周冰涵 嚴(yán)小璇 藍(lán)文賢 王春喜 曹春陽(yáng)
摘 要: 為全面理解載脂蛋白B mRNA(ApoB mRNA)編輯酶催化多肽-1(APOBEC1)的作用機(jī)制,介紹了APOBEC1和ApoB mRNA的蛋白及核酸序列,總結(jié)并繪制了APOBEC1與不同的輔助蛋白的結(jié)合模型,闡述了APOBEC1催化ApoB mRNA第6 666位的胞嘧啶(C6666)脫氨基化分子機(jī)制.列舉了嚙齒動(dòng)物APOBEC1抑制多種逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒的研究報(bào)道,介紹了兔源APOBEC1結(jié)合人類免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)的病毒粒子并編輯病毒基因組的機(jī)理.同時(shí)介紹了APOBEC1通過(guò)編輯胞嘧啶或與AU富集元件(ARE)結(jié)合來(lái)調(diào)控癌癥等疾病相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子表達(dá).
關(guān)鍵詞: 載脂蛋白B mRNA(ApoB mRNA); 載脂蛋白B mRNA編輯酶催化多肽-1(APOBEC1); 胞嘧啶脫氨基化
中圖分類號(hào): Q-71? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A? 文章編號(hào): 1000-5137(2020)02-0234-11
Research advances on cytosine deaminase APOBEC1
ZHOU Binghan1,2, YAN Xiaoxuan2, LAN Wenxian2, WANG Chunxi2, CAO Chunyang2*
(1.College of Chemistry and Materials Science,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234,China; 2.State Key Lab of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry,Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200032,China)
Abstract: In order to fully understand the mechanisms of Apolipoprotein B mRNA(ApoB mRNA) editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-1(APOBEC1),this review introduced the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of APOBEC1 and ApoB mRNA,summarized and mapped the binding models of APOBEC1 with different cofactors to explain the molecular mechanism of APOBEC1 catalyzing the deamination of the 6666 C of ApoB mRNA (C6666).The researches of rodent APOBEC1 inhibiting multiple retroviruses were exemplified here,and the related mechanisms of rabbit APOBEC1 binding to human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)and editing the viral genome were discussed.This review also introduced APOBEC1 regulating the expression of cytokines related to cancers and other diseases by deamination editing or combining with AU-rich element(ARE) of RNAs.
Key words: apolipoprotein B mRNA(ApoB mRNA); ApoB mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-1(APOBEC1); cytidine deamination
0 引 言
載脂蛋白B mRNA(ApoB mRNA)編輯酶催化多肽(APOBEC家族)是一類胞嘧啶脫氨基酶,能催化單鏈RNA或單鏈DNA中的胞嘧啶脫氨基轉(zhuǎn)化為尿嘧啶.APOBEC家族由活化誘導(dǎo)胞嘧啶脫氨基酶(AID),ApoB mRNA編輯酶催化多肽-1(APOBEC1),APOBEC2,APOBEC3亞家族(APOBEC3A,APOBEC3B,APOBEC3C,APOBEC3D,APOBEC3E,APOBEC3F,APOBEC3G,APOBEC3H),以及APOBEC4組成.其中APOBEC1與AID串聯(lián)排列于第12號(hào)染色體,APOBEC2位于第6號(hào)染色體,APOBEC3亞家族以串聯(lián)重復(fù)的方式排列于第22號(hào)染色體[1],APOBEC4則位于第1號(hào)染色體[2],如圖1(a)所示.APOBEC家族成員脫氨基催化活性由1個(gè)或2個(gè)鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域提供,位于鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸序列在APOBEC家族中相當(dāng)保守:His-X-Glu-X23–28-Pro-Cys-X2-4-Cys(其中X表示任何氨基酸);AID,APOBEC1,APOBEC3A,APOBEC3C,APOBEC3H為單鋅指催化結(jié)構(gòu)域;APOBEC3B,APOBEC3D,APOBEC3F,APOBEC3G則含有2個(gè)鋅指催化結(jié)構(gòu)域,如圖1(b)所示,而APOBEC2與APOBEC4暫無(wú)結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)報(bào)道[2].APOBEC家族中研究最深入的是AID與APOBEC3亞家族,兩者都有以DNA為底物的高效脫氨基催化活性,最廣為人知的功能是在外源性病毒逆轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程中對(duì)DNA進(jìn)行編輯,使病毒DNA發(fā)生降解以抑制病毒逆轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程,如人源APOBEC3G編輯人類免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)DNA以抑制HIV-1在人體中的復(fù)制.
