尹勝 汪洋 董永飛 鮑得俊 魏祥品
摘要:目的? 探討中青年患者輕度顱腦損傷后形成慢性硬膜下血腫的危險(xiǎn)因素。方法? 回顧性分析2018年1月~2019年5月安徽省立醫(yī)院收治的輕度顱腦損傷患者236例,根據(jù)年齡分為青年組(18~44歲)116例和中年組(45~60歲)120例,另根據(jù)頭顱CT復(fù)查結(jié)果將兩個(gè)年齡組患者進(jìn)一步分成CSDH患者和無(wú)CSDH患者,分析年齡組中CSDH患者和無(wú)CSDH患者各臨床指標(biāo)與慢性硬膜下血腫形成的關(guān)系,并采用Logistic回歸分析不同年齡組創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的因素,采用ROC曲線分析腦實(shí)質(zhì)距顱骨最大距離(Dm)預(yù)測(cè)CSDH形成的準(zhǔn)確性。結(jié)果? 青年組CSDH患者與無(wú)CSDH患者的Dm、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、顱骨骨折及急性硬膜外血腫占比比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);中年組CSDH患者與無(wú)CSDH患者的Dm、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、顱骨骨折及急性硬膜外血腫、高血壓、糖尿病、抗凝/抗血小板治療占比、吸煙飲酒量比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,Dm、顱骨骨折及蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫是青年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;Dm、顱骨骨折、高血壓及抗凝/抗血小板治療是中年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。ROC曲線分析顯示,青年組曲線下面積為0.780,最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.5 mm,預(yù)測(cè)CSDH形成敏感度為58.33%,特異性為86.96%;中年組ROC曲線下面積為0.855,最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.6 mm,預(yù)測(cè)CSDH形成敏感度為90.00%,特異性為80.00%。結(jié)論? 青年患者創(chuàng)傷后形成慢性硬膜下血腫的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素是腦實(shí)質(zhì)與顱骨間的最大距離、顱骨骨折及蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫;中年患者獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素是腦實(shí)質(zhì)與顱骨間的最大距離、顱骨骨折、抗凝/抗血小板治療及高血壓。同時(shí)青年患者硬膜外血腫,中年患者硬膜外血腫、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、糖尿病、飲酒及吸煙亦與創(chuàng)傷后慢性硬膜下血腫的形成有相關(guān)性,有以上臨床特征者應(yīng)加強(qiáng)臨床隨訪。
關(guān)鍵詞:顱腦損傷;慢性硬膜下血腫;危險(xiǎn)因素
中圖分類號(hào):R651.1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.09.019
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)09-0062-05
Risk Factors for the Formation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Young
and Middle-aged Patients with Mild Head Injury
YIN Sheng,WANG Yang,DONG Yong-fei,BAO De-jun,WEI Xiang-pin
(Department of Neurosurgery,Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230036,Anhui,China)
Abstract:Objective? To explore the risk factors of chronic subdural hematoma in young and middle-aged patients after mild head injury.Methods A retrospective analysis of 236 patients with mild craniocerebral injury admitted to Anhui Provincial Hospital from January 2018 to May 2019 was divided into youth group (18 to 44 years old) 116 cases and 120 patients in the middle-aged group (45 to 60 years old) ,which were further divided into CSDH patients and patients without CSDH according to the results of head CT review.The relationship between the clinical indicators and the formation of SCDH in the two age? groups were analyzed.The logistical regression was used to further evaluate the statistically significant indicators in different age? groups, and the ROC curve was used to analyze the accuracy of predicting the formation of CSDH by the maximum distance(Dm) of the brain parenchyma from the skull.Results? The proportions of Dm, arachnoid cyst, skull fracture and acute epidural hematoma in CSDH patients and those without CSDH were statistically significant(P<0.05); The difference in Dm, arachnoid cyst, skull fracture and acute epidural hematoma, hypertension, diabetes, anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy, smoking and alcohol consumption between CSDH patients and patients without CSDH in the middle-aged group was statistically significant(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that Dm, skull fractures and arachnoid cysts were independent risk factors for the formation of post-traumatic CSDH in young patients; Middle-aged patients independent risk factors for the formation of post-trauma CSDH included Dm, skull fracture, hypertension and anticoagulation/antiplate therapy.ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of the youth group was 0.780, and the best cut-off value was 3.5 mm. The sensitivity of CSDH formation was 58.33% and the specificity was 86.96%.The area under the ROC curve of the middle-aged group was 0.855, and the optimal cutoff value was 2.6 mm. The sensitivity of CSDH formation was predicted to be 90.00%, and the specificity was 80.00%.Conclusion? The independent risk factors for chronic subdural hematoma after trauma in young patients are the maximum distance between brain parenchyma and skull, skull fracture and arachnoid cyst; the independent risk factors for middle-aged patients are the maximum distance between brain parenchyma and skull, skull fracture, anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy and hypertension. At the same time, young patients with epidural hematoma, middle-aged patients with epidural hematoma, arachnoid cyst, diabetes, drinking and smoking are also associated with the formation of chronic subdural hematoma after trauma. Those with above clinical features should strengthen clinical follow-up.
