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超聲與胸部X線攝影在創(chuàng)傷性氣胸診斷價值的Meta分析

2020-06-19 08:28封婷張皓王克江
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2020年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:計算機(jī)斷層掃描Meta分析超聲

封婷 張皓 王克江

摘要:目的? 采用Meta分析方法評估超聲和胸部X線攝影對創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的診斷價值。方法? 計算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Embase和Cochrane Library數(shù)據(jù)庫,收集有關(guān)超聲與胸部X線攝影診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。按照納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行篩選、數(shù)據(jù)提取和質(zhì)量評價。運(yùn)用RevMan5.3、Meta-Disc1.4和STATA/SE15.0軟件對納入研究各統(tǒng)計量進(jìn)行合并分析。結(jié)果? 共納入16篇文獻(xiàn),患者2259例。超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的靈敏度及95%CI為0.87(0.77~0.93),特異度及95%CI為0.99(0.98~0.99),陽性似然比及95%CI為78.9(38.0~163.5),陰性似然比及95%CI為0.13(0.07~0.24),診斷比值比及95%CI為611(193~1933),驗后概率為95%,綜合受試者工作特征曲線下面積及95%CI為0.99(0.98~1.00)。胸部X線攝影診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的靈敏度及95%CI為0.43(0.33~0.53),特異度及95%CI為1.00(0.99~1.00),陽性似然比及95%CI為182.0(34.9~949.4),陰性似然比及95%CI為0.57(0.48~0.68),診斷比值比及95%CI為317(60~1677),驗后概率為98%,綜合受試者工作特征曲線下面積及95%CI為0.89(0.86~0.92)。結(jié)論? 超聲與胸部X線攝影診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸有著各自的診斷價值,而超聲有著更高的診斷效能,但仍需納入高質(zhì)量的研究進(jìn)一步分析。

關(guān)鍵詞:超聲;胸部X線攝影;計算機(jī)斷層掃描;創(chuàng)傷性氣胸;Meta分析

Abstract:Objective? To evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasound and chest X-ray photography for traumatic pneumothorax using Meta analysis method.Methods? PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were searched by computer to collect relevant literatures on ultrasound and chest X-ray photography to diagnose traumatic pneumothorax. According to the inclusion criteria, screening, data extraction and quality evaluation of the literature. Use RevMan5.3, Meta-Disc1.4 and STATA/SE15.0 software to conduct a combined analysis of the statistics included in the study.Results? A total of 16 articles were included, with 2259 patients. The sensitivity and 95%CI of ultrasound diagnosis for traumatic pneumothorax were 0.87 (0.77~0.93), specificity and 95%CI were 0.99 (0.98~0.99), positive likelihood ratio and 95%CI were 78.9 (38.0~163.5), negative likelihood ratio and 95% CI were 0.13 (0.07~0.24), diagnostic odds ratio and 95%CI were 611(193~1933), post-test probability was 95%, and the area under the comprehensive receiver operating characteristic curve and 95%CI was 0.99(0.98~1.00).The sensitivity and 95%CI of chest X-ray diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax were 0.43 (0.33~0.53), specificity and 95%CI were 1.00 (0.99~1.00), positive likelihood ratio and 95%CI were 182.0 (34.9~949.4),the negative likelihood ratio and 95%CI were 0.57(0.48~0.68), the diagnostic odds ratio and 95%CI were 317(60~1677), the post-test probability was 98%, the area under the comprehensive receiver operating characteristic curve and 95%CI was 0.89(0.86~0.92).Conclusion? Ultrasound and chest X-ray photography have their own diagnostic value for the diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax. Ultrasound has higher diagnostic efficacy, but it still needs to be included in high-quality research for further analysis.