APOBEC1是一種RNA胞嘧啶脫氨基酶,可特異性編輯ApoB mRNA,編輯DNA不是其主要功能[1].其功能特征具體體現(xiàn)在如下幾個(gè)方面:1) 與AID/APOBEC3相似的是,嚙齒動(dòng)物,尤其兔源APOBEC1蛋白通過(guò)RNA/DNA胞嘧啶脫氨基化的機(jī)制,抑制某些逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒的復(fù)制;2) 隨著更多的APOBEC1編輯靶標(biāo)的鑒定,發(fā)現(xiàn)APOBEC1在包括癌癥等疾病發(fā)生方面具有一定作用;3)APOBEC1也是APOBEC家族中唯一需要與特定的輔助蛋白形成復(fù)合物才能進(jìn)行ApoB mRNA編輯的蛋白[3-4].
近年來(lái)關(guān)于APOBEC1的研究范圍越來(lái)越廣,不再局限于ApoB mRNA的脫氨基化研究.APOBEC1在體內(nèi)有大量RNA靶標(biāo),催化脫氨基化也不是其參與生理過(guò)程的唯一機(jī)制.為全面了解APOBEC1功能,促進(jìn)APOBEC1在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究,本文作者總結(jié)了近年來(lái)APOBEC1在生物功能方面的研究進(jìn)展,介紹了基于同源建模預(yù)測(cè)的APOBEC1編輯胞嘧啶脫氨基化的分子機(jī)制,APOBEC1與輔助蛋白如何形成復(fù)合物識(shí)別并編輯ApoB mRNA的機(jī)制,和APOBEC1在逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒以及疾病方面的研究成果.
1 APOBEC1研究進(jìn)展
1.1 APOBEC1功能域及結(jié)構(gòu)研究
APOBEC1最初在ApoB mRNA編輯事件中被發(fā)現(xiàn).人源APOBEC1與兔源APOBEC1包含236個(gè)氨基酸(aa),大鼠APOBEC1與小鼠APOBEC1包含229aa,人源APOBEC1與大鼠APOBEC1具有69%的序列相似性[5],構(gòu)成鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域的脫氨基活性位點(diǎn)H-X-E-X23-28-C-P-X2-4-C在APOBEC1同源蛋白中也十分保守[4];N端的堿性氨基酸R15,R16,R17,R33和K34被認(rèn)為是核定位信號(hào)的一部分[6-7],它們對(duì)編輯反應(yīng)很重要[8].MEHTA等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),APOBEC1的N端區(qū)域可能參與輔助蛋白的結(jié)合.APOBEC1蛋白均在C端173~210 aa處具有一段保守的亮氨酸富集區(qū)域180~196 aa.L180,L182,I185和L189的單突變體,以及P190A/P191A雙突變體均導(dǎo)致APOBEC1部分或幾乎完全失去編輯活性[8].同位素標(biāo)記以及高效液相色譜分析顯示:APOBEC1可能以同源二聚體的方式存在[10],而APOBEC1的C端殘基196~210 aa和221~229 aa對(duì)二聚體的形成有很重要的影響[8],如圖2所示.其次C端缺失的APOBEC1突變體(APOBEC1截短體1~172 aa和截短體1~196 aa)無(wú)法二聚并且無(wú)法編輯ApoB mRNA[8,11],IKEDA等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)APOBEC1的二聚結(jié)構(gòu)需要RNA分子的介導(dǎo).APOBEC1還能對(duì)單鏈DNA的胞嘧啶進(jìn)行脫氨基催化[12],基于酵母脫氨酶晶體結(jié)構(gòu)模擬的APOBEC1結(jié)構(gòu)模型支持這一結(jié)論[13].IKEDA等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)兔源APOBEC1的C端亮氨酸富集區(qū)以及2個(gè)二聚體結(jié)構(gòu)域均參與了其包裝到HIV-1病毒粒子中的過(guò)程,C端結(jié)構(gòu)域同時(shí)也是APOBEC1對(duì)病毒cDNA和基因組RNA發(fā)揮脫氨基活性必不可少的部分.