Key words:Head injury;Chronic subdural hematoma;Risk factors
外傷性顱腦損傷(traumatic brain injury,TBI)是神經(jīng)外科主要急重癥之一,其中輕型占據(jù)大部分,因其臨床癥狀輕微,甚至無(wú)明顯癥狀[1],常被忽視,尤其是中青年人。輕度顱腦損傷是神經(jīng)外科常見(jiàn)疾病之一,也是慢性硬膜下血腫(chronic subdural hematoma,CSDH)的重要誘因,大多數(shù)CSDH患者有外傷病史[2],多數(shù)患者病程進(jìn)展緩慢,早期常無(wú)明顯癥狀,或僅有輕微頭痛,未能及時(shí)就診,逐漸進(jìn)展可出現(xiàn)記憶減退、偏癱、意識(shí)障礙甚至腦疝[2]。本文旨在探討中青年患者輕度顱腦損傷后形成CSDH的危險(xiǎn)因素,為臨床診療提供依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料? 回顧性分析2018年1月~2019年5月安徽省立醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科因有頭顱CT有陽(yáng)性表現(xiàn)的輕度顱腦外傷入院的中青年患者236例。按年齡分成青年患者組(18~44歲)116例,男性83例,女性33例;中年患者組(45~60歲)120例,男性86例,女性34例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:①年齡18~60歲;②入院GCS評(píng)分13~15分,為輕度顱腦損傷[3];③相關(guān)病歷資料完備(部分患者致傷不明也納入其中)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①住院治療過(guò)程中顱腦損傷程度加重,進(jìn)展為中、重度;②在隨訪期間再次受到顱腦損傷;③患者失訪。
1.2方法? 收集患者臨床資料,包括年齡、性別、致傷原因及機(jī)制、基礎(chǔ)疾病包括高血壓、糖尿病、腦梗等,抗凝/抗血小板治療史,既往腦部手術(shù)史,吸煙及飲酒史、CT陽(yáng)性表現(xiàn)包括顱骨骨折、急性硬膜外血腫、急性硬膜下血腫、創(chuàng)傷性硬膜下積液、腦內(nèi)血腫、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫及腦實(shí)質(zhì)距顱骨最大距離(Dm,圖1)。隨訪3個(gè)月,復(fù)查頭顱CT資料,根據(jù)是否有CSDH形成將兩個(gè)年齡組患者進(jìn)一步分成CSDH患者和無(wú)CSDH患者。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 采用SPSS 24.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用?字2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)。采用多因素Logistic回歸分析創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的因素。采用GraphPad Prism 5.0軟件作ROC曲線。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1不同年齡組中有無(wú)CSDH臨床特征比較? 青年組中CSDH患者24例,中年組中CSDH患者20例。青年患者中CSDH與無(wú)CSDH患者的Dm、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、顱骨骨折及急性硬膜外血腫占比比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);中年組中CSDH與無(wú)CSDH患者的Dm、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、顱骨骨折及急性硬膜外血腫、高血壓、糖尿病、抗凝/抗血小板治療占比、吸煙飲酒量比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2不同年齡組創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的多因素分析? Dm、顱骨骨折及蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫是青年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05);Dm、顱骨骨折、高血壓及抗凝/抗血小板治療是中年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 Dm預(yù)測(cè)CSDH形成的準(zhǔn)確性分析? 為進(jìn)一步揭示Dm與CSDH關(guān)系,ROC曲線分析顯示,青年組曲線下面積為0.780,最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.5 mm,預(yù)測(cè)CSDH形成敏感度為58.33%,特異性為86.96%。中年組ROC曲線下面積為0.855,最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.6 mm,預(yù)測(cè)CSDH形成敏感度為90.00%,特異性為80.00%,見(jiàn)圖2。
3討論
