查固長(zhǎng) 袁麗
[摘要]目的 分析南昌市某三甲醫(yī)院圍生期孕婦B族鏈球菌(GBS)感染現(xiàn)狀及對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局的影響。方法 選取2018年4月~2019年3月來(lái)該院進(jìn)行產(chǎn)檢并分娩的1137例圍生期孕婦為研究對(duì)象,取肛門和生殖道分泌物進(jìn)行細(xì)菌培養(yǎng),根據(jù)培養(yǎng)結(jié)果分為感染組和對(duì)照組,分析其感染現(xiàn)狀及相關(guān)影響因素并比較兩組不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生率。結(jié)果 1137例圍生期孕婦共檢出GBS 67例,感染率為5.89%(67/1137);孕產(chǎn)婦≥35歲、≥3次流產(chǎn)史、本科及以上學(xué)歷的感染率分別為9.63%、11.43%、7.01%,高于<35歲、<3次流產(chǎn)史、本科以下學(xué)歷的4.55%、5.33%、3.54%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);感染組產(chǎn)褥感染、胎膜早破、早產(chǎn)的發(fā)生率分別為16.42%、10.45%、13.43%,均高于對(duì)照組的7.20%、5.40%、6.36%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);感染組新生兒上呼吸道感染、病理性黃疸、新生兒低體重的發(fā)生率分別為5.97%、28.36%、7.46%,均高于對(duì)照組的1.03%、10.75%、1.96%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組難產(chǎn)、新生兒窒息的發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 該院圍生期孕婦感染GBS較高,且與孕婦年齡、流產(chǎn)史和學(xué)歷因素相關(guān)。GBS感染可導(dǎo)致孕婦產(chǎn)褥感染、胎膜早破和早產(chǎn),并增加了新生兒上呼吸道感染、病理性黃疸、新生兒低體重的發(fā)生率,嚴(yán)重影響母嬰健康。
[關(guān)鍵詞]圍生期孕婦;B族鏈球菌;感染狀態(tài);妊娠結(jié)局
[中圖分類號(hào)] R714.251? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)5(a)-0180-03
Analysis of infection status of Group B Streptococcus and pregnancy outcomes in perinatal pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in Nanchang City
ZHA Gu-zhang? ?YUAN Li
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang? ?330006, China.
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the infection status of Group B Streptococci (GBS) in perinatal women in a tertiary hospital in Nanchang City and its effect on pregnancy outcome. Methods From April 2018 to March 2019, a total of 1137 perinatal pregnant women who came to the hospital to perform prenatal examination and have a delivery were selected as the research object. The anus and genital tract secretions were taken for bacterial culture, according to the culture results, they were divided into the infection group and the control group, and the status of infection and its relevant factors were analyzed. In addition, the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes was compared between the two groups. Results A total of 67 cases of GBS were detected in the 1137 cases of perinatal pregnant women, the infection rate was 5.89% (67/1137); as for puerperal who ≥35 years old, ≥3 times of abortion history, undergraduate and above, the infection rates were 9.63%, 11.43%, 7.01% respectively, which were higher than the infection rates of puerperal <35 years old, <3 times of abortion history, bachelor degree or below, which were 4.55%, 5.33%, 3.54%. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence rates of puerperal infection, premature rupture of membranes, premature delivery in infection group were 16.42%, 10.45% and 13.43% respectively, which were higher than 7.20%, 5.40% and 6.36% of the control group. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence rates of neonatal upper respiratory tract infection, pathological jaundice , neonatal low weight in infection group were 5.97%, 28.36% and 7.46% respectively, which were higher than 1.03%, 10.75%, 1.96% of the control group. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the incident rates of dystocia and neonatal asphyxia in the two groups. (P>0.05). Conclusion The incidence of GBS among pregnant women in the perinatal period is higher in the hospital, which is related to the age, abortion history and educational background of pregnant women. GBS infection can lead to maternal puerperal infection, premature rupture of membranes and premature delivery, and increase the incidence of neonatal upper respiratory tract infection, pathological jaundice and low neonatal weight, which seriously affects maternal and infant health.
