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國產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)用鋁合金斷裂韌性參數(shù)校準

2020-06-04 12:25:13張超眾郭小農(nóng)宗紹晗陳宇朱劭駿
湖南大學學報·自然科學版 2020年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:鋁合金

張超眾 郭小農(nóng) 宗紹晗 陳宇 朱劭駿

摘 ? 要:為了將空穴增長模型(VGM)和應(yīng)力修正臨界應(yīng)變模型(SMCS)應(yīng)用于國產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)用鋁合金的韌性斷裂預測,完成了國產(chǎn)6061-T6、6082-T6和7020-T6 3種牌號的鋁合金標準圓棒試件和缺口圓棒試件的單軸拉伸試驗,并結(jié)合有限元分析,校準了3種牌號鋁合金的VGM和SMCS模型斷裂韌性參數(shù). 研究結(jié)果表明:槽口半徑大小對各牌號鋁合金試件的斷裂韌性參數(shù)校準值影響較小,離散系數(shù)均在20%以內(nèi);斷裂韌性參數(shù)是鋁合金材料固有屬性,可用于國產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)用鋁合金在不同應(yīng)力狀態(tài)下的韌性斷裂預測;與SMCS模型相比,VGM模型能夠更為精確地預測鋁合金材料的韌性斷裂.

關(guān)鍵詞:鋁合金;韌性斷裂;VGM模型;SMCS模型;韌性參數(shù)校準

中圖分類號:TU395? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標志碼:A

Abstract:In order to apply the Void Growth Model (VGM) and Stress Modified Critical Strain model (SMCS) to predict the ductile fracture of Chinese structural aluminum alloys, uniaxial tensile tests on aluminum alloy 6061-T6, 6082-T6 and 7020-T6 were carried out, including smooth round bar specimens and notched round bar specimens. Besides, finite element analyses were conducted to calibrate the toughness parameters of three brands of aluminum alloys. The results show that the radius of the notch has slight influence on the toughness parameters of aluminum alloys, and the dispersion coefficients are all within 20%. It is indicated that the toughness parameter is an inherent attribute of the aluminum alloy material, and it can be used to predict the ductile fracture of Chinese structural aluminum alloys under various stress states. Compared with the SMCS model, the VGM model can predict the ductile fracture of aluminum alloys more accurately.

Keywords:aluminum alloy;ductile fracture;VGM model;SMCS model;toughness parameter calibration

鋁合金材料具有輕質(zhì)高強、可模性好、延展性好、耐腐蝕性好等優(yōu)點,被越來越廣泛地應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)工程領(lǐng)域,尤其是大跨度空間結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域[1-2]. 斷裂破壞是鋁合金結(jié)構(gòu)的一種主要失效模式,節(jié)點或構(gòu)件的斷裂失效可能導致結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生整體倒塌[3],因此,有必要對結(jié)構(gòu)用鋁合金的斷裂行為進行深入研究.

鋁合金的斷裂行為屬于典型的韌性斷裂. 金屬材料的韌性斷裂理論從裂紋產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的微觀機制出發(fā),可以較為準確地描述材料的宏觀斷裂行為,具有良好的適用性. 單調(diào)荷載作用下,應(yīng)用較為廣泛的斷裂預測模型主要有Kanvinde等[4]提出的空穴增長模型(Void Growth Model,簡稱VGM)以及Hancock等[5]提出的應(yīng)力修正臨界應(yīng)變模型(Stress Modified Critical Strain model,簡稱SMCS). 基于上述模型,國內(nèi)外學者對建筑鋼材的斷裂行為進行了廣泛研究[6-15],結(jié)果表明,單調(diào)荷載作用下,VGM和SMCS模型可以準確預測鋼材的韌性斷裂,并可應(yīng)用于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)節(jié)點的斷裂預測. VGM和SMCS模型在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中的應(yīng)用已較為成熟,而對于國內(nèi)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)常用的鋁合金材料,其研究應(yīng)用卻幾乎為空白. 鋁合金與鋼材相比,材料微觀結(jié)構(gòu)有所不同,其延性較差,韌性斷裂行為可能會存在一定差別. 上述斷裂預測模型能否有效應(yīng)用于鋁合金結(jié)構(gòu),還需進一步通過試驗驗證.

基于以上研究不足,本文選取國產(chǎn)6061-T6、6082-T6和7020-T6牌號的鋁合金,加工了9個標準圓棒試件和18個缺口圓棒試件進行單軸拉伸試驗,并結(jié)合有限元軟件ABAQUS進行數(shù)值模擬,校準了不同牌號鋁合金的VGM和SMCS模型韌性參數(shù).

1 ? 金屬材料韌性斷裂預測模型

Rice等[16]首先推導了單個圓柱形或球形空穴在理想彈塑性材料中的空穴增長公式,指出空穴半徑增長率與應(yīng)力三軸度和塑性應(yīng)變有關(guān). 其表達式如下:

式中:α為材料韌性參數(shù),含義與VGM模型中的η類似;IF,SMCS為斷裂指標,當金屬材料在荷載作用下的等效塑性應(yīng)變達到臨界等效塑性應(yīng)變,即斷裂指標IF,SMCS≥0時,材料點發(fā)生啟裂.

SMCS模型忽略了應(yīng)力三軸度隨等效塑性應(yīng)變的變化,臨界塑性應(yīng)變?nèi)Q于啟裂時應(yīng)力三軸度的值,而沒考慮加載歷史的影響. 因此,與VGM模型相比,SMCS模型計算精度稍差,不適用于材料塑性變形較大(即應(yīng)力三軸度變化較為劇烈)的情況. 但在工程應(yīng)用中,SMCS模型不需要積分,計算簡便快捷,并且與試驗結(jié)果吻合較好.

5)VGM和SMCS模型能夠較好地預測國產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)用鋁合金材料的韌性斷裂,并且VGM模型具有更高的精度.

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