1.2 APOBEC1催化胞嘧啶脫氨基化的可能機(jī)制
APOBEC1能夠特異性催化ApoB mRNA第6666位的胞嘧啶C6666脫氨基化轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟蜞奏ぃ║6666),即ApoB mRNA C-to-U編輯,該處密碼子則由C6666AA(Q2153)突變?yōu)榻K止密碼子U6666AA,經(jīng)過(guò)編輯的ApoB mRNA翻譯后得到ApoB蛋白的截短體ApoB48(相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為241 000),未經(jīng)編輯的ApoB mRNA則翻譯為全長(zhǎng)的ApoB100(相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為512 000)[14],如圖3(a)所示.ApoB100在血液中運(yùn)輸內(nèi)源性膽固醇和甘油三酸酯,而截短體ApoB48可代謝膳食脂類[15],但ApoB100結(jié)合膽固醇并在血液中運(yùn)輸時(shí)有可能增加動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16],所以APOBEC1對(duì)ApoB mRNA的脫氨基催化產(chǎn)物ApoB48可能降低動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).APOBEC1催化活性中心是一個(gè)鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域,如圖1(b)所示,脫氨基化活性位點(diǎn)為His-X-Glu-X23-28-Cys-Pro-X2-4-Cys[4],主要識(shí)別底物是RNA,也有研究報(bào)道APOBEC1能對(duì)DNA胞嘧啶催化脫氨基化[12,17].HARRIS等[1]根據(jù)細(xì)菌以及酵母胞嘧啶脫氨酶的結(jié)構(gòu)研究預(yù)測(cè)了APOBEC蛋白對(duì)單鏈DNA脫氨基催化的分子機(jī)制,如圖3(b)所示.首先,活性位點(diǎn)的組氨酸(His)和半胱氨酸(Cys)與鋅離子(Zn2+)配位,此時(shí)一個(gè)水分子靠近活性位點(diǎn);隨后水分子在Zn2+作用下與谷氨酸(Glu)反應(yīng)后生成一個(gè)氫氧根離子(OH-),激活了鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域;激活后的Glu將胞嘧啶環(huán)的N3質(zhì)子化,導(dǎo)致N3與C4雙鍵不穩(wěn)定,此時(shí)C4易于OH-的進(jìn)攻;OH-進(jìn)攻C4后其質(zhì)子氫被Glu螯合,形成四面體的過(guò)渡態(tài);最終,胞嘧啶的氨基側(cè)基(-NH2)接受了被Glu螯合的質(zhì)子氫,使碳氮鍵斷裂,C4重新與氧原子(O)形成雙鍵并從活性位點(diǎn)處釋放尿嘧啶和氨(NH3),如圖3(b)所示.APOBEC1催化DNA或RNA胞嘧啶脫氨基化可能也符合這一機(jī)制.
1.3 APOBEC1與輔助蛋白形成復(fù)合物對(duì)ApoB mRNA C6666脫氨基化
重組APOBEC1蛋白和細(xì)胞提取物的研究均證明僅憑單獨(dú)的APOBEC1盡管能介導(dǎo)單胞嘧啶的脫氨基化反應(yīng),但不足以在體內(nèi)或體外催化ApoB mRNA C-to-U編輯[18-19],需要與輔助蛋白APOBEC1互補(bǔ)因子(A1CF)或RNA結(jié)合模體蛋白-47(RBM47)形成有效的RNA編輯復(fù)合物[20-22].在ApoB mRNA的C-to-U編輯中,能被編輯的最小序列長(zhǎng)26個(gè)核苷酸(nt)[23],這段序列從有袋動(dòng)物到人類都高度保守[24-25].除被編輯位點(diǎn)C6666外,該序列還包含ApoB mRNA的位點(diǎn)特異性脫氨所需的其他3個(gè)順式作用元件[26-28].如圖4所示,第一個(gè)元件是位于C6666下游的特異性結(jié)合序列(mooring sequence,11nt),特異性結(jié)合序列不可編輯[23,26,29];第二個(gè)元件位于C6666和特異性結(jié)合序列之間的區(qū)域,稱為間隔元件(spacer element,2~8 nt),最佳長(zhǎng)度為4 nt[28];第三個(gè)元件是富含AU的效率序列(efficiency sequence),位于C6666的上游,調(diào)節(jié)編輯反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)量[30].