[Key words] Perinatal pregnant women; Group B Streptococcus; Infection Status;Pregnancy outcome
B族鏈球菌(Group B Streptococcus,GBS)也稱無(wú)乳鏈球菌,常定植于人類下消化道和生殖道等部位[1]。本菌是一種條件致病菌,當(dāng)機(jī)體內(nèi)壞境發(fā)生紊亂時(shí)可導(dǎo)致感染進(jìn)而引起多種疾病[2]。有研究報(bào)道美國(guó)、歐洲等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家孕婦GBS感染率為5%~35%,已成為母嬰感染的首要致病菌[3]。以前國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)學(xué)界認(rèn)為GBS感染不會(huì)對(duì)孕婦和新生兒造成較大危害[4],但經(jīng)近幾年的臨床研究表明孕婦感染GBS不僅可導(dǎo)致孕婦產(chǎn)褥感染、胎膜早破和早產(chǎn),而且還增加了新生兒上呼吸道感染、病理性黃疸、新生兒低體重的發(fā)生率,嚴(yán)重影響母嬰健康[5]。本研究以該院產(chǎn)檢并分娩的1137例圍生期孕婦為研究對(duì)象,分析GBS感染現(xiàn)狀及其對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局的不良影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇2018年4月~2019年3月來(lái)該院進(jìn)行產(chǎn)檢并分娩的圍生期孕婦為研究對(duì)象,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):?jiǎn)翁m內(nèi)妊娠,胎兒存活,兩周內(nèi)未使用全身抗生素,所有研究對(duì)象簽署知情同意書;排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有內(nèi)外科合并癥,有產(chǎn)科并發(fā)癥,其他致病菌導(dǎo)致的生殖道感染。共納入圍生期孕婦1137例。根據(jù)細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)結(jié)果將研究對(duì)象分為感染組(67例)和對(duì)照組(1070例)。感染組中,平均年齡(27.9±4.9)歲;平均孕齡(38.1±3.1)周。對(duì)照組中,平均年齡(25.6±6.1)歲;平均孕齡(39.5±4.1)周。兩組的年齡、孕齡等一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn)。
1.2取材方法
參照美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心(CDC)推薦的方法[6]:由臨床醫(yī)生擦去外陰分泌物,用一支無(wú)菌棉拭子插入陰道內(nèi)1/3處,旋轉(zhuǎn)一周采集陰道分泌物;再取另一支無(wú)菌棉拭子插入肛門括約肌上2~3 cm處,旋轉(zhuǎn)一周采集直腸分泌物。采集后將兩支無(wú)菌棉拭子置于無(wú)菌管中并送檢。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
對(duì)納入對(duì)象進(jìn)行隨訪并比較分析兩組的妊娠結(jié)局:一般資料包括年齡、流產(chǎn)史和學(xué)歷指標(biāo);孕婦妊娠結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括早產(chǎn)、胎膜早破、產(chǎn)褥感染及難產(chǎn);新生兒結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括新生兒上呼吸道感染、新生兒病理性黃疸、新生兒低體重。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1圍生期孕婦GBS感染情況及單因素分析
1137例圍生期孕婦中,細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性即感染組67例,感染率為5.89%。單因素分析顯示孕婦≥35歲、≥3次流產(chǎn)史、本科及以上學(xué)歷的GBS感染率均高于<35歲、<3次流產(chǎn)史、本科以下學(xué)歷,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組孕婦妊娠結(jié)局的比較
感染組產(chǎn)褥感染、胎膜早破、早產(chǎn)的發(fā)生率均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組孕婦難產(chǎn)的發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組新生兒結(jié)局的比較