Key words:Ultrasound;Chest X-ray photography;Computed tomography;Traumatic pneumothorax;Meta analysis

創(chuàng)傷是威脅人類生命的重要因素,70%~80%由道路交通事故引起,這些患者中約有20%~50%因胸部創(chuàng)傷而導(dǎo)致死亡[1,2]。創(chuàng)傷性氣胸在胸部創(chuàng)傷患者中發(fā)生率較高,如果不能積極發(fā)現(xiàn)和診斷,單純的創(chuàng)傷性氣胸可以迅速進(jìn)展為威脅生命的張力性氣胸[3]。因此,創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療至關(guān)重要。除臨床查體外,影像學(xué)輔助檢查在其中的作用尤為重要。目前,常規(guī)胸部X線攝影(chest X-rayradiography,CXR)和計算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)被用于創(chuàng)傷患者中是否有可疑氣胸的評估,同時CT已經(jīng)成為創(chuàng)傷性疾病診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4-6]。盡管CT診斷的準(zhǔn)確度非常高,但存在著患者被暴露在大量放射物輻射的環(huán)境中及病情不穩(wěn)定時不能長時間甚至無法CT檢查的問題[2]。CXR有著低劑量輻射、檢查時間短及可移動等特點(diǎn),往往是首選的檢查方法[2]。然而有研究顯示[7],CXR在胸部創(chuàng)傷疾病的診斷中作用有限。因此,尋找一種新的方法診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸十分必要。與傳統(tǒng)放射檢查相比,超聲具有無輻射、安全快速及便攜的特點(diǎn)[2],被廣泛應(yīng)用于身體各部位,特別是檢查腹腔臟器。超聲在胸部檢查中常用于胸腔積液的診斷和定位穿刺。近年來,對于急性創(chuàng)傷患者使用超聲檢查受到廣泛關(guān)注[8-10],然而超聲能否準(zhǔn)確評估創(chuàng)傷性氣胸仍存在著爭議[11]。雖有文獻(xiàn)報道了超聲診斷氣胸的價值,但尚未得到統(tǒng)一結(jié)論[12,13]。本研究采用循證醫(yī)學(xué)方法,對超聲與CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸進(jìn)行探討,分析上述檢查在創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的診斷價值,現(xiàn)報道如下。

1資料與方法

1.1文獻(xiàn)檢索? 運(yùn)用計算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Embase及Cochrane Library數(shù)據(jù)庫。檢索時間為各數(shù)據(jù)庫建庫時間至2020年2月。檢索詞為:“ultrasound”“ultrasonography”“sonography”“radiography”“computed tomography”“traumatic pneumothorax”“chest trauma”“diagnostic accuracy”。

1.2納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究類型:經(jīng)超聲、CXR和CT聯(lián)合診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的診斷性試驗,無論何種設(shè)計方法(包括前瞻性及回顧性研究);②研究對象:存在明確創(chuàng)傷史患者;③診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):以CT和(或)胸腔引流作為本研究的診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn);④評價指標(biāo):包括靈敏度(sensitivity,Sen)、特異度(specificity,Spe)、陽性似然比(positive likelihood ratio,+LR)、陰性似然比(negative likelihood ratio,-LR)、診斷比值比(diagnostic odds ratio,DOR)、預(yù)測驗后概率(predicting post-test probability)、綜合受試者工作特征(summary receiver-operating-characteristic,SROC)曲線和曲線下面積(area under the curve,AUC),以及各評價指標(biāo)的95%置信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①只有超聲或CXR與金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較的文獻(xiàn);②綜述、會議摘要、個案報道、個人操作體會及動物模型文獻(xiàn);③重復(fù)發(fā)表文獻(xiàn),采用最新發(fā)表文獻(xiàn);④無法提取數(shù)據(jù)的文獻(xiàn)。

1.3資料提取與質(zhì)量評價? 由2名作者將納入研究獨(dú)自進(jìn)行資料提取,內(nèi)容包括:作者姓名、發(fā)表年份、國家、研究類型、男/女例數(shù)、超聲的探頭類型及頻率、超聲和CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的真陽性(true positive,TP)、假陽性(false positive,F(xiàn)P)、假陰性(false negative,F(xiàn)N)、真陰性(true negative,TN)各例數(shù)及診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。提取完畢后,將內(nèi)容進(jìn)行交叉核對,準(zhǔn)確無誤后填寫納入研究資料表。采用針對診斷性準(zhǔn)確試驗的QUADAS-2(version 2 of the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies)工具對納入研究進(jìn)行方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評價[14]。評價內(nèi)容包括2大類:偏倚風(fēng)險和臨床適用性。偏倚風(fēng)險包括病例選擇、待評價試驗、金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價及病例流程和進(jìn)展情況4個方面內(nèi)容。病例選擇包括是否納入連續(xù)或隨機(jī)病例、是否避免病例-對照類設(shè)計及是否避免不恰當(dāng)排除3個問題。待評價試驗包括結(jié)果判讀是否采用盲法和是否事先確定閾值2個問題。金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價包括是否可以正確診斷疾病和是否采用盲法進(jìn)行結(jié)果判讀2個問題。病例流程和進(jìn)展情況包括待評價試驗和金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否有恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r間間隔、是否采用了1個相同的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及是否納入所有病例分析幾個問題。臨床適用性對偏倚風(fēng)險中的病例選擇、待評價試驗、金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價3個方面進(jìn)行評價。每個問題以是(高風(fēng)險)、不清楚和否(低風(fēng)險)來回答。質(zhì)量評價由2名作者進(jìn)行單獨(dú)分析,若評價結(jié)果出現(xiàn)分歧,由第3名作者共同探討確定結(jié)果。

