毛俊木 劉瀟
[摘要]目的 觀察牙槽嵴頂入路治療牙源性上頜竇炎及缺牙種植修復的臨床效果。方法 選取2015年1月~2017年12月我院收治60例牙源性上頜竇炎患者作為研究對象,采取隨機數(shù)字表法將其分成對照組(30例)與實驗組(30例)。對照組患者采取傳統(tǒng)柯陸式手術(shù)治療,實驗組患者采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療方法,兩組患者術(shù)后均進行相應缺牙區(qū)域種植修復,并對兩組患者進行有效期為18個月的隨訪。比較兩組患者的手術(shù)情況、臨床治療總有效率、二期種植手術(shù)時上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率,隨訪期間牙源性上頜竇炎復發(fā)率,并在18個月時對患者種植修復牙相關(guān)問題進行評分。結(jié)果 實驗組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于對照組,手術(shù)時間短于對照組,術(shù)后腫痛程度評分低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。實驗組患者的治療總有效率為96.67%,高于對照組的76.67%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);實驗組患者的二期種植手術(shù)時上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率為0.00%,低于對照組的13.33%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。實驗組患者在隨訪期間并無復發(fā),而對照組患者在12、18個月隨訪時,各有1例復發(fā),兩組的牙源性上頜竇炎復發(fā)率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。實驗組患者的咀嚼功能、滿意程度評分均高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 對于牙源性上頜竇炎的治療,采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療方案并對相應區(qū)域進行缺牙種植修復后,可獲得較好的臨床治療效果,減少二期種植手術(shù)時上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔與術(shù)后復發(fā),提高患者的咀嚼功能,效果理想。
[關(guān)鍵詞]牙槽嵴頂入路;牙源性上頜竇炎;相應區(qū)域;缺牙種植;治療修復效果
[中圖分類號] R782.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1674-4721(2020)5(a)-0086-04
Clinical effect of alveolar crest approach in the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and missing teeth implant restoration
MAO Jun-mu? ?LIU Xiao
Department of Stomatology, Jiangmen Municipal Stomatological Hospital, Guangdong Province, Jiangmen? ?529000, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the clinical effect of alveolar crest approach in the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and missing teeth implant restoration. Methods From January 2015 to December 2017, 60 patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis treated in our hospital were selected as research objects. They were divided into control group (30 cases) and experimental group (30 cases) according to the random number table method. The patients in control group were treated with traditional Caldwell-Luc operation, while those in experimental group were treated with alveolar crest approach. After the operation of two groups of patients, missing teeth implant restoration was performed in the corresponding area, and the effective follow-up period was 18 months for two groups of patients. The surgical conditions, total clinical effective rate of treatment, mucosal perforation rate of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation, and the recurrence rate of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis during follow-up in the two groups of patients were compared between the two groups, and the problems related to dental implant restoration at 18 months were scored. Results In the experimental group, the bleeding volume was less than that in the control group, the operation time was shorter than that in the control group, the postoperative swelling and pain score was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The total effective rate of treatment in the experimental group was 96.67%, which was higher than that in the control group accounting for 76.67%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The mucosal perforation rate of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation in the experimental group was 0.00%, which was lower than that of the control group (13.33%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no recurrence in the experimental group during the follow-up period, while in the control group, there was one case of recurrence at 12 and 18 months of follow-up respectively; there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis between the two groups (P>0.05). The chewing function and satisfaction scores of the patients in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion For the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, after adopting the treatment method of alveolar crest approach and implanting the missing teeth in the corresponding area, a better clinical treatment effect can be obtained, and reduce the perforation of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation and relapse after operation, improve the chewing function of the patients, and the effect is ideal.
