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昆蟲谷氨酸門控氯離子通道研究進(jìn)展

2020-06-08 10:55:23孟祥坤楊雪梅戈惠臣王建軍
植物保護(hù) 2020年3期

孟祥坤 楊雪梅 戈惠臣 王建軍

摘要 谷氨酸門控氯離子通道(GluCls)介導(dǎo)快速抑制性神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo),目前只發(fā)現(xiàn)于無脊椎動物中,是開發(fā)新型殺蟲劑的理想作用靶標(biāo)。GluCls屬于半胱氨酸環(huán)超家族的配體門控離子通道,在昆蟲中只發(fā)現(xiàn)有1個(gè)α亞基,但可以通過選擇性剪接生成多種亞基剪接變體并且能夠形成功能性受體。除了典型的神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)功能外,GluCls還參與調(diào)控昆蟲保幼激素合成及生長發(fā)育等生理功能。GluCls的氨基酸突變和表達(dá)量變化是導(dǎo)致昆蟲對殺蟲劑產(chǎn)生抗藥性的部分原因。本文主要從GluCls的分子特征、選擇性剪接、藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)、生理功能和昆蟲的抗藥性5個(gè)方面對昆蟲GluCls的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,為新型殺蟲劑的研發(fā)提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

關(guān)鍵詞 谷氨酸門控氯離子通道; 分子特征; 選擇性剪接; 藥理學(xué)性質(zhì); 生理學(xué)功能; 昆蟲抗藥性

中圖分類號: Q 966

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼: A

DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2019106

Research advances in insect glutamate-gated chloride channels

MENG Xiangkun, YANG Xuemei, GE Huichen, WANG Jianjun

(College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China)

Abstract

Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in invertebrate nervous systems, and are of considerable interest in insecticide discovery. GluCls belong to the ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) superfamily. Although only one α subunit was found in insects, a number of variants are generated by the alternative splicing of GluCl α subunit and form the functional GluCls receptors. In addition to the classical neurotransmission function, GluCls have been demonstrated to regulate the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone and the growth and development of insects. The mutation and changes of expression level of GluCls contributed to insecticide resistance in insects. This review introduced the research status of insect GluCls,including the molecular characteristics, alternative splicing, pharmacological properties, physiological function, relationships with insect resistance, and provide the basis for the development of new insecticides.

Key words

GluCls; molecular characteristic; alternative splicing; pharmacological property; physiological function; insect resistance

谷氨酸是脊椎動物和無脊椎動物神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中主要的神經(jīng)傳遞遞質(zhì),作用于細(xì)胞膜上的谷氨酸受體,在脊椎動物中通過門控陽離子通道介導(dǎo)興奮性傳遞。而在無脊椎動物中谷氨酸既是興奮性的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),又是抑制性的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)[1]。哺乳動物中,谷氨酸受體可分為離子型和代謝型兩種類型。其中離子型受體包括N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體(NMDAR)、海人藻酸受體(KAR)和α-氨基-3羥基-5甲基-4異惡唑受體(AMPAR),它們與離子通道偶聯(lián)形成受體通道復(fù)合物,介導(dǎo)信號傳導(dǎo)[2]。代謝型谷氨酸受體屬于G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,這類受體被激活后通過G蛋白效應(yīng)酶、第二信使等組成的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)起作用,產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的生理反應(yīng)[3]。此外,在無脊椎動物中還發(fā)現(xiàn)一種離子型抑制性谷氨酸受體(inhibitory glutamate receptors,IGluRs),谷氨酸作為抑制性的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)與此類受體結(jié)合進(jìn)一步開啟氯離子通道,因此這類受體也被稱為谷氨酸門控氯離子通道(glutamate-gated chloride channels,GluCls)[1]。在昆蟲神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的殺蟲劑靶標(biāo)中,GluCls只在線蟲、昆蟲等無脊椎動物神經(jīng)和肌肉細(xì)胞中被發(fā)現(xiàn),在脊椎動物中尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此,昆蟲GluCls是開發(fā)高選擇性殺蟲劑的一個(gè)理想作用靶標(biāo)[45]。目前作用于昆蟲GluCls的殺蟲劑主要有大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類殺蟲劑伊維菌素、阿維菌素和苯基吡唑類殺蟲劑氟蟲腈等。

