鄭艷文 鄔海燕 胡立紅 姜貽乾
【摘要】 目的:探討肥胖與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)患者日間嗜睡關(guān)系及對(duì)OSAHS患者影響。方法:經(jīng)多導(dǎo)睡眠圖(PSG)及體重指數(shù)(BMI)測(cè)評(píng),分為OSAHS伴肥胖組40例,OSAHS不伴肥胖組38例,單純肥胖組42例,測(cè)定三組體重指數(shù)(BMI)、呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)、夜間最低血氧飽和度、愛潑沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)評(píng)分、血清瘦素(LEP)水平并進(jìn)行對(duì)比,分析ESS評(píng)分與AHI及LEP水平相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:OSAHS伴肥胖組ESS評(píng)分、LEP水平均高于OSAHS不伴肥胖組及單純肥胖組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);OSAHS不伴肥胖組ESS評(píng)分高于單純肥胖組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);OSAHS伴肥胖組ESS評(píng)分與LEP水平呈明顯正相關(guān)性,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:OSAHS伴肥胖患者日間嗜睡癥狀與肥胖有關(guān),而日間嗜睡發(fā)病機(jī)制可能與LEP水平變化有關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征 肥胖 嗜睡 瘦素
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the relationship between obesity and daytime sleepiness in patients with OSAHS and its effects on patients with OSAHS. Method: After polysomnography (PSG) and body mass index (BMI) evaluation, 40 cases in the OSAHS with obesity group, 38 cases in the OSAHS without obesity group, and 42 cases in the simple obesity group. Body mass indexes (BMI), apnea hypopnea indexes (AHI), nighttime minimum oxygen saturation, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores and serum leptin (LEP) levels were measured and compared among the three groups, and the correlation between ESS score and AHI and LEP levels was analyzed. Result: The ESS score and LEP level of the OSAHS with obesity group were higher than those of the OSAHS without obesity group and the simple obesity group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The ESS score of the OSAHS without obesity group was higher than that of the simple obesity group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between ESS score and LEP level in the OSAHS with obesity group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The symptoms of daytime sleepiness in patients with OSAHS and obesity are related to obesity, and the pathogenesis of daytime sleepiness may be related to LEP level changes.
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是以在睡眠過程中反復(fù)發(fā)生呼吸暫停、低通氣及微覺醒為特征的疾病[1]。OSAHS是睡眠障礙中最常見疾病[2]。肥胖為OSAHS患者首要危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。日間嗜睡是OSAHS患者常見的臨床表現(xiàn)之一,16%~22%的OSAHS患者存在日間嗜睡[4]。研究顯示,OSAHS患者日間嗜睡與夜間缺氧程度及AHI相關(guān),且患者BMI與AHI呈正相關(guān)[5]。但目前關(guān)于肥胖與日間嗜睡的獨(dú)立關(guān)系的研究不多,且機(jī)制不清。肥胖程度與血清中瘦素濃度變化密切相關(guān)[6]。本研究通過對(duì)比是否伴肥胖的OSAHS患者日間嗜睡情況及血清瘦素水平,進(jìn)一步探討肥胖與OSAHS患者日間嗜睡關(guān)系及可能影響機(jī)制。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
研究對(duì)象均來自杭州市蕭山區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院門診、住院或健康體檢中心,研究時(shí)間為2017年9月-2019年7月。OSAHS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):夜間7 h睡眠中呼吸暫停及低通氣反復(fù)發(fā)作>30次或AHI≥5次/h,且以阻塞性呼吸暫停為主[7]。中國(guó)單純性肥胖診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):超重為BMI 25~26 kg/m2,肥胖為BMI>26 kg/m2。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):心血管疾病、腦部疾病、老年癡呆、智力障礙、未控制的糖尿病、惡性腫瘤、甲狀腺疾病、維生素缺乏、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、間質(zhì)性肺疾病等。經(jīng)多導(dǎo)睡眠圖(PSG)及體重指數(shù)(BMI)測(cè)評(píng),分為OSAHS伴肥胖組40例,OSAHS不伴肥胖組38例,單純肥胖組42例。研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)同意,患者均簽訂知情同意書。
1.2 方法