1998年,RICHARDSON等[18]提出被編輯的胞嘧啶核苷C6666周圍的保守序列元件形成莖-環(huán)二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),其中C6666位于八環(huán)中.1999年,HERSBERGER等[31]提出另一種二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),其中特異性結(jié)合序列和5'端的效率元件形成雙鏈莖部,被編輯的胞苷位于單鏈區(qū)域而不是莖-環(huán)中.2005年,MARIS等[30]使用核磁光譜法解析了ApoB mRNA(31nt)的莖-環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu),構(gòu)建了APOBEC1互補(bǔ)因子(A1CF)與ApoB mRNA的識(shí)別模型,如圖5(a)所示,首先A1CF識(shí)別并結(jié)合特異性識(shí)別序列,將莖部的雙鏈結(jié)構(gòu)解構(gòu)象,破壞ApoB mRNA堅(jiān)固的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),使其展開并暴露出編輯位點(diǎn)C6666,隨后APOBEC1得以靠近C6666并將其突變?yōu)閁6666.2010年,GALLOWAY等[32]報(bào)道稱A1CF可能以二聚體的形式參與ApoB mRNA編輯.2011年ZANTO等[33]認(rèn)為二聚體A1CF在體外可能更容易穩(wěn)定結(jié)合特異性識(shí)別的RNA序列,如圖5(b)所示.根據(jù)FOSSAT等[4]構(gòu)建的模型,如圖5(c)所示,RBM47與APOBEC1及A1CF均有相互作用,RBM47的N端RNA識(shí)別模體(RRM)結(jié)合了ApoB mRNA特異性識(shí)別序列,A1CF與特異性識(shí)別序列的更下游結(jié)合,因?yàn)榍贸鼳1CF不會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)脫氨基模型產(chǎn)生影響.
1.4 APOBEC1的抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒活性
APOBEC3蛋白亞家族是HIV-1限制因子.作為其同源蛋白,APOBEC1在體外也具有對(duì)單鏈DNA的脫氨基活性[12].但APOBEC1是否能調(diào)控病毒基因組從而影響病毒傳播,是近年人們一直關(guān)注的研究方向.早期利用小鼠白血病病毒(MLV)或乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的小鼠模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),APOBEC1還具有抗病毒活性,感染MLV的小鼠脾細(xì)胞或感染HBV的小鼠肝細(xì)胞均檢測(cè)到受APOBEC1特異性編輯過(guò)的病毒基因組,表明APOBEC1通過(guò)編輯病毒基因抑制病毒[34-35].近年的報(bào)道則揭示了更多逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒因子一定程度上受APOBEC1調(diào)控.GEE等[36]第一次闡釋了APOBEC1或有抵抗單純皰疹病毒1(HSV-1)的作用,大鼠幼崽神經(jīng)元在感染HSV-1期間能誘導(dǎo)APOBEC1表達(dá),體外研究證明APOBEC1通過(guò)脫氨基作用直接抑制病毒DNA的復(fù)制,這些都暗示APOBEC1或許可以發(fā)展為大鼠在腦炎背景下新的HSV-1感染抑制劑.IKEDA等[37]在細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)自多種哺乳動(dòng)物的APOBEC1蛋白可以降低長(zhǎng)散布核苷酸序列1(LINE-1)和長(zhǎng)末端重復(fù)序列(LTRs)反轉(zhuǎn)錄轉(zhuǎn)座子的遷移率和感染潛力,認(rèn)為APOBEC1或許通過(guò)結(jié)合LINE-1的特殊RNA序列、LINE-1的開放閱讀區(qū),或逆轉(zhuǎn)錄相關(guān)的宿主蛋白的方式阻礙LINE-1逆轉(zhuǎn)錄.
