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洋蔥抽薹開(kāi)花性狀的研究進(jìn)展

2020-07-04 03:06陳微李威亞惠林沖楊海峰何林玉潘美紅
山東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2020年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:生理生化分子機(jī)制洋蔥

陳微 李威亞 惠林沖 楊海峰 何林玉 潘美紅

摘要:先期抽薹嚴(yán)重影響洋蔥產(chǎn)量及商品性,降低經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,因此選育耐抽薹品種是洋蔥育種的關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)之一。本研究首先對(duì)植物抽薹性狀的遺傳機(jī)理進(jìn)行分析,圍繞洋蔥抽薹生理生化變化、影響抽薹的主要因素、抽薹分子機(jī)理以及先期抽薹的預(yù)防措施等進(jìn)行論述,最后對(duì)未來(lái)研究方向進(jìn)行展望。

關(guān)鍵詞:洋蔥;抽薹開(kāi)花;生理生化;影響因素;分子機(jī)制

中圖分類號(hào):S633.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)號(hào):A文章編號(hào):1001-4942(2020)03-0151-06

AbstractPremature bolting affects onion yield and commerciality and leads to economic losses. Therefore, selecting the anti-bolting lines is a key goal of onion breeding. In the paper, the genetic mechanism of bolting traits in plant was summerized, and then the physiological and biochemical characteristics, main factors, molecular mechanism and preventing measures of onion premature bolting were discussed. The direction of future research was prospected in the end.

KeywordsOnion (Allium cepa L.); Bolting and flowering; Physiology and biochemistry; Influence factors;Molecular mechanism

洋蔥是二年生草本植物,營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,具有殺菌、降血脂、降血壓、抗哮喘和抑制腫瘤形成、擴(kuò)散等作用,深受國(guó)內(nèi)外消費(fèi)者喜愛(ài)。抽薹開(kāi)花標(biāo)志著植物從營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)到生殖生長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變,是植物發(fā)育的重要特征之一。選擇合適時(shí)機(jī)抽薹開(kāi)花是植物成功繁殖和高效農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的體現(xiàn)。先期抽薹影響洋蔥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),使其商品性變差,一旦發(fā)生抽薹,枝條頂端就不會(huì)產(chǎn)生葉原基,鱗莖停止發(fā)育。抽薹后的鱗莖中通常存在一個(gè)空心花莖,不利于生產(chǎn)和銷售[1]。因此,研究洋蔥抽薹開(kāi)花的遺傳調(diào)控機(jī)制十分必要。目前,人們對(duì)模式植物擬南芥抽薹開(kāi)花分子調(diào)控機(jī)制的研究已經(jīng)比較詳細(xì)和透徹,對(duì)其開(kāi)花轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程的遺傳調(diào)控機(jī)制已有全面而深刻的解析,但在洋蔥上的相關(guān)研究較少。本研究在分析植物抽薹開(kāi)花分子機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)洋蔥抽薹開(kāi)花的生理生化變化、關(guān)鍵影響因素及相關(guān)分子機(jī)理等進(jìn)行論述,并對(duì)未來(lái)研究方向進(jìn)行展望,旨在為提高洋蔥的耐抽薹性、促進(jìn)洋蔥的遺傳改良提供參考。

1植物抽薹開(kāi)花分子機(jī)制研究

植物抽薹開(kāi)花涉及一個(gè)復(fù)雜的基因調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),研究發(fā)現(xiàn),擬南芥體內(nèi)存在5條主要控制開(kāi)花的遺傳途徑,包括:光周期途徑、赤霉素途徑、自主途徑、春化途徑和年齡途徑[2,3]。正常條件下,環(huán)境或外部條件如低溫、光照強(qiáng)度和光照時(shí)間是決定植物開(kāi)花的關(guān)鍵因素[4]。而植物年齡、碳水化合物(主要是蔗糖)和激素(主要是赤霉素)等內(nèi)源因素與外部因素的相互協(xié)調(diào)才能夠確定開(kāi)花時(shí)間。