1 GluCls的分子特征

GluCls與煙堿型乙酰膽堿受體(nAChRs)、5-羥色胺(5-HT)受體及γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受體均是屬于半胱氨酸環(huán)超家族的配體門控離子通道,它們具有相似的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,都是由5個(gè)亞基組成的五聚體跨膜蛋白,蛋白中包括激動劑/競爭性抑制劑結(jié)合位點(diǎn)和跨膜通道等結(jié)構(gòu)[6]。每個(gè)亞基從N端到C端可以分為4個(gè)區(qū)域:即包含配體結(jié)合區(qū)的N端親水區(qū)、3個(gè)跨膜片段(TM1~TM3)組成的疏水區(qū)、長度可變的胞內(nèi)親水大環(huán)和包括第4個(gè)跨膜片段TM4在內(nèi)的C端疏水區(qū)[7]。其中,5個(gè)亞基的第2個(gè)跨膜片段TM2共同組成受體的離子通道。根據(jù)受體亞基組成的異同,可分為5個(gè)亞基相同的同型五聚體和亞基不同的異型五聚體。GluCls與其他配體門控氯離子通道具有密切關(guān)系,GluCls與γ-氨基丁酸受體在生理功能和藥理特性上最為類似,但其氨基酸序列卻與甘氨酸受體相似性最高[89]。

GluCl受體基因最早于秀麗隱桿線蟲Caenorhabditis elegans中被克隆發(fā)現(xiàn),在線蟲中共克隆到6個(gè)GluCl受體亞基,包括4個(gè)α亞基,1個(gè)β亞基以及1個(gè)可能的γ亞基[1011]。但目前在昆蟲中只發(fā)現(xiàn)1個(gè)GluCl受體亞基,即α亞基。首個(gè)昆蟲GluCl受體亞基在黑腹果蠅Drosophila melanogaster中被克隆,與秀麗隱桿線蟲的GluCl α和β亞基具有很高相似性,在核苷酸水平相似性高達(dá)67%和62%,因此被命名為DmGluCl α亞基[12]。隨后GluCl α亞基在其他一些昆蟲,如赤擬谷盜Tribolium castaneum、家蠅Musca domestica、意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera中被鑒定發(fā)現(xiàn),它們同DmGluCl α亞基的氨基酸相似性高達(dá)80%~90%[13]。昆蟲GluCl α亞基在4個(gè)重要的TM跨膜區(qū)氨基酸序列一致性極高,主要的序列變異區(qū)域在TM3和TM4間的胞內(nèi)環(huán)中。胞內(nèi)環(huán)中包含若干不同的蛋白激酶磷酸化位點(diǎn),在決定亞基的功能上起重要作用[14]。

2 GluCl的選擇性剪接

選擇性剪接是指從一個(gè)mRNA前體通過不同的剪接方式(選擇不同的剪接位點(diǎn))產(chǎn)生不同的mRNA剪接變體的過程。目前,已發(fā)現(xiàn)在黑腹果蠅、赤擬谷盜、家蠶Bombyx mori、意大利蜜蜂、家蠅、灰飛虱Laodelphax striatellus、小菜蛾P(guān)lutella xylostella和西花薊馬Frankliniella occidentalis等多種昆蟲中均存在不同的GluCl α亞基剪接變體[4,6,1520]。昆蟲GluCl α亞基由10個(gè)外顯子組成,可通過氨基酸缺失、互斥外顯子、外顯子跳躍、3′選擇性剪接和內(nèi)含子保留5種方式生成不同的亞基剪接變體,而發(fā)生在外顯子3和9中的選擇性剪接則是昆蟲GluCl的研究熱點(diǎn)[20]。外顯子3選擇性剪接普遍存在于昆蟲GluCl中,編碼部分N端區(qū)域,緊鄰配體結(jié)合區(qū)Loop D上游[21]。GluCl外顯子3選擇性剪接可生成3種不同的GluCl剪接變體(GluCl 3A、GluCl 3B和GluCl 3C);此外在家蠶和小菜蛾中還發(fā)現(xiàn)一種完全缺失外顯子3的GluCl剪接變體[20,22]。相對于外顯子3,目前關(guān)于昆蟲GluCl外顯子9選擇性剪接的研究較少。GluCl外顯子9選擇性剪接位于TM3和TM4之間的胞內(nèi)大環(huán)中,其選擇性剪接造成不同數(shù)目的氨基酸缺失,從而產(chǎn)生不同的GluCl剪接變體(GluCl 9A、GluCl 9B和GluCl 9C)[1820,2325]。GluCl選擇性剪接不但可以單獨(dú)發(fā)生在外顯子3或外顯子9中,還可以同時(shí)在2個(gè)外顯子中發(fā)生,進(jìn)一步豐富昆蟲GluCl亞基的多樣性[19,21]。

