鄭家松 翁蘭溪 鄭寧敏 唐自強(qiáng) 武奮前 蔡虬瑞 陳伏彬
摘 ? 要:在邊界層風(fēng)洞中開(kāi)展了臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)與B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下某角鋼輸電塔氣彈模型試驗(yàn),采用諧波合成法模擬了不同高度的風(fēng)速時(shí)程,在時(shí)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行了輸電塔結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)致響應(yīng)計(jì)算,對(duì)比研究了兩類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下的風(fēng)致響應(yīng)與風(fēng)振系數(shù). 研究結(jié)果表明:輸電塔風(fēng)致加速度響應(yīng)隨著來(lái)流風(fēng)速的增大而明顯增大,臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下加速度響應(yīng)更為劇烈,比B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件大約20%~30%;B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下風(fēng)振系數(shù)為1.59,臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下達(dá)到1.85,總體增幅達(dá)到16%;數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果與風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)結(jié)果較為吻合. 因此,臺(tái)風(fēng)多發(fā)地區(qū)的輸電塔設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)考慮臺(tái)風(fēng)高湍流引起的動(dòng)力風(fēng)荷載增大效應(yīng).
關(guān)鍵詞:輸電塔;臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng);風(fēng)致響應(yīng);風(fēng)振系數(shù);風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn);諧波合成法
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TU973.32? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Abstract:Wind tunnel tests on a aeroelastic model of steel angle transmission tower under typhoon wind field and terrain B wind field were carried out,and then the time series of wind velocity for different height of the transmission tower were simulated by Weighted Amplitude Wave Superposition(WAWS) method and the wind-induced responses were calculated with FEM in time domain. The comparisons of wind-induced response and wind vibration factor between typhoon wind field and terrain B wind field were conducted. The results indicate that the wind-induced acceleration responses enlarge significantly with wind velocity increase,the wind-induced acceleration response under typhoon wind field is more intensive than that under terrain B wind field,and the amplification is up to 20%~30% . The highly weighted wind vibration factor with value of 1.59 under terrain B wind field,and the value of 1.85 under typhoon wind field are found ,the amplification is up to 16% in total. The results from numerical simulation are in good agreement with that from the wind tunnel tests. Therefore,the design of transmission tower in typhoon-prone areas should take the fluctuating wind load magnification effect into consideration.
Key words:transmission tower;typhoon wind field;wind-induced response;wind vibration factor;wind tunnel test;Weighted Amplitude Wave Superposition(WAWS)
輸電線路系統(tǒng)故障可給當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)帶來(lái)巨大災(zāi)難,且由強(qiáng)/臺(tái)風(fēng)、雷暴或者龍卷風(fēng)作用引起的輸電塔線系統(tǒng)倒塌占據(jù)絕大部分;同時(shí),這些造成輸電塔線系統(tǒng)破壞的強(qiáng)風(fēng)參數(shù)范圍很廣(如風(fēng)速剖面、湍流剖面等),其對(duì)輸電塔線系統(tǒng)的作用不同,造成相關(guān)的研究工作更加復(fù)雜[1].因此研究在強(qiáng)/臺(tái)風(fēng)作用下輸電塔線系統(tǒng)的抗風(fēng)性能是保障電力系統(tǒng)安全運(yùn)營(yíng)的首要基礎(chǔ).