研究表明來(lái)源于大鼠的APOBEC1能抑制HIV-1等外源性逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒的復(fù)制[34,38-39],IKEDA等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)自小型嚙齒動(dòng)物的幾種APOBEC1以及兔源APOBEC1能夠不受病毒感染因子(Vif)的影響,通過(guò)其C端與HIV-1 Gag蛋白核衣殼結(jié)構(gòu)域的相互作用,摻入HIV-1病毒粒子中從而抑制HIV-1復(fù)制,如圖6所示,其中兔源APOBEC1因能更有效地?fù)饺際IV-1病毒粒子中而顯示出最大抑制活性.抑制作用大部分依賴APOBEC1對(duì)病毒RNA的胞苷脫氨基化活性,及對(duì)HIV-1原病毒DNA的脫氨基活性,對(duì)脫氨基活性位點(diǎn)Glu63的突變不影響APOBEC1摻入病毒粒子,卻導(dǎo)致兔源APOBEC1的HIV-1的抑制作用大部分喪失.遺憾的是,與嚙齒動(dòng)物APOBEC1氨基酸序列相似性高達(dá)70%的人源APOBEC1卻幾乎不能抑制HIV-1[38-42].為了發(fā)現(xiàn)參與APOBEC1識(shí)別病毒基因而抑制HIV-1感染的氨基酸序列,IKEDA等[5]構(gòu)建了一系列兔源和人源APOBEC1的嵌合蛋白.結(jié)果顯示:兔源APOBEC1在C端的一段亮氨酸富集區(qū)域以及2個(gè)二聚化結(jié)構(gòu)域不僅能幫助APOBEC1結(jié)合到HIV-1病毒粒子中,同時(shí)參與了APOBEC1對(duì)病毒DNA以及RNA的脫氨基過(guò)程.其他因素,如蛋白質(zhì)的正確折疊與修飾、各種細(xì)胞因子的參與等,是APOBEC1發(fā)揮最大抗HIV-1活性所必需的.在未來(lái)的研究中,全面地闡明APOBEC1對(duì)病毒DNA/RNA催化脫氨基化的分子機(jī)制,有利于完善APOBEC家族保護(hù)宿主免受逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒侵害的防御機(jī)制.
盡管對(duì)APOBEC1抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒活性的研究已有很多,但近期一份針對(duì)APOBEC1缺陷小鼠的研究數(shù)據(jù)指出APOBEC1既不能限制急性FV(MLV病毒的一種)復(fù)制,也不能催化FV基因組突變[43],這與早期的體外研究結(jié)果相悖[12,34].因此并非所有體外有效的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒限制因子在體內(nèi)都具有相關(guān)功能.基于某些限制因子,開發(fā)抗病毒策略可能為時(shí)過(guò)早,APOBEC1作為逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒限制因子是否具有生物意義,應(yīng)該經(jīng)過(guò)APOBEC1敲除的小鼠模型的篩選確定后才能進(jìn)行深入的基礎(chǔ)研究和轉(zhuǎn)化研究[44].
1.5 APOBEC1在腫瘤形成中的作用
對(duì)RNA的編輯和調(diào)節(jié)功能已被證實(shí)在腫瘤形成中起重要作用[45-46].研究表明,DNA/RNA胞苷脫氨酶APOBEC家族誘變模式在人類癌癥中也廣泛存在[47],已經(jīng)觀察到多個(gè)APOBEC家族成員與癌癥關(guān)聯(lián)[48-51].而APOBEC1曾被報(bào)道在哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)很多不存在ApoB mRNA的組織中廣泛表達(dá)[43],對(duì)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄組的大范圍測(cè)序鑒定了32個(gè)新的受APOBEC1編輯的RNA靶標(biāo),這些靶標(biāo)均位于RNA 3'-非翻譯區(qū)(3'UTR)的AU富集元件(ARE)[52].這些APOBEC1新的RNA靶標(biāo)囊括了許多重要的細(xì)胞因子.通過(guò)調(diào)控RNA靶標(biāo),APOBEC1直接或間接參與了一些重要的生理過(guò)程.