對昆蟲GluCl不同選擇性剪接變體的表達(dá)定位分析發(fā)現(xiàn),不同GluCl剪接變體在昆蟲不同部位的表達(dá)豐度存在差異[19,21]。通過精細(xì)免疫定位對意大利蜜蜂中GluCl α亞基剪接變體在腦中的分布進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)3個(gè)亞基在蜜蜂腦的不同部位均有表達(dá),其中GluCl 3A主要分布于神經(jīng)纖維網(wǎng),GluCl 3B則主要分布于細(xì)胞體[15]。不同亞基在一些部位的共同表達(dá)說明它們可能組成異型五聚體,而在一些部位的差異表達(dá)也預(yù)示著它們可能具有不同的生理功能。對家蠅的3個(gè)GluCl亞基剪接變體研究發(fā)現(xiàn),它們在家蠅不同組織及不同發(fā)育齡期的表達(dá)量各不相同,其中GluCl 3A和GluCl 3B主要在家蠅成蟲的頭部組織中表達(dá),而GluCl 3C則主要在成蟲的足等外周組織中表達(dá)[17]。目前在灰飛虱中已發(fā)現(xiàn)由外顯子3和外顯子9選擇性剪接產(chǎn)生的6種GluCl亞基,這些剪接變體都在灰飛虱頭部組織中具有最高的表達(dá)量并且隨著灰飛虱的生長發(fā)育剪接變體的表達(dá)量均逐漸上升[19]。在鱗翅目昆蟲二化螟Chilo suppressalis中,3個(gè)外顯子3剪接變體均在神經(jīng)索和腦組織中高表達(dá),相對于GluCl 3A和GluCl 3C,GluCl 3B在二化螟中樞神經(jīng)組織中的表達(dá)量更高[21]。不同于在灰飛虱中的發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著二化螟的生長發(fā)育,3個(gè)外顯子3剪接變體的表達(dá)量在幼蟲期間均逐漸下降,在蛹期間逐漸增加。此外,GluCl 3C在二化螟表皮和腸道組織中同樣具有很高的表達(dá)量,并且在二化螟蛹后期表達(dá)量顯著增加[21]。這些結(jié)果表明,昆蟲GluCl剪接變體主要在神經(jīng)組織中表達(dá),在一些非神經(jīng)組織如足、表皮和腸道中也具有較高的表達(dá)量,但在不同昆蟲中其表達(dá)模式可能不同。

3 GluCls的藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)

利用電生理技術(shù)對昆蟲神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞中的GluCls研究發(fā)現(xiàn),昆蟲中至少存在2種藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)不同的GluCls受體[2629]。例如,在美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana神經(jīng)元中發(fā)現(xiàn)2種GluCls,它們對激動劑鵝膏蕈氨酸及阻斷劑木防己苦毒素表現(xiàn)出不同的敏感性[2829]。在意大利蜜蜂和飛蝗Locusta migratoria的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)2種能被谷氨酸引發(fā)不同電流的GluCls,并且氟蟲腈對2種受體的抑制效果也不同[2627,30]。此外,對意大利蜜蜂觸角葉細(xì)胞的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),谷氨酸能夠引發(fā)一種短暫的和一種持續(xù)的反應(yīng)電流;GluCls能被氟蟲腈和木防己苦毒素抑制,并且受體對木防己苦毒素表現(xiàn)出不同的反應(yīng)電流,這也說明在意大利蜜蜂觸角葉細(xì)胞中同樣存在2種不同的GluCls[26,31]。對線蟲的研究表明,亞基組成不同可導(dǎo)致受體藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)的差異[3233],但目前在昆蟲中只發(fā)現(xiàn)1個(gè)GluCl亞基,推測昆蟲的GluCls可能由GluCl α通過選擇性剪接產(chǎn)生的不同亞基組成,從而具有不同的藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)[24]。

利用體外表達(dá)及電生理學(xué)的方法,對昆蟲GluCl不同剪接變體的藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)測定發(fā)現(xiàn),不同GluCl剪接變體組成的受體對激動劑或抑制劑的敏感性存在差異。單獨(dú)或共表達(dá)3個(gè)外顯子3剪接變體組成的家蠅GluCls對激動劑谷氨酸和伊維菌素的敏感性相同,但對阻斷劑氟蟲腈和木防己苦毒素的敏感性卻不同,說明家蠅3個(gè)GluCl亞基剪接變體具有不同的藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)[17]。對小菜蛾GluCls的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),單獨(dú)或共同表達(dá)3個(gè)外顯子9剪接變體組成的GluCls對谷氨酸的敏感性幾乎相同,但對阿維菌素和氟蟲腈的敏感性卻不同[20]。這些研究結(jié)果說明昆蟲GluCl的外顯子3和外顯子9選擇性剪接都能夠生成功能性的GluCls,但可能具有不同的藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)。但對灰飛虱GluCl外顯子9剪接變體的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),分別表達(dá)的2個(gè)剪接變體組成的GluCls對谷氨酸、氟蟲腈和木防己苦毒素具有相似的EC50和IC50值,這可能是由于2個(gè)剪接變體的配體結(jié)合區(qū)域具有相似的氨基酸[19]。此外,由于單個(gè)亞基剪接變體體外表達(dá)就能組成功能性GluCls,目前尚不明確昆蟲體內(nèi)GluCls是同聚體還是由α亞基的不同剪接變體形成的異聚體。