1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法? 采用Revman5.3、Meta-Disc1.4和STATA/SE15.0軟件進(jìn)行分析。首先進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗,包括閾值效應(yīng)引起和非閾值效應(yīng)引起的異質(zhì)性。檢驗是否存在閾值效應(yīng)使用Spearman 相關(guān)系數(shù)進(jìn)行判斷。若相關(guān)系數(shù)存在強(qiáng)正相關(guān)(P<0.05),提示存在閾值效應(yīng),則不宜將靈敏度、特異度等評價指標(biāo)進(jìn)行合并,只繪制SROC曲線和計算AUC指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評價。若相關(guān)系數(shù)呈強(qiáng)負(fù)相關(guān)(P>0.05),提示不存在閾值效應(yīng),則進(jìn)一步采用擬合雙變量混合效應(yīng)模型合并靈敏度、特異度等評價指標(biāo),結(jié)果以繪制表格及森林圖呈現(xiàn)。若合并后出現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性(I2>50%,P<0.1),提示由非閾值效應(yīng)引起,行單因素Meta回歸分析,探討異質(zhì)性的來源。超聲診斷以前瞻性設(shè)計、金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致性、是否接受培訓(xùn)(training or not)、描述樣本選擇及診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致5個方面進(jìn)行探討。CXR診斷以前瞻性設(shè)計、金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致性及描述樣本選擇3個方面進(jìn)行探討。敏感性分析驗證合并結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性。繪制SROC曲線和計算AUC,對超聲和CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的SROC曲線進(jìn)行比較,分析兩者的診斷效能。AUC值越高表示診斷效能越好。采用Deeks法進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚檢驗[15],當(dāng)P>0.1時,說明無明顯發(fā)表偏倚,結(jié)果以漏斗圖呈現(xiàn)。各統(tǒng)計量采用95%CI作為區(qū)間估計。

2結(jié)果

2.1文獻(xiàn)篩選? 共檢索473篇文獻(xiàn)。閱讀文題及摘要,排除不符合研究和發(fā)表重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)共414篇,初步篩選59篇文獻(xiàn)。進(jìn)一步閱讀全文,排除不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文獻(xiàn)43篇,最終納入16篇文獻(xiàn)[16-31]進(jìn)行研究。資料提取及質(zhì)量評價,納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征見表1,超聲診斷質(zhì)量評價結(jié)果見圖1。

2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果

2.2.1閾值效應(yīng)? 超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的Spearman相關(guān)系數(shù)為-0.362,P=0.169。CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的Spearman相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.106,P=0.696。兩種檢查方法均不存在閾值效應(yīng)(P>0.05)。進(jìn)一步采用擬合雙變量混合效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。

2.2.2合并效應(yīng)量? 超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的合并Sen及95%CI為0.87(0.77~0.93),合并Spe及95%CI為0.99(0.98~0.99),合并+LR及95%CI為78.9(38.0~163.5),合并-LR及95%CI為0.13(0.07~0.24),合并DOR及95%CI為611(193~1933),驗前概率和驗后概率分別為20%和95%。CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的合并Sen及95%CI為0.43(0.33~0.53),合并Spe及95%CI為1.00(0.99~1.00),合并+LR及95%CI為182.0(34.9~949.4),合并-LR及95%CI為0.57(0.48~0.68),合并DOR及95%CI為317(60~1677),驗前概率和驗后概率分別為20%和98%。兩種檢查方法的合并效應(yīng)量匯總情況見表2,超聲和CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的合并Sen和合并Spe森林圖見圖2、圖3。超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的SROC曲線和合并AUC及95%CI為0.99(0.98~1.00),見圖4。CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的SROC曲線和合并AUC及95%CI為0.89(0.86~0.92),見圖5。超聲和CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的SROC曲線比較見圖6。