1.1光周期途徑

光周期是影響植物抽薹開(kāi)花最重要的環(huán)境因素[5],只有感受一段時(shí)間的特定光長(zhǎng)后植物才能開(kāi)花。根據(jù)成花對(duì)日照長(zhǎng)度需求的不同,植物可分為長(zhǎng)日照植物、中日照植物和短日照植物。光周期誘導(dǎo)途徑能夠?qū)⒐夂凸庵芷诘亩〞r(shí)信號(hào)傳遞給花誘導(dǎo)過(guò)程。光信號(hào)在光周期響應(yīng)的分子機(jī)制中具有三個(gè)主要功能:?jiǎn)?dòng)與晝夜節(jié)律振蕩器相互作用并牽引晝夜節(jié)律的信號(hào);促進(jìn)FLAVIN-BINDING,KELCH REPEAT,F(xiàn)-BOX1(FKF1)和GIGANTEA(GI)之間的藍(lán)光依賴性相互作用;調(diào)節(jié)CONSTANS(CO)蛋白質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定性[6,7]。

目前,利用分子遺傳學(xué)的方法已經(jīng)鑒定到光周期響應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵基因CO和FT [6,8,9]。其中CO通過(guò)響應(yīng)節(jié)律鐘基因和光感受器的信號(hào)來(lái)誘導(dǎo)下游關(guān)鍵基因FT的表達(dá)[10,11],并將其蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至莖尖頂端分生組織,與FD相互作用,產(chǎn)生FT-FD復(fù)合體,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)下游基因表達(dá),將光信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為開(kāi)花信號(hào),促進(jìn)植物早花[5,12]。GI在晝夜節(jié)律振蕩器和CO之間可通過(guò)增加CO和FT mRNA豐度來(lái)促進(jìn)植物開(kāi)花[5]。

1.2春化途徑

溫度是控制植物從營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)到生殖生長(zhǎng)最重要的環(huán)境因素之一[13]。目前,擬南芥中調(diào)控春化途徑的重要基因有FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)和FRIGIDA(FRI)。FLC 是研究最為深入的涉及植物抽薹開(kāi)花過(guò)程的基因之一,植物開(kāi)花時(shí)間的差異主要依賴FLC 等位基因的變化[14-16],F(xiàn)LC編碼的MADS-box轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,是一個(gè)植物開(kāi)花抑制因子,可以抑制FT、SOC1 和AP1 等基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄而使植物開(kāi)花延遲[17]。而春化途徑的另一關(guān)鍵基因SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE(SVP)則能夠通過(guò)與FLC互作加強(qiáng)FLC的功能而延遲開(kāi)花[18]。

1.3赤霉素途徑

GA是一類非常重要的植物激素,可通過(guò)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分裂、伸長(zhǎng)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)植物生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育[19,20]。GA在調(diào)控低溫春化植物抽薹開(kāi)花的過(guò)程中起到重要作用[21],GA生物合成基因和GA下游信號(hào)的表達(dá)均涉及開(kāi)花時(shí)間的調(diào)控[22]。研究表明,GA通過(guò)抑制幾種DELLA阻遏物(GAI、RGA、RGL1、RGL2和RGL3)的功能來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)花發(fā)育,從而部分促進(jìn)花同源異型基因APETALA3(AP3)、PISTILLATA(PI)和AGAMOUS(AG)的表達(dá)[23]。此外,LEAFY(LFY)和SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1(SOC1)是赤霉素、光周期和春化途徑之間的重要連接基因。GA能夠通過(guò)激活下游靶基因LEAFY和SOC1啟動(dòng)子,整合光周期與春化途徑來(lái)促進(jìn)擬南芥開(kāi)花[19,23,24]。

1.4自主途徑

植物開(kāi)花除受外界環(huán)境因素影響外,還受自身感知的調(diào)控,自主途徑突變體的特點(diǎn)是延遲開(kāi)花。參與自主途徑的基因包括LUMINIDEPENDENS (LD)、FCA、FY、FPA、FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD)、FVE、FLOWERING LOCUS K(FLK)和 REF6[25,26],這些基因主要通過(guò)抑制FLC的表達(dá)起作用。并且突變體中觀察到的延遲開(kāi)花現(xiàn)象在很大程度上歸因于FLC表達(dá)水平升高[4]。