4 GluCls的生理功能

GluCls主要分布于無脊椎動物的中樞神經(jīng)和神經(jīng)肌肉連接處。對線蟲的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GluCls除了具有典型的神經(jīng)興奮傳遞功能外,還能夠調(diào)節(jié)線蟲的運(yùn)動、取食、信號感知和繁殖[11,34]。昆蟲中,GluCls作為殺蟲劑靶標(biāo)的離子通道功能已被廣泛研究,同時(shí)其他的生理功能也逐漸被發(fā)現(xiàn)。對意大利蜜蜂的研究中,通過注射GluCls抑制劑能夠影響蜜蜂的嗅覺記憶和對刺激的感知,使用伊維菌素和氟蟲腈處理蜜蜂則能夠破壞蜜蜂的長期記憶[31,3537]。意大利蜜蜂GluCl α 亞基被干擾后,能夠破壞其嗅覺記憶的恢復(fù)[38]。當(dāng)分別沉默不同的GluCl亞基剪接變體后,則能夠影響蜜蜂對不同氣味的嗅覺記憶恢復(fù)[39]。對太平洋折翅蠊Diploptera punctata咽側(cè)體的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)使用GluCls激動劑鵝膏蕈氨酸、伊維菌素或谷氨酸處理腺體后,能夠降低保幼激素的合成量;繼續(xù)使用GluCls阻斷劑木防己苦毒素處理,則能夠使保幼激素含量恢復(fù)到正常水平;不同濃度的激動劑或阻斷劑對保幼激素合成的影響也各不相同[40]。鑒于興奮性的離子型谷氨酸受體如N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體、海人藻酸受體等同樣能夠影響太平洋折翅蠊咽側(cè)體中保幼激素的合成,推測不管是抑制性還是興奮性的谷氨酸受體,都可能是通過改變咽側(cè)體細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子的濃度來進(jìn)一步影響保幼激素的合成[4142]。另一方面,不同齡期的蜜蜂體內(nèi)保幼激素含量的不同能夠影響蜜蜂嗅覺記憶和行為,說明GluCls在生物體內(nèi)的生理功能可能存在內(nèi)在聯(lián)系[4344]。

此外,研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)GluCls能夠調(diào)控飛蝗和果蠅的飛行、靜止和喚醒行為,調(diào)節(jié)果蠅對光的逃避和嗅覺行為[30,4547]。昆蟲GluCl被干擾后,谷實(shí)夜蛾Helicoverpa zea卵的孵化率降低,二化螟幼蟲體重和化蛹率顯著下降,說明GluCls在昆蟲的生長發(fā)育過程中具有重要功能[21,48]。不同GluCl剪接變體在昆蟲不同組織中的差異表達(dá),也可能預(yù)示著GluCl剪接變體具有不同的生理功能[21]。這些研究說明,昆蟲GluCls具有功能多樣性,但不同GluCl剪接變體的具體功能,GluCls在昆蟲生理功能之間的聯(lián)系以及如何影響保幼激素的合成進(jìn)而影響昆蟲的生長發(fā)育還有待進(jìn)一步探索。