感染組新生兒上呼吸道感染、病理性黃疸、新生兒低體重的發(fā)生率均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組新生兒窒息的發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)(表3)。
3討論
GBS屬于一種條件致病菌,當(dāng)妊娠期機(jī)體免疫功能下降和內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂時(shí),可發(fā)生上行性感染,進(jìn)而引起多種疾病[7-8]。有研究表明,國(guó)內(nèi)圍生期孕婦GBS感染率為5%~30%[9],感染率高低不僅存在地區(qū)差異還和孕婦年齡及孕次等因素相關(guān)。本研究的1137例圍生期孕婦中,共檢測(cè)出GBS 67例,感染率為5.89%,其感染率低于上海的11.20%,北京的7.10%,烏魯木齊的11.30%,但高于西安的1.71%,提示圍生期孕婦GBS感染率存在地區(qū)差異[10-11]。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,孕婦年齡≥35歲、≥3次流產(chǎn)史、本科及以上學(xué)歷的GBS感染率均顯著高于年齡<35歲、<3次流產(chǎn)史、本科以下學(xué)歷,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示圍生期孕婦年齡、流產(chǎn)史以及學(xué)歷是其感染GBS的影響因素。分析其原因可能是因?yàn)楦啐g孕婦隨著年齡增加,身體素質(zhì)逐漸下降;多次流產(chǎn)使陰道黏膜受損,乳酸桿菌菌群失調(diào);而本科及以上學(xué)歷孕婦從事文職多運(yùn)動(dòng)較少,身體抵抗力比較低,所以增加了GBS感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但具體原因有待進(jìn)一步研究。
有相關(guān)研究表明圍生期孕婦生殖道GBS感染會(huì)引起早產(chǎn)、胎膜早破、產(chǎn)褥感染及新生兒并發(fā)癥等妊娠不良結(jié)局的發(fā)生[12]。原因可能是:①GBS感染會(huì)引起磷脂酶A2和前列腺素及細(xì)胞因子(腫瘤壞死因子、白細(xì)胞介素等)的釋放,協(xié)同細(xì)菌蛋白水解酶直接侵襲,降低胎膜張力導(dǎo)致胎膜早破;②胎膜早破后病原菌易侵入宮腔,導(dǎo)致羊水、胎盤以及胎膜感染,再加上炎癥因子直接刺激子宮收縮,最終導(dǎo)致早產(chǎn);③GBS產(chǎn)生的溶組織酶與外毒素具有極強(qiáng)的致病力、毒力,可致嚴(yán)重的產(chǎn)褥感染[13-14]。在本次1137例研究對(duì)象中,感染組圍生期孕婦發(fā)生產(chǎn)褥感染率為16.42%、胎膜早破率為10.45%、早產(chǎn)率為13.43%,均高于對(duì)照組的7.20%、5.40%、6.36%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。本研究提示圍生期孕婦感染GBS會(huì)增加早產(chǎn)、胎膜早破、產(chǎn)褥感染等疾病的發(fā)生率,與相關(guān)報(bào)道[12]結(jié)果相似。此外,還有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[15]GBS感染有40%~70%概率經(jīng)產(chǎn)時(shí)垂直傳播或產(chǎn)后水平傳播感染新生兒,感染GBS的新生兒會(huì)產(chǎn)生早發(fā)型和晚發(fā)型兩種新生兒相關(guān)綜合征,如新生兒感染和新生兒病理性黃疸。在本研究中,感染組發(fā)生新生兒上呼吸道感染率為5.97%、病理性黃疸率為28.36%、新生兒低體重率為7.46%,均高于對(duì)照組的1.03%、10.75%、1.96%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示孕婦感染GBS會(huì)對(duì)新生兒造成不良影響,與相關(guān)報(bào)道[15-16]結(jié)果相似。
綜上所述,該院圍生期孕婦GBS感染率較高,且感染GBS增加了產(chǎn)褥感染、早產(chǎn)和新生兒感染等不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生率,嚴(yán)重影響了母嬰健康。隨著我國(guó)“二孩”政策的全面施行,孕婦及新生兒數(shù)量不斷增加,臨床應(yīng)結(jié)合2010年美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心(CDC)發(fā)布的感染預(yù)防指南,加強(qiáng)對(duì)圍生期孕婦GBS的篩查,提高產(chǎn)前診斷水平,及時(shí)預(yù)防和治療,有效改善孕婦妊娠結(jié)局。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-17? 本文編輯:陳文文)