2.2.3 Meta回歸分析? 合并效應(yīng)量時出現(xiàn)較大的異質(zhì)性[超聲:合并Sen為(I2=93.25%,P<0.1),合并Spe為(I2=82.41%,P<0.1);CXR:合并Sen為(I2=83.02%,P<0.1),合并Spe為(I2=81.92%,P<0.1)]。單因素Meta回歸分析顯示:超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的合并Sen異質(zhì)性無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,而合并Spe異質(zhì)性在診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致方面差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否一致是超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸合并Spe產(chǎn)生異質(zhì)性的來源。CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的合并Sen異質(zhì)性無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,而合并Spe異質(zhì)性在前瞻性設(shè)計、金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致性及描述樣本選擇方面差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明上述3個方面是CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸合并Spe產(chǎn)生異質(zhì)性的來源,兩種檢查方法的單因素Meta回歸分析結(jié)果見表3。

2.2.4敏感性分析? 敏感性分析結(jié)果顯示:超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的合并Sen波動范圍為0.85~0.89,合并Spe為0.99,合并DOR波動范圍為455~779。CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的合并Sen波動范圍為0.40~0.45,合并Spe為1.00,合并DOR波動范圍為221~527,提示兩種檢查的Meta分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)定,見表4。

2.2.5發(fā)表偏倚? 超聲和CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸?zé)o明顯發(fā)表偏倚(P>0.1),漏斗圖見圖7、圖8。

3討論

快速診斷和判斷威脅生命的病情是創(chuàng)傷疾病評估的主要內(nèi)容,胸部創(chuàng)傷涉及致命傷害。因此,準(zhǔn)確、快速的評估可能會減少這些傷害所致的死亡率和發(fā)病率[2,28]。創(chuàng)傷患者中存在氣胸是威脅生命的常見因素。對于氣胸的診斷,依靠病史、臨床癥狀及體格檢查出現(xiàn)的典型體征雖能夠診斷,但確診仍需要CXR、CT檢查,甚至診斷性胸腔穿刺。CXR雖是常規(guī)檢查,但存在著圖像清晰度欠佳、受患者體位及周圍環(huán)境的影響。CT是創(chuàng)傷疾病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但也有著危重患者不宜搬動及檢查時間較長等限制,不是初步評估病情的首選。而進(jìn)行診斷性胸腔穿刺可能會增加醫(yī)源性氣胸的風(fēng)險。此外,無論是CXR還是CT,在胸部檢查時,對呼吸的控制有一定要求,導(dǎo)致一部分患者無法配合,增加了檢查的困難度。

超聲診斷氣胸首次報道于1987年。正常情況下,在超聲檢查中由于呼吸作用肺臟層胸膜相對于壁層胸膜進(jìn)行滑動,稱為“肺滑移征”。起源于胸膜線并與之垂直延伸至屏幕邊緣的線樣高回聲,稱為“彗尾征”,通常提示肺間質(zhì)及肺泡病變的可能。氣胸存在時臟層胸膜和壁層胸膜被空氣隔開,影響了超聲波束的傳輸,導(dǎo)致無“肺滑移征”和“彗尾征”的出現(xiàn),當(dāng)沒有出現(xiàn)“肺滑移征”單一征象時,超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸有高的靈敏度、特異度、陰性預(yù)測值和陽性預(yù)測值。當(dāng)沒有出現(xiàn)“慧尾征”征象時,超聲診斷氣胸的靈敏度和陰性預(yù)測值能夠上升到100%。因此認(rèn)為,當(dāng)不存在“肺滑移征”和“彗尾征”時,超聲診斷氣胸具有更高的準(zhǔn)確價值,是目前超聲診斷氣胸的基本原理。隨著超聲在急診的應(yīng)用,越來越多的患者從中得到快速評估,進(jìn)而及時救治。但也有文獻(xiàn)報道[32],超聲在胸部創(chuàng)傷的診斷中靈敏度較低。因此,對超聲應(yīng)用于創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的診斷價值進(jìn)行評估是必要的。