5 GluCls與昆蟲抗藥性

目前,關(guān)于殺蟲劑作用靶標(biāo)GluCls與昆蟲抗藥性關(guān)系的研究主要集中在大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類殺蟲劑阿維菌素和伊維菌素。已經(jīng)明確GluCls突變是導(dǎo)致昆蟲、螨類對阿維菌素和伊維菌素產(chǎn)生抗藥性的主要原因。DmGluCl的P299S突變造成果蠅對伊維菌素產(chǎn)生3倍的抗藥性[49]。位于TM3跨膜區(qū)的TuGluCl1 G323D和TuGluCl3 G326E突變分別導(dǎo)致二斑葉螨Tetranychus urticae對阿維菌素產(chǎn)生了18倍和2 000倍的抗藥性[5052]。同樣位于GluCl TM3跨膜區(qū)的A309V突變則導(dǎo)致小菜蛾對阿維菌素產(chǎn)生了10倍的抗藥性[25]。電生理試驗(yàn)同樣證明了小菜蛾GluCl的A309V和G315E(分別對應(yīng)于TuGluCl1 G323D和TuGluCl3 G326E)突變可導(dǎo)致體外表達(dá)的受體對阿維菌素的敏感性分別下降4.8倍和493倍[53]。近期的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GluCls中的A251V、S46P和H272R突變在對伊維菌素具有抗藥性的頭虱Pediculus humanus capitis中具有較高的突變頻率,可能是導(dǎo)致頭虱對伊維菌素產(chǎn)生抗藥性的部分原因[54]。

越來越多的研究證明,殺蟲劑靶標(biāo)的表達(dá)量變化影響昆蟲對殺蟲劑的敏感性。乙酰膽堿酯酶(AChEs)編碼基因ace在對有機(jī)磷殺蟲劑抗性麥二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum中的表達(dá)量是敏感性試蟲中的1.5倍,而在對氧化樂果有抗藥性的棉蚜Aphis gossypii中卻下調(diào)表達(dá)[5556]。魚尼丁受體(RyRs)編碼基因在對氟蟲雙酰胺抗性小菜蛾中的表達(dá)量是敏感品系中的2.93倍[57]。對新煙堿類殺蟲劑產(chǎn)生抗性的褐飛虱Nilaparvata lugens和家蠅中,煙堿型乙酰膽堿受體(nAChRs)的亞基表達(dá)量顯著下降[5859]。對阿維菌素抗性西花薊馬研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然解毒代謝是導(dǎo)致抗藥性的主要因素,但殺蟲劑作用靶標(biāo)的氨基酸變化和表達(dá)量改變也可能是造成抗藥性的原因[6,60]。通過對阿維菌素作用靶標(biāo)的分析,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)的抗性突變,但GluCl在抗性西花薊馬中的表達(dá)量是敏感性西花薊馬中的2.63倍[6]。在小菜蛾中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),GluCl在阿維菌素抗性品系中的表達(dá)量顯著高于敏感品系[6162]。當(dāng)GluCl被干擾后,二化螟幼蟲對阿維菌素的敏感性顯著上升[21]。但在對煙粉虱Bemisia tabaci、小菜蛾、黏蟲Mythimna separata和朱砂葉螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),GluCl被干擾后試蟲對阿維菌素的敏感性降低[6366]。GluCls在昆蟲中具有多種生理功能,當(dāng)被干擾后會對昆蟲的生理狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生多種負(fù)面作用,進(jìn)而影響昆蟲對殺蟲劑的敏感性,這可能是導(dǎo)致GluCls在不同昆蟲中研究結(jié)果有差異的原因。

6 結(jié)語

至今GluCls只在無脊椎動物中被發(fā)現(xiàn),是一個(gè)理想的殺蟲劑作用靶標(biāo)。雖然對昆蟲GluCls已有了較深入的研究,但仍有很多問題尚不清楚。除了離子通道功能,GluCls在昆蟲中還有哪些具體的生理功能以及如何在這些生理功能中發(fā)揮作用?昆蟲GluCls只有一個(gè)α亞基,卻可以通過選擇性剪接等生成多個(gè)剪接變體,不同剪接變體各有哪些生理功能?昆蟲內(nèi)源性GluCls是由單個(gè)剪接變體組成的同型五聚體還是由不同剪接變體組成的異型五聚體?這些問題仍需要我們?nèi)ヌ剿鹘鉀Q。

害蟲防治中作用于GluCls的藥劑主要有伊維菌素、阿維菌素和氟蟲腈等,由于農(nóng)藥的不合理使用,多種害蟲已對這些殺蟲劑產(chǎn)生抗藥性,急需新型替代藥物。關(guān)于昆蟲GluCls的研究,不但可以為田間害蟲抗性監(jiān)測提供幫助,同時(shí)也為新型高效高選擇性殺蟲劑的研發(fā)提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

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(責(zé)任編輯:田 喆)

收稿日期: 20190306?? 修訂日期: 20190404

基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金(31701807);江蘇省自然科學(xué)基金青年基金(BK20170491)

致? 謝: 參加本試驗(yàn)部分工作的還有江代禮、譚翰杰、張能和紀(jì)燁斌等同學(xué),特此一并致謝。

通信作者 E-mail:wangjj@ yzu.edu.cn

#為并列第一作者

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