1.5年齡途徑

年齡途徑主要由植物中的miRNA決定,miR156和miR172是兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵的miRNA,在年齡途徑中扮演重要的協(xié)調(diào)作用。miR156在植物的幼年階段表達(dá)較高,隨著生長(zhǎng)表達(dá)會(huì)逐漸降低,而miR172的表達(dá)卻相反[27-30]。擬南芥中有兩大類miR156靶基因:編碼小蛋白質(zhì)的SPL3、SPL4和SPL5(主要由SBP DNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域組成),其它8個(gè)miR156靶基因編碼更大的蛋白質(zhì)[31,32]。SPL3、SPL4和SPL5主要控制開(kāi)花時(shí)間,而SPL9及其旁系同源物SPL15則包含另一類與控制開(kāi)花相關(guān)的SPL基因。兩組SPL因子對(duì)開(kāi)花非常重要,SPL3和SPL9的過(guò)表達(dá)可加速開(kāi)花,而通過(guò)miR156過(guò)表達(dá)降低SPL活性則延遲開(kāi)花[28, 33-37]。miR172受生物鐘以及SPLs調(diào)控,而SPLs又受miR156調(diào)控。miR172靶向AP2家族的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,抑制花通路整合子(FT,SOC1和AGL24)以及花分生組織基因(FUL,LFY和AP1)[3]。

總之,外源因素和內(nèi)源因素共同作用的五個(gè)主要途徑相互聯(lián)系形成一個(gè)綜合的監(jiān)管網(wǎng)絡(luò),并通過(guò)多個(gè)開(kāi)花信號(hào)通道來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)開(kāi)花時(shí)間[22,38-40]。

2洋蔥抽薹的生理生化表現(xiàn)

生產(chǎn)栽培需要耐抽薹洋蔥品種,育種上提早抽薹則可以縮短育種周期。因此研究抽薹植株生理生化物質(zhì)變化對(duì)研究植物抽薹具有重要意義。劉磊等[41]以紅太陽(yáng)洋蔥為試材對(duì)未抽薹與抽薹植株的生理生化變化進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)鱗莖形成期,未抽薹植株可溶性蛋白質(zhì)和游離氨基酸含量較高,抽薹植株P(guān)OD 活性、C/N 值及可溶性糖含量較高;抽薹期,抽薹植株可溶性蛋白質(zhì)和游離氨基酸含量較高,未抽薹植株P(guān)OD 活性、C/N 值及可溶性糖含量較高。

Kwon等[42]研究表明,抽薹和花莖去除對(duì)洋蔥鱗莖直徑?jīng)]有影響,但可導(dǎo)致鱗莖重量減小;花莖在3~5個(gè)鱗片形成之后產(chǎn)生,抽薹和花莖去除則減少了大約一個(gè)比例的鱗片數(shù)量;總可溶性固形物(TSS)、總糖、槲皮素和總酚含量以及辛辣味均不受抽薹和花莖去除的影響,因此,抽薹對(duì)植株鱗莖的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)沒(méi)有顯著影響。

3洋蔥抽薹開(kāi)花的關(guān)鍵影響因素

洋蔥的抽薹開(kāi)花由品種、植株大小、低溫持續(xù)時(shí)間等決定,植株長(zhǎng)到一定大小,經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間春化就會(huì)開(kāi)花[1,43]。Khokhar等[44]發(fā)現(xiàn)春化所需時(shí)間即是啟動(dòng)洋蔥球莖開(kāi)花所需的全部時(shí)間,但溫度和光周期影響最終花序外觀和小花開(kāi)放所需時(shí)間。多數(shù)品種的最佳花誘導(dǎo)條件為5~13℃低溫處理20~120 d。耐抽薹品種與普通春播品種則需要更長(zhǎng)的低溫刺激(154~185 d)[44-46]。然而,低溫不是影響抽薹的先決條件,洋蔥若在發(fā)育過(guò)程中沒(méi)有生長(zhǎng)到足夠大小,就不會(huì)接受低溫信號(hào)來(lái)啟動(dòng)抽薹。植株大小主要由播種時(shí)間決定,早種植更利于抽薹[1,43]。