本研究通過Meta分析顯示:超聲在診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的Sen為0.87,Spe為0.99,+LR為78.9,-LR為0.13,DOR為611,驗后概率為95%,AUC為0.99。CXR在診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的Sen為0.43,Spe為1.00,+LR為182,-LR為0.57,DOR為317,驗后概率為98%,AUC為0.89。從數(shù)據(jù)上分析,兩者具有相似的Spe,而超聲具有更高的Sen、DOR和AUC,更低的-LR,說明在診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸方面,超聲具有更好的診斷價值,但仍不能忽略CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的意義。CXR雖然靈敏度低,但具有100%的Spe和更高的+LR,說明CXR在確診陽性患者更有優(yōu)勢,而診斷陰性患者時效能較低,有高的漏診率,即不能除外陰性患者是否真正患病。CXR的驗后概率為98%,而超聲的驗后概率為95%,表明CXR可能具有更好的臨床實(shí)用性。CXR的Sen為0.43,考慮與納入研究中患者檢查的體位有關(guān),因大多數(shù)創(chuàng)傷患者無法直立,只能平臥位檢查,可能會導(dǎo)致CXR診斷氣胸時出現(xiàn)的典型“肺壓縮征”不易顯現(xiàn),導(dǎo)致了漏診率升高。彩超在平臥位檢查時具有更好的優(yōu)勢。當(dāng)胸腔內(nèi)積氣采取平臥位時,由于重力因素,肺傾向背側(cè)偏移,氣體聚集于肺前側(cè),有利于超聲檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常病變,這可能是超聲檢查靈敏度高的原因。此外,本文合并統(tǒng)計量分析時,評價指標(biāo)出現(xiàn)了大的異質(zhì)性,但通過敏感性分析提示總體結(jié)果變化不大,說明統(tǒng)計結(jié)果具有較好的穩(wěn)定性。

超聲有著良好的Sen和Spe,設(shè)備移動方便,無創(chuàng)無輻射,可反復(fù)利用,對體位要求不高,能夠評估創(chuàng)傷性氣胸,但與CXR比較,超聲的診斷易受到醫(yī)師的經(jīng)驗水平影響,圖像不宜被臨床醫(yī)師解讀。而CXR能夠提供一個直觀、便于理解的診斷圖像。因此,結(jié)合超聲和CXR各自優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),綜合考慮應(yīng)用于下列場景應(yīng)能發(fā)揮更大的診斷價值。對于避免暴露于輻射環(huán)境的特殊人群,如孕婦、兒童及新生兒[33],可常規(guī)使用超聲檢查診斷氣胸。對于急診室搶救患者,可將超聲作為評估有無創(chuàng)傷性氣胸的一線工具。對于重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室患者(如氣管插管患者),若不必須行CT檢查時,可在床旁CXR基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合超聲使用,綜合評估。對于已診斷氣胸的患者,可行超聲進(jìn)行動態(tài)評估。對于暫無生命危險的創(chuàng)傷患者,或傷情不嚴(yán)重能夠直立體位的患者,常規(guī)CXR或CT診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸是較為穩(wěn)妥的檢查方式。

本研究也有一定的局限性,首先,納入的部分研究不是前瞻性雙盲試驗,可能會高估超聲的診斷價值;其次,超聲的診斷結(jié)果與醫(yī)師的經(jīng)驗水平有關(guān),部分文獻(xiàn)提及了培訓(xùn)情況,因此這些因素可能會影響診斷結(jié)果;再次,由于文獻(xiàn)的發(fā)表時間不同,部分文獻(xiàn)提及的超聲診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有著一定的差異,對結(jié)果可能會產(chǎn)生影響。

綜上所述,與金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較,超聲與CXR診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸有著各自的特點(diǎn),而超聲具有更高的診斷效能。相信經(jīng)過一定的培訓(xùn)和臨床經(jīng)驗積累,超聲診斷創(chuàng)傷性氣胸是可行的,但仍需納入高質(zhì)量的研究進(jìn)行分析。

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編輯/肖婷婷

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