APOBEC1結(jié)合環(huán)氧合酶2(COX-2)的mRNA,促進(jìn)COX-2 mRNA穩(wěn)定表達(dá)[53],是胃腸道環(huán)境中COX-2 mRNA的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子.APOBEC1基因缺失的小鼠小腸上皮細(xì)胞COX-2表達(dá)被抑制,導(dǎo)致其受輻射損傷產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞凋亡水平增加[53].敲除APOBEC1表達(dá)的APCmin/+小鼠,將減少因COX-2引起的胃腸道息肉和腫瘤的數(shù)量[54].APOBEC1還在腦缺血大鼠的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞中以相同的方式上調(diào)COX-2蛋白的表達(dá),以影響腦缺血大鼠的發(fā)炎癥狀[55].由于APOBEC1在腸道、肝臟、樹突細(xì)胞以及免疫系統(tǒng)中編輯了大量的轉(zhuǎn)錄物[56-60],APOBEC1的遺傳失活將影響巨噬細(xì)胞中重要基因(如LAMP1,Rac1,Kras等)的表達(dá)水平,并影響它的特殊細(xì)胞功能[56].APOBEC1還能結(jié)合原癌基因c-Myc mRNA的3'UTR以增加其穩(wěn)定性[61].在HuH7.5肝癌細(xì)胞系中,APOBEC1與異質(zhì)核核糖核蛋白Q同種型6(hnRNPQ6)相互作用,共同穩(wěn)定白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL8)mRNA,助長(zhǎng)癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)[62];
APOBEC1介導(dǎo)的RNA編輯與腫瘤形成的第一個(gè)直接聯(lián)系是在1995年被發(fā)現(xiàn)的.在轉(zhuǎn)基因兔和小鼠肝臟中過(guò)表達(dá)兔源APOBEC1最終導(dǎo)致肝臟發(fā)育不良和原發(fā)性肝癌[63].隨后研究證實(shí)了APOBEC1通過(guò)編輯轉(zhuǎn)錄因子來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)癌癥相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[64],如APOBEC1編輯神經(jīng)纖維蛋白1(NF-1)mRNA,從而阻礙NF-1的腫瘤抑制功能,導(dǎo)致與1型神經(jīng)纖維瘤相關(guān)的神經(jīng)腫瘤發(fā)生[65].敲除小鼠神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中的APOBEC1基因致使中年小鼠大腦處于促炎環(huán)境,同時(shí)伴隨著髓鞘形成異常、溶酶體表達(dá)異常,以及年齡相關(guān)的神經(jīng)退化等一系列中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變[66],進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)APOBEC1編輯小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中多個(gè)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄組,其中對(duì)溶酶體膜蛋白2(LAMP2)的mRNA脫氨基化,最終導(dǎo)致溶酶體豐度的降低,進(jìn)而影響小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的部分正常功能[66],顯示RNA編輯或許能作為大腦疾病的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo).APOBEC1驅(qū)動(dòng)的mRNA編輯還被證明與肺腺癌有關(guān)[67],對(duì)睪丸生殖細(xì)胞腫瘤(TGCT)小鼠模型的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)缺乏APOBEC1可影響TGCT易感性[68],這種影響以跨代的方式表現(xiàn),暗示APOBEC1可能通過(guò)RNA編輯的方式調(diào)節(jié)表觀遺傳變化[69].
概括來(lái)說(shuō),APOBEC1調(diào)控RNA主要通過(guò)2種方式:一是與RNA 3'UTR ARE結(jié)合來(lái)修飾轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的衰變速度從而延長(zhǎng)其壽命,最終使相關(guān)基因穩(wěn)定表達(dá)[55];二是直接編輯細(xì)胞因子的mRNA導(dǎo)致胞嘧啶突變?yōu)槟蜞奏?盡管有研究認(rèn)為APOBEC1參與癌癥的發(fā)病的機(jī)制可能是直接調(diào)控相關(guān)的DNA[70],但目前大部分成果顯示APOBEC1通過(guò)上述2種方式調(diào)控癌癥相關(guān)RNA的穩(wěn)定性.