除上述因素外,外源激素和肥力同樣對(duì)洋蔥抽薹開(kāi)花產(chǎn)生影響。頂部噴施濃度為0.25%的馬來(lái)酰肼可以防止洋蔥過(guò)早和不必需的抽薹,有助于提高球莖的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量[47]。春化前噴灑植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑多效唑和乙烯利能減少抽薹,單獨(dú)使用矮壯素會(huì)增加抽薹,而矮壯素和乙烯利混合使用會(huì)降低抽薹率。晚冬季,使用5 mg/mL乙烯利處理秋播、短日齡的洋蔥能延緩葉片生長(zhǎng)和抑制抽薹,其抑制作用與處理時(shí)球莖直徑顯著相關(guān)[48]。低氮(N)施用量也會(huì)增加抽薹比例,但當(dāng)施用量增加至197 kg/hm2,抽薹率穩(wěn)步下降[49]。

4洋蔥抽薹分子機(jī)理研究

目前,人們對(duì)洋蔥的分子遺傳研究相對(duì)滯后,基因組組裝工作還未完成,但對(duì)模式植物擬南芥抽薹開(kāi)花基因等的研究較早且較為深入。因此,以擬南芥的研究成果作為洋蔥抽薹開(kāi)花的重要參照,是提升洋蔥分子研究的重要手段。Taylor等[50]研究結(jié)果表明,控制擬南芥光周期開(kāi)花的關(guān)鍵基因在洋蔥中是保守的,這個(gè)理論得到表達(dá)和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育數(shù)據(jù)的支持。Lee等[51]通過(guò)對(duì)先前EST數(shù)據(jù)的生物信息學(xué)挖掘和來(lái)自RNAseq的數(shù)據(jù)分析揭示了許多開(kāi)花發(fā)育相關(guān)的洋蔥同源物,其中包括FT基因家族的6個(gè)成員,F(xiàn)T基因在控制洋蔥鱗莖的形成和春化響應(yīng)開(kāi)花的光周期誘導(dǎo)等過(guò)程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用;一旦洋蔥成熟并且日照達(dá)到臨界長(zhǎng)度,AcFT4下調(diào),AcFT1上調(diào),誘導(dǎo)鱗莖形成;越冬期,洋蔥通過(guò)上調(diào)AcFT2表達(dá)來(lái)響應(yīng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的低溫,從而開(kāi)花。Shiraiwa等[52]報(bào)道,聚束洋蔥上編碼赤霉素3-氧化酶的基因(AfGA3ox1)催化GA9向GA4和GA20向GA1的轉(zhuǎn)化,AfGA3ox1在花器官發(fā)育的早、中期表達(dá)較高,并定位于與聚束洋蔥相關(guān)物種青蔥的7A染色體上。Baldwin等[53]使用‘Nasik Red 9 DH2150種群,在第1號(hào)染色體上鑒定出一個(gè)與抽薹相關(guān)的QTL,將其命名為AcBlt1,并討論了這些候選基因與開(kāi)花的關(guān)系;將AcFT2定位到第5號(hào)染色體上,并使用另一個(gè)群體‘W202A 9 Texas Grano將AcFT1定位到1號(hào)染色體上。

劉彬昕[54]研究表明,AcFT基因在不同時(shí)期的洋蔥葉片、葉鞘、根、假莖、花序等器官中均有不同水平的表達(dá),并在春化后抽薹前的葉片中表達(dá)水平最高。除FT基因外,AcLFY基因在抽薹初期的花序分生組織表達(dá)水平也較高,但在花柄、花托以及花器官中只有微量表達(dá),而在花器官形成后的葉片中仍有表達(dá);擬南芥中過(guò)表達(dá)AcLFY基因可引起早期抽薹和早花現(xiàn)象,而通過(guò)RNAi敲除內(nèi)源LEAFY基因則會(huì)晚抽薹;此外,轉(zhuǎn)基因植物在蓮座葉、分枝和株高方面也表現(xiàn)出顯著的形態(tài)變化[55]。盛潔等[56]對(duì)洋蔥光周期途徑的重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AcCOL7進(jìn)行克隆,獲得了cDNA全長(zhǎng),并轉(zhuǎn)化擬南芥co突變體分析其基本功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)與突變體植株相比,轉(zhuǎn)化株表現(xiàn)為早花,且突變體的其它變異性狀也得到一定程度的恢復(fù),表明AcCOL7在光周期誘導(dǎo)開(kāi)花途徑中具有重要作用。目前洋蔥分子水平上的研究為解析洋蔥抽薹開(kāi)花的調(diào)控機(jī)理提供了新的研究思路和重要依據(jù),是解決洋蔥先期抽薹的關(guān)鍵途徑。

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