì)體在瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中耗時(shí)短,結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性較高,可廣泛用于植物蛋白質(zhì)與蛋白質(zhì),以及蛋白質(zhì)與DNA之間的互作實(shí)驗(yàn),并且可完成高通量快速檢測(cè)。Song et al. (2017)以非洲菊原生質(zhì)體為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,建立了高效的瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化體系,并且利用雙分子熒光互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)(BiFC)驗(yàn)證非洲菊原生質(zhì)體可直接用于蛋白間的相互作用實(shí)驗(yàn)。Zhao et al. (2018)通過(guò)建立DNase-seq文庫(kù),獲得大量玉米的DNase I超敏位點(diǎn)(DHSs),為了驗(yàn)證這些DHSs是否為基因的啟動(dòng)子或者增強(qiáng)子,并且是否受到轉(zhuǎn)座子(transposable elements, TEs)的影響和調(diào)控,設(shè)計(jì)了原生質(zhì)體瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化分析,并快速準(zhǔn)確驗(yàn)證了生物信息學(xué)分析的結(jié)果。染色質(zhì)免疫共沉淀技術(shù)(ChIP)是目前廣泛應(yīng)用于蛋白質(zhì)和DNA互作檢測(cè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)手段,而僅僅需要大約5 000個(gè)擬南芥原生質(zhì)體即可在細(xì)胞內(nèi)釣出與堿性亮氨酸拉鏈蛋白1(bZIP1)有相互作用的DNA片段,該技術(shù)被稱為micro-ChIP(μChIP)(Para et al., 2018)。除此之外,原生質(zhì)體還可用于研究mRNA結(jié)合蛋白復(fù)合體中的mRNA或者蛋白質(zhì)(Zhang et al., 2016)。Patra et al. (2018)在煙草原生質(zhì)體中將各個(gè)參與茉莉酸代謝和長(zhǎng)春堿代謝相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與合成途徑中結(jié)構(gòu)基因的啟動(dòng)子分別進(jìn)行共轉(zhuǎn),通過(guò)報(bào)告基因螢火蟲(chóng)熒光素酶和GUS的活性來(lái)確認(rèn)二者之間的互作關(guān)系,該技術(shù)稱為基于煙草原生質(zhì)體的雙雜交分析。
2.6 作為生物反應(yīng)器的受體細(xì)胞
由于原生質(zhì)體的生長(zhǎng)和分化可以從單個(gè)細(xì)胞水平到細(xì)胞團(tuán),進(jìn)而分化為組織甚至個(gè)體。在細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)分化的過(guò)程中,可以通過(guò)添加不同的化合物,研究其對(duì)植物細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和分化的影響。甚至可以以原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,對(duì)初始添加物進(jìn)行同位素標(biāo)記,從而追蹤其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的代謝通路。這種以原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞為生物反應(yīng)器,從而獲得重組蛋白的操作被稱為“分子農(nóng)場(chǎng)”(molecular farming)(Davey et al., 2005)。Sasamoto & Ashihara (2014)在萵苣原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)時(shí),通過(guò)添加不同濃度的葫蘆巴堿、尼克酸和尼克酰胺,以研究它們對(duì)原生質(zhì)體的分化和群落生成的影響。并且該團(tuán)隊(duì)還在白云杉細(xì)胞中添加14C標(biāo)記的尼克酸和尼克酰胺,以研究嘧啶核苷酸的代謝通路(Ashihara et al., 2005)。Aoyagi (2011)將長(zhǎng)春花(Catharanthus roseus)的原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞用富含古羅糖醛酸的藻酸鹽凝膠固定起來(lái),然后大量生產(chǎn)出吲哚類生物堿,在培養(yǎng)原生質(zhì)體進(jìn)行代謝物生產(chǎn)時(shí),要添加抑制細(xì)胞壁生長(zhǎng)的物質(zhì),才能達(dá)到較好的分泌效果。
3 植物原生質(zhì)體研究的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)比較
植物原生質(zhì)體廣泛應(yīng)用于分子細(xì)胞生物學(xué)的研究中,其中一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是無(wú)論從單子葉植物還是雙子葉植物中分離、純化和轉(zhuǎn)化原生質(zhì)體的技術(shù)方法都比較統(tǒng)一,減少了實(shí)驗(yàn)操作的繁雜性,當(dāng)然也有更多的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道對(duì)原生質(zhì)體的純化和誘導(dǎo)分化技術(shù)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化和簡(jiǎn)化。