[Key words] Alveolar crest approach; Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis; Corresponding areas; Missing teeth implant; Treatment and restoration effect
因上頜竇底部與上頜磨牙的牙根毗鄰,如牙疾未根治,易導致牙源性慢性上頜竇炎。Bauer教授于1943年提出的牙源性上頜竇炎(odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,OMS),以單側(cè)居多,多為慢性炎癥,也可急性發(fā)作,可伴有異常分泌物或鼻腔臭味,也有部分無明顯癥狀[1-2]。最近研究表明[3-5],OMS在慢性上頜竇炎中占比高達30%~40%。既往治療OMS多采取柯陸式(Caldwell-Luc)手術(shù),術(shù)野較廣且創(chuàng)傷較大,術(shù)后常有面部腫脹麻木等并發(fā)癥,影響整體療效。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)由牙槽嵴頂入路進行治療OMS的效果顯著,且目前臨床相關(guān)研究報道較少,因此,為明確治療效果,為臨床提供參考資料,將我院收治的OMS患者進行由牙槽嵴頂入路治療并在相應區(qū)域進行缺牙種植修復,獲得較好效果,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2015年1月~2017年12月我院收治60例OMS患者作為研究對象,采取隨機數(shù)字表法將其分成對照組(30例)與實驗組(30例)。對照組中,男17例(56.67%),女13例(43.33%);病程3.1~15.7個月,平均(6.2±0.7)個月;年齡29~63歲,平均(41.3±4.2)歲;患病部位:左側(cè)11例(36.67%),右側(cè)19例(63.33%)。實驗組中,男16例(53.33%),女14例(46.67%);病程3.2~15.8個月,平均(6.5±0.6)個月;年齡29~65歲,平均(41.6±4.3)歲;患病部位:左側(cè)12例(40.00%),右側(cè)18例(60.00%)。兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有患者知情同意并簽署知情同意書,本研究在我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準且在其監(jiān)督下實施。
納入標準:因早起后有咸性分泌物,上頜后牙疼痛伴頭部鈍痛,早輕晚重于我院就診;口腔檢查可見患側(cè)有無法保留的殘冠、殘根;經(jīng)錐形束計算機斷層攝影(CBCT)檢查表現(xiàn)為上頜竇彌漫性陰影,患側(cè)上頜后牙根尖和上頜竇相通或根尖破壞區(qū)累及上頜竇底,診斷為OMS;年齡≥18周歲;病程≥3個月;依從性較好。
排除標準:CT檢查僅為上頜竇黏膜增厚;合并凝血功能障礙或免疫性疾病;無種植牙修復需求者。
1.2方法
實驗組患者采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療方法,根據(jù)患者情況,拔除病源牙,徹底搔刮清理拔牙窩,將10 ml注射器通過拔牙窩插入上頜竇內(nèi),抽出膿液,生理鹽水沖洗上頜竇,最后以鹽酸米諾環(huán)素軟膏(日本Sunstar INC公司,注冊證號 H20150106,生產(chǎn)批號:20181203,規(guī)格:0.5 g)注入上頜竇內(nèi),根據(jù)患者愈合情況,1周后可再次經(jīng)拔牙窩穿刺、沖洗并注入鹽酸米諾環(huán)素軟膏,直至癥狀消失而治愈。對照組患者采取柯陸式手術(shù),通過尖牙窩鑿開患側(cè)上頜竇前外側(cè)骨壁,觀察竇腔內(nèi)情況,刮出病變組織,以碘仿紗條填充竇腔,自鼻腔引出。術(shù)后均口服抗生素1周。3~4月個后根據(jù)患者情況進行相應區(qū)域缺牙種植并完成修復。
1.3觀察指標及評價標準
比較兩組患者的手術(shù)情況、臨床治療總有效率、二期種植手術(shù)時上頜竇黏膜穿孔發(fā)生率,隨訪期間OMS復發(fā)率,并在18個月時對患者進行種植修復牙相關(guān)問題評分調(diào)查。手術(shù)情況主要包括術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間、術(shù)后腫痛程度,其中術(shù)中出血量采取紗布稱重法;術(shù)后腫痛程度采取我院自制量表,以0~10分評價,分數(shù)越高代表術(shù)后腫痛程度越重。臨床治療效果判斷:臨床癥狀消失,行CBCT檢查見上頜竇口通暢,內(nèi)無陰影,竇黏膜厚度<2 mm,與對側(cè)健康側(cè)上頜竇影像接近,無明顯并發(fā)癥為治愈;臨床癥狀改善,CBCT檢查見上頜竇口通暢,內(nèi)少量陰影,竇黏膜厚度2~10 mm,輕度并發(fā)癥為改善;癥狀稍減輕或基本存在,CBCT檢查與治療前無差異或差異不明顯為無效??傆行?治愈+改善。在治療后12、18個月均進行隨訪,統(tǒng)計期間上頜竇炎復發(fā)率。并在18個月時對患者種植修復牙相關(guān)問題進行評分調(diào)查,主要針對咀嚼功能、滿意程度進行評分,每項分值分布0~5分,分數(shù)越高代表患者對咀嚼功能、滿意程度越高。
1.4統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料采用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者手術(shù)情況的比較