囑患者晚8點(diǎn)后禁飲食、飲水,次日清晨7點(diǎn)于臥位、空腹?fàn)顟B(tài)下抽取靜脈血15 ml,置于試管內(nèi)并加入EDTA抗凝,30 min內(nèi)于2 ℃~8 ℃條件下以1 000 g離心15 min,取上清液置于-20 ℃冰箱中保存。采用化學(xué)發(fā)光酶免疫分析法測(cè)定血清瘦素(LEP)水平,試劑盒由上??道噬锟萍加邢薰咎峁袠?biāo)本均嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書操作。
PSG監(jiān)測(cè):采用全數(shù)字多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)(美國(guó)安波瀾Embla N7000)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行夜間連續(xù)7 h以上的監(jiān)測(cè)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)對(duì)比三組臨床情況,包括一般情況(年齡、BMI)、AHI、ESS評(píng)分、最低血氧飽和度及LEP水平。AHI分級(jí):輕度5~15次/h,中度15~30次/h,重度>30次/h。嗜睡程度采用ESS量表進(jìn)行評(píng)估:詢問患者過去2周中8種不同日間活動(dòng)情景及打瞌睡或可能睡著的程度,總分0~24分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高,嗜睡程度越重。(2)分析ESS評(píng)分與AHI及LEP水平相關(guān)性。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 23.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,呈正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用F檢驗(yàn),ESS評(píng)分與AHI及LEP水平相關(guān)性采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組臨床情況比較
三組年齡比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);OSAHS伴肥胖組與OSAHS不伴肥胖組AHI、最低血氧飽和度比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);OSAHS伴肥胖組與單純肥胖組BMI比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);OSAHS伴肥胖組ESS評(píng)分、LEP水平均高于OSAHS不伴肥胖組及單純肥胖組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);OSAHS不伴肥胖組ESS評(píng)分高于單純肥胖組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 OSAHS伴肥胖組ESS評(píng)分與AHI及LEP水平相關(guān)性
ESS評(píng)分與LEP水平呈正相關(guān)性,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);ESS評(píng)分與AHI無明顯相關(guān)性,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。
3 討論
OSAHS是由間歇低氧導(dǎo)致的氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥反應(yīng),可對(duì)機(jī)體造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷[8]。由于肥胖患者上氣道狹窄程度較嚴(yán)重,腹部及胸廓脂肪堆積,縱向氣管牽張力及咽壁張力減弱,胸壁順應(yīng)性下降,致使肺容量進(jìn)一步下降,加重阻塞程度[9]。目前研究認(rèn)為,睡眠片段化及低氧血癥與OSAHS患者日間嗜睡有一定關(guān)系[10]。瘦素是脂肪組織和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)間網(wǎng)絡(luò)聯(lián)系的外周信號(hào),可通過血-腦屏障與下丘腦的特異性受體結(jié)合,并作用于下丘腦弓狀核,使攝食相關(guān)神經(jīng)肽合成與分泌減少,從而降低食欲,增加能量消耗,加速脂肪分解,抑制脂肪合成,是預(yù)測(cè)肥胖敏感指標(biāo)。研究顯示,肥胖程度及間歇性缺氧時(shí)間等與血清中瘦素(Leptin)濃度密切相關(guān)[6]。肥胖伴OSAHS患者體內(nèi)的血清瘦素水平比非肥胖伴OSAHS患者明顯偏高[11]。
既往研究顯示,OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度與日間嗜睡有明顯相關(guān)性[12]。本研究顯示,OSAHS伴肥胖患者日間嗜睡癥狀較OSAHS不伴肥胖及單純肥胖患者明顯,同時(shí)LEP水平明顯升高;此外,相關(guān)分析顯示,LEP水平與ESS評(píng)分呈明顯正相關(guān)。說明肥胖為OSAHS患者日間嗜睡的影響因素??赡軝C(jī)制:(1)肥胖患者尤其頸部肥胖患者可增加低氧血癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),引起睡眠-喚醒過程中交感神經(jīng)過度興奮,導(dǎo)致夜間深睡眠不足,日間嗜睡加重。(2)OSAHS伴肥胖患者體內(nèi)存在瘦素抵抗,可導(dǎo)致中央呼吸控制機(jī)制的缺陷及周圍和中央化學(xué)感受器的不良反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致呼吸節(jié)律發(fā)生紊亂,影響機(jī)體氧合狀態(tài),從而造成白天嗜睡[13]。Lecube等[14]描述,胰島素抵抗及瘦素抵抗可產(chǎn)生更嚴(yán)重的睡眠呼吸暫停癥狀及更高的睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù),從而導(dǎo)致白天嗜睡。(3)其他因素,如代謝異常、炎癥反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激引起睡眠片段化等[15-16]。此外,肥胖可加重OSAHS患者白天嗜睡程度。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),瘦素水平與日間嗜睡程度呈正相關(guān),說明肥胖為OSAHS患者日間嗜睡的相關(guān)因素。但本試驗(yàn)樣本數(shù)量未能達(dá)到大樣本數(shù)量要求,且未考慮缺氧程度的影響作用,因此日后還需進(jìn)一步實(shí)施相關(guān)試驗(yàn)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]中國(guó)醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)委員會(huì).成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停多學(xué)科診療指南[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,98(24):1902-1914.