2 展 望
APOBEC1是APOBEC家族第一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的成員,是ApoB mRNA C-to-U編輯的特異性脫氨基催化酶,通過(guò)與已知結(jié)構(gòu)的同源蛋白序列比對(duì)、結(jié)構(gòu)模擬以及一系列突變實(shí)驗(yàn),已經(jīng)確定了APOBEC1的鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域、脫氨基催化活性位點(diǎn)、C端二聚結(jié)構(gòu)域以及亮氨酸富集區(qū).盡管如此,APOBEC1如何與輔助蛋白形成復(fù)合物編輯酶對(duì)ApoB mRNA進(jìn)行C-to-U編輯,尚需APOBEC1相關(guān)的晶體、核磁或電鏡結(jié)構(gòu)的驗(yàn)證.但由于APOBEC1難以表達(dá)純化,其結(jié)構(gòu)研究一直進(jìn)展緩慢.
APOBEC1自身能夠靶向轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的AU序列,但在ApoB mRNA脫氨基過(guò)程中卻需要輔助蛋白結(jié)合特異性識(shí)別序列,因?yàn)閷?duì)C6666脫氨基化不僅需要固定ApoB mRNA,還要將底物堅(jiān)固的莖環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)態(tài)性增強(qiáng),使C6666與APOBEC1催化活性中心相互靠近,才能最終發(fā)揮脫氨基活性.那么APOBEC1在調(diào)控其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,如結(jié)合COX-2 mRNA或編輯LAMP-2 mRNA時(shí),是否需要輔助蛋白呢?研究這些mRNA是否具有與ApoB mRNA相似的堅(jiān)固構(gòu)象或許有助于解答這個(gè)問(wèn)題.過(guò)去發(fā)現(xiàn)ApoB mRNA C-to-U編輯幾乎都發(fā)生在細(xì)胞核中,而曾經(jīng)假定的APOBEC1核定位信號(hào)(NLS)并不能引導(dǎo)APOBEC1定位于細(xì)胞核[71],APOBEC1的細(xì)胞核定位可能依賴輔助蛋白的運(yùn)輸[20,22,72],所以輔助蛋白不僅具備結(jié)合核酸底物的能力,而且在細(xì)胞核-細(xì)胞質(zhì)運(yùn)輸方面也發(fā)揮著重要的作用.另外,使用26~102 nt的ApoB mRNA發(fā)現(xiàn)底物的增長(zhǎng)將提高編輯效率[72],在FOSSAT等[4]給出的模型中可以看到A1CF與特異性結(jié)合序列的下游結(jié)合.目前的實(shí)驗(yàn)尚不能完全模擬出體內(nèi)ApoB mRNA底物狀態(tài),要闡釋體內(nèi)ApoB mRNA C-to-U編輯的真實(shí)分子機(jī)制,需要解析出ApoB mRNA-APOBEC1-RBM47-A1CF復(fù)合物的真實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu).隨著對(duì)APOBEC1研究的不斷深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)APOBEC1的脫氨基催化活性在抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒中發(fā)揮著作用,最引人注目的是嚙齒動(dòng)物和兔源APOBEC1具有不受Vif影響的抗HIV-1活性,其中兔源APOBEC1能夠高效地?fù)饺氩《玖W硬⒅苯泳庉嫴《净蚪M,但脫氨基活性位點(diǎn)Glu63的突變并不能完全消除兔源APOBEC1的HIV-1抑制作用,說(shuō)明兔源APOBEC1還以一種較弱的,不同于脫氨基催化的機(jī)制抵抗HIV-1,闡明這種機(jī)制有助于加深對(duì)APOBEC家族抗病毒功能的理解.
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(責(zé)任編輯:郁 慧,顧浩然)
收稿日期: 2019-12-20
基金項(xiàng)目: 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(21778065;91753119)
作者簡(jiǎn)介: 周冰涵(1995—),女,碩士研究生,主要從事結(jié)構(gòu)生物學(xué)方面的研究.E-mail:bingham_Z@outlook.com
通信作者: 曹春陽(yáng)(1970—),男,研究員,主要從事結(jié)構(gòu)生物學(xué)方面的研究.E-mail:ccao@mail.sioc.ac.cn
引用格式: 周冰涵,嚴(yán)小璇,藍(lán)文賢,等.胞嘧啶脫氨基酶APOBEC1研究進(jìn)展 [J].上海師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2020,49(2):234-244.
Citation format:?ZHOU B H,YAN X X,LAN W X,et al.Research advances on cytosine deaminase APOBEC1 [J].Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Natural Sciences),2020,49(2):234-244.