實驗組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于對照組,手術(shù)時間短于對照組,術(shù)后腫痛程度評分低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組患者臨床治療總有效率、二期種植手術(shù)時上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率的比較
實驗組患者的治療總有效率為96.67%,高于對照組的76.67%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);實驗組患者的二期種植手術(shù)時上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率為0.00%,低于對照組的13.33%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組患者隨訪期間OMS復發(fā)率的比較
實驗組患者在隨訪期間并無復發(fā),而對照組患者在12、18個月隨訪時,各有1例復發(fā),兩組的OMS復發(fā)率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)(表3)。
2.4兩組患者隨訪18個月時種植修復牙相關(guān)問題評分的比較
實驗組患者的咀嚼功能、滿意程度評分均高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)(表4)。
3討論
上后牙和上頜竇之間關(guān)系密切,由于上頜竇持續(xù)氣化使得牙根與上頜竇的關(guān)系復雜,臨床中常遇到以下問題:一旦上頜后牙發(fā)生根尖病變,容易波及上頜竇,導致上頜竇的急慢性炎癥;根管超充的材料容易進入上頜竇引起異物反應;拔牙過程中因操作不當導致感染擴散,增加了誘發(fā)上頜竇炎的風險等[7-8]。經(jīng)牙槽嵴入路清創(chuàng)并沖洗引流,在手術(shù)過程中不需要大翻瓣,能夠最大限度地保留上頜竇黏膜、上頜竇內(nèi)神經(jīng)、血管等重要解剖結(jié)構(gòu),有利于竇黏膜恢復抵御細菌的能力[9-11]。實驗組使用以二甲胺四環(huán)素為主要成分的鹽酸米諾環(huán)素軟膏,為新型半合成四環(huán)素緩釋劑,具有長效、抗菌活性強、抗菌譜廣、易滲透、敏感性高、不良反應少等優(yōu)點,抑制膠原酶活性,預防組織破壞,且具有較高的骨親和力,使上頜竇黏膜再生及恢復能力增強,促進細胞附著與生長。而傳統(tǒng)的柯陸手術(shù)須切除上頜竇部分前壁,并清除上頜竇病變黏膜,術(shù)中出血較多,可能損傷竇內(nèi)重要神經(jīng)血管分支[12]。Workman等[13]研究中對20例OMS患者經(jīng)牙槽嵴頂入路進行沖洗、引流、抗炎治療,同期或延期種植修復,經(jīng)牙槽嵴頂入路治療,治愈率為85%,種植修復后隨訪1年,效果良好。本研究中,實驗組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于對照組,手術(shù)時間短于對照組,術(shù)后腫痛程度評分低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);實驗組患者的治療總有效率為96.67%,高于對照組的76.67%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);實驗組患者的二期種植手術(shù)時上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率為0.00%,低于對照組的13.33%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);實驗組患者的咀嚼功能、滿意程度評分均高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。提示采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療OMS可明顯減少術(shù)中出血量,縮短手術(shù)時間,減少術(shù)后腫痛,并獲得較高的臨床治愈率、總有效率。實驗組與對照組相比,保留上頜竇黏膜的完整性,炎癥愈合后發(fā)生竇黏膜與骨壁粘連的概率較低,連對后續(xù)的種植治療有明顯好處,表現(xiàn)在種植手術(shù)中上頜竇黏膜容易剝離,減少二期行種植手術(shù)時發(fā)生上頜竇黏膜穿孔。實驗組患者在隨訪期間并無復發(fā),而對照組患者在12、18個月隨訪時,各有1例復發(fā),兩組的OMS復發(fā)率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。實驗組患者較對照組患者復發(fā)率低,主要考慮本研究選入樣本量較少,且隨訪時間較短所致。實驗組患者的咀嚼功能、滿意程度評分均高于對照組(P<0.05),提示采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療OMS,較傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)而言,可獲得更好的咀嚼功能,提高患者的滿意度。本研究結(jié)果與Hong等[14-15]研究結(jié)果相近。
綜上所述,對于OMS的治療,采取由牙槽嵴頂入路治療方案并對相應區(qū)域進行缺牙種植修復后,可獲得較好的臨床治療效果,減少二期種植手術(shù)時上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔與術(shù)后復發(fā),提高患者的咀嚼功能,效果理想。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-27? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)