[2] Peromaa-Haavisto P,Tuomilehto H,K?ssi J,et al.Obstructive sleep apnea:the effect of bariatric surgery after 12 months.A prospective multicenter trial[J].Sleep Medicine,2017,7(35):85-90.
[3] Carneiro G,Zanella M T.Obesity metabolic and hormonal disorders associated with obstructive sleep apnea and their impact on the risk of cardiovascular events[J].Metabolism,2018,7(84):76-84.
[4] Kapur V K,Baldwin C M,Resnick H E,et al.Sleepiness in patients with moderate to severe sleep-disordered breathing[J].Sleep,2005,28(4):472-477.
[5] Magne F,Gomez E,Marchal O,et al.Evolution and predictive factors of improvement of obstructive sleep apnea in an obese population after bariatric surgery[J].Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine,2019,15(10):1509-1516.
[6] Pamuk A E,Süslü A E,Yalcinkaya A,et al.The serum leptin level in non-obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea[J].Auris Nasus Larynx,2018,45(4):796-800.
[7]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)呼吸病學(xué)分會(huì)睡眠呼吸障礙學(xué)組.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征診治指南(2011年修訂版)[J].中華結(jié)核和呼吸雜志,2012,35(1):19-22.
[8]鄭艷文,欽光躍,張穎,等.經(jīng)鼻氣道持續(xù)正壓通氣對(duì)OSAHS伴夜尿增多患者腎損傷影響作用[J].實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,34(24):4120-4122.
[9] Jeong J I,Gu S,Cho J,et al.Impact of gender and sleep position on relationships between anthropometric parameters and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome[J].Sleep Breath,2017,21(2):535-541.
[10] Kainulainen S,T?yr?s J,Oksenberg A,et al.Severity of desaturations reflects OSA-related daytime sleepiness better than AHI[J].Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine,2019,15(8):1135-1142.
[11] Imayama I,Prasad B.Role of leptin in obstructive sleep apnea[J].Annals of the American Thoracic Society,2017,14(11):1607-1621.
[12] Iannella G,Vicini C,Colizza A,et al.Aging effect on sleepiness and apneas severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome:a meta-analysis study[J].European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology,2019,276(12):3549-3556.
[13] Bassi M,F(xiàn)uruya W I,Zoccal D B,et al.Control of respiratory and cardiovascular functions by leptin[J].Life Sciences,2015,125(15):25-31.
[14] Lecube A,Romero O,Sampol G,et al.Sleep biosignature of type 2 diabetes: a case-control study[J].Diabetic Medicine,2017,34(1):79-85.
[15] Stolarczyk E.Adipose tissue inflammation in obesity:a metabolic or immune response?[J].Current Opinion in Pharmacology,2017,37(11):35-40.
[16] Bingol Z,Karaayvaz E B,Telci A,et al.Leptin and adiponectin levels in obstructive sleep apnea phenotypes[J].Biomarkers in Medicine,2019,13(10):865-874.
(收稿日期:2019-12-25) (本文編輯:李盈)