CSDH形成的機(jī)制目前尚未完全闡明,早期認(rèn)為外傷后從腦實(shí)質(zhì)引流到硬腦膜靜脈竇的橋靜脈撕裂出血,血腫逐漸積聚形成CSDH[4],但此理論不能很好地解釋血腫緩慢進(jìn)展的過(guò)程。有研究提出[5],硬腦膜內(nèi)面的硬腦膜邊界細(xì)胞(dural border cells)損傷,啟動(dòng)了炎癥反應(yīng),促使硬腦膜邊界細(xì)胞增生,形成包裹血腫的包膜,其壁層上有著豐富的不成熟的毛細(xì)血管,易反復(fù)滲血。CSDH形成的本質(zhì)是血腫積聚的趨勢(shì)超過(guò)了吸收[5],在此過(guò)程中有眾多因素參與。有研究表明[6-8],腦萎縮、創(chuàng)傷性硬膜下積液、抗凝/抗血小板治療、高血壓、糖尿病、腦梗、腦部手術(shù)史、飲酒等是老年人創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的重要影響因素。目前有關(guān)CSDH危險(xiǎn)因素的研究人群大多為老年人,而關(guān)于中青年創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的危險(xiǎn)因素研究較少,但中青年作為顱腦外傷的重要人群,了解其創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的危險(xiǎn)因素,有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)CSDH,早期干預(yù)治療,對(duì)于改善中青年患者預(yù)后具有重要意義。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,青年組中CSDH與無(wú)CSDH患者的年齡、性別、受傷原因、受傷機(jī)制、急性硬膜下血腫、創(chuàng)傷性硬膜下積液、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦內(nèi)出血、高血壓、糖尿病、腦梗、抽煙、飲酒比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);青年患者中CSDH與無(wú)CSDH患者的Dm、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、顱骨骨折及急性硬膜外血腫占比比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。中年組中CSDH與無(wú)CSDH患者的年齡、性別、受傷原因、受傷機(jī)制、急性硬膜下血腫、創(chuàng)傷性硬膜下積液、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦內(nèi)出血、腦梗、腦外傷術(shù)后、腦積水比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);中年組中CSDH與無(wú)CSDH患者的Dm、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、顱骨骨折及急性硬膜外血腫、高血壓、糖尿病、抗凝/抗血小板治療占比、吸煙飲酒量比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,Dm是青、中年創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。硬膜下腔隙的存在是CSDH基礎(chǔ)之一[9],其大小以腦實(shí)質(zhì)距顱骨的最大距離來(lái)量化。Dm作為青、中年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,同時(shí)其數(shù)值3.5、 2.6 mm可作為預(yù)測(cè)青、中年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的一個(gè)較準(zhǔn)確指標(biāo)。硬膜下腔隙成因最常見(jiàn)的為腦萎縮,腦萎縮與年齡增長(zhǎng)相關(guān),在50歲以上的人群中,大腦的質(zhì)量可減少近200 g,導(dǎo)致腦外容積增加多達(dá)11%[10]。在有充足的硬膜下空間的患者中,大腦在顱腔內(nèi)活動(dòng)度大,輕微的損傷即可使邊界細(xì)胞層分離,橋靜脈拉緊撕裂。雖然腦萎縮在老年人中更為明顯,但有研究表明[6],在低于65歲患者中,腦萎縮與CSDH的相關(guān)性甚至更為顯著。創(chuàng)傷性硬膜下積液亦是硬膜下腔增大的常見(jiàn)原因之一。有研究顯示[11],積液演變成CSDH的比率在11.6%~58%[12],但這種演變多發(fā)生在10歲以下兒童或60歲以上老人。而本研究結(jié)果顯示,中、青年組中CSDH與無(wú)CSDH患者的硬膜下積液比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),可能是因?yàn)橹小⑶嗄昊颊咭蚰X組織相對(duì)飽滿,硬膜下積液一般不多,因此對(duì)CSDH影響較小。
此外,本研究結(jié)果顯示,存在顱骨骨折是青、中年創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。對(duì)于此因素,目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)有相關(guān)研究者進(jìn)行探討,推測(cè)可能是外力使顱骨形變移位的過(guò)程中,硬腦膜邊界細(xì)胞及橋靜脈損傷的可能性更大,從而形成CSDH,但具體機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究驗(yàn)證。急性硬膜外血腫也是影響青、中年患者CSDH形成的危險(xiǎn)因素,可能與硬膜外血腫多因外傷致顱骨骨折撕裂腦膜中動(dòng)脈或靜脈出血所致有關(guān)[22]。蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫是一種先天性發(fā)育異常病變,年輕人多見(jiàn)[13],被認(rèn)為是年輕患者特有的CSDH危險(xiǎn)因素。外傷后硬腦膜與蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫之間的橋靜脈或其上橫行的靜脈撕裂是CSDH形成的基礎(chǔ);同時(shí),蛛網(wǎng)膜撕裂,腦脊液流入硬膜下腔,可促進(jìn)邊界細(xì)胞增生,包膜形成[14,15]。本研究中蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫是青年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,同時(shí)在中年患者中,蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫亦與創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成相關(guān)。研究表明,蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫在普通人群發(fā)病率為0.3%~2.6%[14],蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫患者繼發(fā)CSDH的發(fā)生率約4.6%[15],蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫合并CSDH在臨床中是相當(dāng)少見(jiàn)的病例。因此,目前大多數(shù)對(duì)于蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫相關(guān)的CSDH研究,均為病案報(bào)道[14],其作為CSDH形成的危險(xiǎn)因素的證據(jù)并不充分。本研究中高血壓是中年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。血腦屏障可隨年齡增大逐漸受到損害,此時(shí)高血壓可導(dǎo)致更高的顱內(nèi)壓,Johnston IH等[16]研究表明,顱內(nèi)壓升高可導(dǎo)致腦內(nèi)靜脈內(nèi)壓力的升高。因而高血壓患者中橋靜脈壓力較高,受傷時(shí)更易撕裂出血。同時(shí),更高的血壓使得血腫壁毛細(xì)血管靜水壓更高,增加了其反復(fù)出血的可能性和出血量[17]。而高血壓在青年患者中較少見(jiàn),且年紀(jì)較輕,血腦屏障完整,其對(duì)青年患者影響小。
近年來(lái)CSDH發(fā)病率增高部分歸因于抗凝、抗血小板治療在老年人的廣泛應(yīng)用[18]。一般認(rèn)為,不同藥物雖然影響凝血過(guò)程的機(jī)制不同,但均阻礙了顱內(nèi)小血管滲血的凝血過(guò)程,促進(jìn)了血腫的擴(kuò)大[8,18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,抗凝/抗血小板治療是中年患者CSDH的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。臨床中,服用抗凝或抗血小板藥物者一般為缺血性心臟病、腦血管疾病、靜脈血栓形成、心臟換瓣術(shù)后等患者,這些疾病一般多見(jiàn)于年紀(jì)較大人群中,青年人少見(jiàn)。本研究青年組患者無(wú)抗凝/抗血小板藥物服藥史,因而此指標(biāo)對(duì)青年患者無(wú)影響。本研究中糖尿病、飲酒及吸煙量不是中年患者CSDH的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但亦對(duì)中年患者創(chuàng)傷后CSDH形成有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。高血糖可造成血腫包膜上的毛細(xì)血管退變[8,17],長(zhǎng)期飲酒及吸煙均對(duì)大腦有損害作用,可加速腦萎縮[19-21],但需長(zhǎng)期作用才能體現(xiàn)效果,對(duì)青年人影響較小。
綜上所述,輕度顱腦損傷后,在青年患者中若存在顱骨骨折、急性硬膜外血腫、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、腦實(shí)質(zhì)與顱骨間距離較大,尤其是大于3.5 mm,出院后仍需警惕慢性硬膜下血腫的形成;而在中年患者中,除顱骨骨折、急性硬膜外血腫、蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、腦實(shí)質(zhì)與顱骨間距離(大于2.6 mm)之外,還需關(guān)注高血壓、糖尿病、抗凝治療史、吸煙飲酒史及入院時(shí)的APTT、PT,患者如有不適應(yīng)及時(shí)就診,復(fù)查頭顱CT。
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收稿日期:2020-03-09;修回日期:2020-03-25
編輯/杜帆
基金項(xiàng)目:合肥市借轉(zhuǎn)補(bǔ)項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):YW201512010001)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:尹勝(1994.7-),男,安徽宿松縣人,碩士研究生,主要從事顱腦創(chuàng)傷的研究
通訊作者:魏祥品(1964.11-),男,安徽霍邱縣人,本科,主任醫(yī)師,主要從事顱腦創(chuàng)傷與神經(jīng)重癥、癲癇的診療工作