國(guó)內(nèi)外眾多學(xué)者開(kāi)展了大量卓有成效的研究工作,為輸電塔線系統(tǒng)在強(qiáng)風(fēng)作用下安全工作提供了技術(shù)支撐. Mara等[2]利用大氣邊界層風(fēng)和下?lián)舯┝鲀煞N流場(chǎng)深入研究了來(lái)流風(fēng)向?qū)旊娝Y(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)致響應(yīng)的影響,指出傳統(tǒng)的大氣邊界層風(fēng)場(chǎng)可近似地用于下?lián)舯┝髯饔孟碌目癸L(fēng)能力評(píng)估;Yang等[3]研究了斜風(fēng)對(duì)輸電塔風(fēng)效應(yīng)影響;Fu等[4]基于Kikuchi等[5]提出的模型參數(shù)開(kāi)展了風(fēng)、雨耦合作用下的輸電塔線系統(tǒng)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)雨荷載提高了輸電塔線系統(tǒng)位移響應(yīng),幅度高達(dá)22%;王述良[6]、梁樞果[7]等研究了輸電塔-線體系在強(qiáng)風(fēng)作用下的風(fēng)致響應(yīng),指出輸電塔與導(dǎo)線間存在明顯的非線性耦合,導(dǎo)線對(duì)塔-線體系影響不可忽視;樓文娟[8]、沈國(guó)輝[9]等通過(guò)剛性模型研究輸電塔體型系數(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)均勻流場(chǎng)中角鋼桿件體型系數(shù)試驗(yàn)值大于我國(guó)規(guī)范取值接近國(guó)外規(guī)范[8]取值, B類(lèi)流場(chǎng)中圓鋼塔的體型系數(shù)結(jié)果合理,表明流場(chǎng)對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果影響顯著[9];張慶華等[10]研究了兩類(lèi)風(fēng)振系數(shù)的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)基于加速度響應(yīng)的風(fēng)振系數(shù)大于基于位移響應(yīng)的風(fēng)振系數(shù),二者均小于荷載規(guī)范值[11];樓文娟[12]和鄧洪洲[13]等均開(kāi)展了良態(tài)風(fēng)與臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下風(fēng)振系數(shù)的對(duì)比研究,前者指出臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下風(fēng)振系數(shù)比B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)大約25%,后者也發(fā)現(xiàn)了同樣規(guī)律,但放大系數(shù)約為7%;張宏杰等[14]對(duì)比分析了不同流場(chǎng)下的桿塔構(gòu)件的內(nèi)力,指出臺(tái)風(fēng)作用下桿塔的內(nèi)力提高了20%. 隨著數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)發(fā)展,風(fēng)速時(shí)程模擬也廣泛應(yīng)用于輸電塔線系統(tǒng)抗風(fēng)研究中,Zhang等基于輸電線路現(xiàn)場(chǎng)破壞情況,通過(guò)模擬不同高度風(fēng)速時(shí)程,基于規(guī)范考慮截面體型系數(shù),開(kāi)展了輸電塔線系統(tǒng)有限元分析,評(píng)估其極限承載能力并識(shí)別了薄弱位置[15]; Li等應(yīng)用
高斯過(guò)程模擬脈動(dòng)風(fēng)速,并用于輸電塔線在強(qiáng)風(fēng)作用下的風(fēng)效應(yīng)評(píng)估中,取得較好效果[16].
本文基于某輸電塔氣彈模型,研究了不同流場(chǎng)與不同來(lái)流風(fēng)向下的桿塔結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)致響應(yīng)與風(fēng)振系數(shù),并與數(shù)值模擬進(jìn)行了對(duì)比. 本研究豐富了臺(tái)風(fēng)作用下的輸電塔結(jié)構(gòu)抗風(fēng)研究成果,為其安全設(shè)計(jì)提供有效的技術(shù)支撐.
1 ? 氣彈模型風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)
1.1 ? 模型設(shè)計(jì)與制作
試驗(yàn)對(duì)象塔呼高33 m,根開(kāi)10.9 m,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖如圖1所示. 根據(jù)現(xiàn)有風(fēng)洞截面尺寸與輸電塔原型尺寸,確定模型縮尺比為1 ∶ 40.
1.2 ? 模型標(biāo)定
本文對(duì)模型動(dòng)力標(biāo)定采用結(jié)構(gòu)靜力拉伸的方法,通過(guò)拉線的辦法使結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生初位移后突然剪斷拉線讓結(jié)構(gòu)自由振動(dòng). 模態(tài)試驗(yàn)過(guò)程加速度傳感器的采樣頻率為500 Hz,6個(gè)通道的加速度傳感器信號(hào)同步采集,通過(guò)濾波處理之后進(jìn)行EMD經(jīng)驗(yàn)分解,采用隨機(jī)減量法獲取自由振動(dòng)衰減信號(hào),利用Hilbert變換對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行模態(tài)參數(shù)識(shí)別. 圖3給出了輸電塔兩個(gè)主軸方向的自由衰減曲線,表2給出了輸電塔動(dòng)力標(biāo)定試驗(yàn)?zāi)B(tài)識(shí)別結(jié)果. 需要指出的是原型頻率結(jié)果為有限元分析結(jié)果. 從表2可以看出,實(shí)測(cè)頻率與理論頻率吻合較好.
1.3 ? 風(fēng)場(chǎng)模擬
試驗(yàn)流場(chǎng)采用被動(dòng)模擬技術(shù),采用尖劈和粗糙元模擬了《建筑結(jié)構(gòu)荷載規(guī)范》[11]規(guī)定的B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng);基于前人關(guān)于臺(tái)風(fēng)研究成果[12-13],臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)采用尖劈、擋板和粗糙元的3種組合,亦采用被動(dòng)模擬方式進(jìn)行風(fēng)場(chǎng)模擬. 常規(guī)B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)和臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)模擬結(jié)果分別如圖4和圖5所示.