近年來(lái)許多文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道利用植物原生質(zhì)體作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料獲得大量有效數(shù)據(jù),試驗(yàn)周期短(一般轉(zhuǎn)化2~3 d即可檢測(cè)),檢測(cè)面廣泛(細(xì)胞水平、亞細(xì)胞水平和分子水平),而且體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確。尤其對(duì)于組織培養(yǎng)比較困難、生長(zhǎng)周期比較長(zhǎng)的物種來(lái)說(shuō),純化獲得原生質(zhì)體可以為實(shí)驗(yàn)的開(kāi)展另辟蹊徑。模式植物擬南芥和煙草的原生質(zhì)體瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化已經(jīng)成為了蛋白亞細(xì)胞定位實(shí)驗(yàn)和雙熒光檢測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)等的常用材料,Martinho et al. (2015)還在擬南芥中建立了原生質(zhì)體-miRNA報(bào)告系統(tǒng),用于快速實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)植物細(xì)胞內(nèi)miRNA系統(tǒng)中各個(gè)元件以及miRNA功能缺失的突變體的生物學(xué)功能。除此之外,植物原生質(zhì)體還可以應(yīng)用于植物與微生物、植物與動(dòng)物的相互作用研究中。自然界的許多微生物和動(dòng)物寄生于植物體或者以植物體為食,從而導(dǎo)致植物中一些侵染性病蟲(chóng)害的發(fā)生。以植物原生質(zhì)體為研究材料,篩選和鑒定病原菌的效應(yīng)蛋白,從而提出有效的防病措施(Zheng et al., 2019)。Rao et al. (2019)利用水稻原生質(zhì)體篩選出褐飛虱(brown planthopper)唾液腺分泌蛋白質(zhì)組中能與植物互作的效應(yīng)蛋白,為防治水稻褐飛虱提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。
也正因?yàn)橹参镌|(zhì)體實(shí)驗(yàn)周期短,實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)要經(jīng)過(guò)多次重復(fù)才能有效并且具有說(shuō)服力,在瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化的材料中,植物表型并不能維持較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,有些瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化的表型并不明顯,只能在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平結(jié)合qRT-PCR技術(shù)對(duì)基因的表達(dá)模式變化進(jìn)行檢測(cè),而往往基因的表達(dá)最終體現(xiàn)在蛋白水平上,轉(zhuǎn)錄水平的變化對(duì)最終的表型影響大小并不一定呈正相關(guān)。
植物原生質(zhì)體的取材一般來(lái)源于植物外植體、組培苗或懸浮培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞,對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)化體系建立較困難的物種,一般選擇植物外植體作為分離原生質(zhì)體的來(lái)源,該操作對(duì)植物損傷較大,有些原生質(zhì)體的取材來(lái)源于某些生殖器官中,大大限制了原生質(zhì)體的取材來(lái)源。
雖然利用植物原生質(zhì)體進(jìn)行瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化可以快速簡(jiǎn)便地獲得大量有效的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),但是若利用原生質(zhì)體進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)化或細(xì)胞融合,獲得新的優(yōu)良品種或者雜交品種,將會(huì)花費(fèi)較長(zhǎng)的試驗(yàn)周期,因?yàn)閺囊粋€(gè)細(xì)胞分化為愈傷組織就需要一段較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,如從棕櫚(Elaeis guineensis)的原生質(zhì)體到成苗的獲得大約需要18個(gè)月的時(shí)間,其中形成愈傷組織就長(zhǎng)達(dá)9個(gè)多月(Masani et al., 2013)。
4 展望
當(dāng)植物原生質(zhì)體的分離、純化和轉(zhuǎn)化效率達(dá)到一定穩(wěn)定水平后,對(duì)植物原生質(zhì)體的應(yīng)用和研究將會(huì)越來(lái)越廣泛。隨著實(shí)驗(yàn)周期的逐漸縮短,實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的快速獲得,植物科研工作者們?cè)絹?lái)越傾向于使用一些快速簡(jiǎn)便的瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化方法對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行初探和預(yù)測(cè)。并且分子水平高通量實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)的大量使用,也促使植物原生質(zhì)體應(yīng)用在組學(xué)方面的初篩和結(jié)果驗(yàn)證。Ortiz-Ramírez et al. (2016)利用小立碗蘚不同生長(zhǎng)階段、不同發(fā)育時(shí)期的組織進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)分析(其中包含小立碗蘚的原生質(zhì)體細(xì)胞),篩選到PpTCP5轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與了苔蘚植物的孢子體分枝過(guò)程,與其在高等被子植物中的作用類似,同時(shí)也為陸生植物的進(jìn)化和發(fā)育提供了新的思路。隨著基因編輯技術(shù)的廣泛研究,植物原生質(zhì)體也為植物基因的定向編輯提供了優(yōu)良試驗(yàn)材料(Malnoy et al., 2016; Nadakuduti et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019)。對(duì)于植物原生質(zhì)體培養(yǎng)和分化中遇到的困難,也在不斷進(jìn)行探索和優(yōu)化,以期建立穩(wěn)定高效的原生質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)化和再生體系。
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(責(zé)任編輯 周翠鳴)