兩類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下,均采集了4組風(fēng)速下的加速度響應(yīng). 其中B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)參考風(fēng)速為:3.081 m/s、4.024 m/s、5.017 m/s、6.214 m/s、6.972 m/s(對(duì)應(yīng)實(shí)際20.669 m/s、26.995 m/s、33.66 m/s、41.6879 m/s、46.7731 m/s);臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)參考風(fēng)速為:3.079 m/s、4.026 m/s、5.038 m/s、5.930 m/s、6.920 m/s(對(duì)應(yīng)實(shí)際20.656 m/s、27.009 m/s、33.800m/s、39.782 m/s、46.424 m/s). 參考點(diǎn)位置為0.75 m,對(duì)應(yīng)實(shí)際高度為30 m.
2 ? 數(shù)值模擬
諧波合成法(WAWS)主要思想為利用三角函數(shù)的線性組合,通過(guò)對(duì)一系列余弦函數(shù)序列求和的辦法模擬隨機(jī)脈動(dòng)風(fēng)荷載[18-19],該方法具有較高精度且無(wú)條件穩(wěn)定等優(yōu)點(diǎn),被廣泛應(yīng)用于輸電塔風(fēng)致效應(yīng)的數(shù)值模擬中[20].基于諧波合成法獲得不同高度處的風(fēng)速,轉(zhuǎn)化為不同高度處的風(fēng)壓力,根據(jù)規(guī)范方法(如公式(1)所示)獲得不同高度處的節(jié)點(diǎn)力[15],施加到有限元模型上(有限元模型如圖7所示).
? 表4給出最不利風(fēng)向下(0°風(fēng)向角)3個(gè)典型高度處風(fēng)振系數(shù)的試驗(yàn)值與時(shí)域分析結(jié)果,同時(shí)給出了3種規(guī)范下的風(fēng)振系數(shù)取值. 這里需要著重指出的是,在計(jì)算風(fēng)振系數(shù)時(shí),其保證因子均取為4.0.?
從表4可以看出:對(duì)于整體風(fēng)振系數(shù),《建筑結(jié)構(gòu)荷載規(guī)范》的計(jì)算值最大,《高聳結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》的計(jì)算值次之,《架空輸電線路桿塔結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)規(guī)定》的計(jì)算值最小,但均大于常規(guī)B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)值,小于臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)值;時(shí)域分析結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)值較為吻合;臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下的風(fēng)振系數(shù)試驗(yàn)值比常規(guī)風(fēng)場(chǎng)大約16%,時(shí)域分析值大約10%,放大效應(yīng)介于樓文娟等人[12]的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與鄧洪洲等人[13]的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果之間,驗(yàn)證了強(qiáng)風(fēng)參數(shù)與研究對(duì)象的差異對(duì)研究結(jié)果的影響[1].
4 ? 結(jié) ? 論
1)高湍流的臺(tái)風(fēng)作用下,輸電塔風(fēng)致加速度響應(yīng)明顯高于常規(guī)B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件,增幅達(dá)到20%~30%.
2)B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng)條件下輸電塔風(fēng)振系數(shù)試驗(yàn)值與《架空輸電線路桿塔結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)規(guī)定》[21]較為吻合,取為1.6;臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)下的風(fēng)振系數(shù)明顯高于B類(lèi)風(fēng)場(chǎng),達(dá)到了1.85,因此在臺(tái)風(fēng)多發(fā)地區(qū)進(jìn)行輸電塔結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)考慮高湍流臺(tái)風(fēng)風(fēng)場(chǎng)的影響.
3)數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果較為吻合,表明諧波合成法是一種有效的風(fēng)速時(shí)程模擬方法,能有效應(yīng)用于輸電塔抗風(fēng)研究中.
4)不同地貌情況下,臺(tái)風(fēng)特性各異,其流場(chǎng)特征有較大差異,仍需更多實(shí)測(cè)的臺(tái)風(fēng)信息確定合適的流場(chǎng)特征,以開(kāi)展此類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn),提供更為豐富的臺(tái)風(fēng)作用下輸電塔結(jié)構(gòu)抗風(fēng)設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)支撐.
5)需要指出的是,本文在開(kāi)展風(fēng)致響應(yīng)計(jì)算時(shí)并未考慮氣動(dòng)阻尼的影響,研究表明氣動(dòng)阻尼能降低輸電塔結(jié)構(gòu)的風(fēng)致效應(yīng)[12]. 因此,研究精細(xì)化氣動(dòng)阻尼及其對(duì)輸電塔系統(tǒng)的影響是下一步的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)工作.
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