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海南南部夜間空中昆蟲群落結(jié)構(gòu)研究

2020-07-07 01:35周先涌趙勝園肖日新吳孔明
環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報(bào) 2020年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:亞種飛虱夜蛾

周先涌,趙勝園,閆 冉,肖日新,吳孔明*

(1. 福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,福州 350002;2. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所,植物病蟲害生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193;3. 海南潤(rùn)達(dá)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)集團(tuán)股份有限公司,海南陵水 570125)

種子是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的核心要素。利用海南島南部地區(qū)優(yōu)越的光、溫、水等氣候條件及自然地理?xiàng)l件,開展作物新品種的冬季加代、育種、制種等工作,對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)有至關(guān)重要的意義(丁照華等,2006;陳冠銘等,2013)。1956年育種學(xué)家吳紹骙等創(chuàng)立異地培育理論(吳紹骙等,1960;佟屏亞,2000;陳冠銘和曹兵,2016)并促成了海南省三亞、陵水和樂(lè)東等市縣南繁工作的興起(佟屏亞,2001;董照輝等,2010;唐清杰等,2015;王業(yè)峰,2016;呂青等,2017)。我國(guó)常年農(nóng)作物用種量高達(dá)125億kg(程兵,2015),其中有80%的品種(董照輝等,2010),包括糧食作物、油料作物、瓜果蔬菜等40多種作物或蔬菜在南繁基地選育或加代(陳冠銘和曹兵,2016)。因此,南繁育種是我國(guó)種業(yè)發(fā)展的“加速器”(陳冠銘等,2013),對(duì)國(guó)家糧食安全和種業(yè)發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。但南繁育種也面臨著諸多限制,在海南“天然溫室”的氣候環(huán)境下,多種害蟲終年繁殖、混合發(fā)生、多寄主轉(zhuǎn)移為害,并隨種苗調(diào)運(yùn)傳播到全國(guó)各地(孔祥義等,2006),是影響育種制種和病蟲害防治工作的主要因子(姜軍等,2003)。

前人已對(duì)海南島昆蟲種類開展了多次調(diào)查工作(彭正強(qiáng)等,1997;彭正強(qiáng)等,1998;張丹丹,2005;黃小清,2007;魏雪麗,2017),但未對(duì)空中昆蟲群落結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行研究。而多數(shù)昆蟲具有較強(qiáng)的飛行能力,害蟲遷飛可以導(dǎo)致區(qū)域性災(zāi)變(程遐年,1992)。海南島與東南亞各國(guó)隔海相望,南繁基地不僅面臨島內(nèi)病蟲害頻發(fā)的問(wèn)題,還受到東南亞地區(qū)遷飛害蟲的威脅。如褐飛虱Nilaparvatalugens、白背飛虱Sogatellafurcifera、稻縱卷葉野螟Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(沈慧梅,2010;劉萬(wàn)才等,2014;陸明紅等,2018)、棉鈴蟲Helicoverpaarmigera(Fengetal.,2003)、小地老虎Agrotisipsilon(Liuetal.,2015)、黃地老虎Agrotissegetum(Guoetal.,2015)等已被證實(shí)具備遠(yuǎn)距離跨海遷飛能力。因此,研究南繁基地空中昆蟲群落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)揭示海南島內(nèi)害蟲種群的消長(zhǎng)規(guī)律,明確東南亞遷飛害蟲對(duì)海南作物生產(chǎn)的影響具有重要意義。

1 材料與方法

1.1 樣本采集

在海南陵水縣現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)示范基地(18°26′38.33″ N,109°26′38.33″ E)設(shè)置探照燈誘蟲器。該誘蟲器由直徑為1 m的鍍鋅鐵皮漏斗和裝在漏斗內(nèi)垂直向上照射的GT75型探照燈組成(封洪強(qiáng),2003)。GT75型探照燈裝有JLZ型1 000 W金屬鹵化物燈泡(上海亞明照明有限公司;通量90 000 Lm、色溫4 000 K、顯色指數(shù)65)。漏斗底部懸掛60目的尼龍網(wǎng)袋用以收集所誘的昆蟲。該裝置可誘集高空500 m的趨光性昆蟲(Fengetal.,2003),誘集時(shí)間從2017年1月1日到2018年12月 31日。每天日落開燈,次日日出關(guān)燈(極端天氣或停電除外),將誘蟲網(wǎng)袋放于-20℃冰柜冷凍處理4 h后進(jìn)行分類。

1.2 分類鑒定

參考《中國(guó)動(dòng)物志昆蟲綱》、《中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)昆蟲志》、《中國(guó)昆蟲生態(tài)大圖鑒》等文獻(xiàn)資料,將收集的昆蟲按形態(tài)特征進(jìn)行分類鑒定,并制作標(biāo)本。非常見種類請(qǐng)相關(guān)專家?guī)椭b定或復(fù)核。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

對(duì)兩年的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理(2017年1月14日-2月13日、2月14-19日、3月12-24日、4月16-21日、25-26日、28日-5月17日和2018年 1月25-26日、31日、2月3日-3月4日、4月 19-26日、28日-7月30日數(shù)據(jù)未處理),計(jì)算夜間空中昆蟲群落的物種豐富度(Richness,S)、Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)(Shannon-Wiener Index,H′)、優(yōu)勢(shì)集中性指數(shù)(Index of Dominant Concerntration,C)、均勻度指數(shù)(Evenness,E)和群落優(yōu)勢(shì)度(Dominance,B)。計(jì)算方法參考第四版《昆蟲生態(tài)及預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)》和周先涌(2019)對(duì)三沙市永興島空中昆蟲群落機(jī)構(gòu)的記述。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 物種組成

經(jīng)過(guò)形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定,空中誘集昆蟲共計(jì)396種(亞種),隸屬于13目88科307屬。其中,在種級(jí)分類階元上,鱗翅目昆蟲達(dá)206種(亞種),占總已知所有種的52.02%,豐富度最高;半翅目昆蟲的豐富度次之,為84種(亞種),占總的21.46%;鞘翅目昆蟲57種,占總的14.39%,豐富度相對(duì)較低(圖1)??罩欣ハx群落豐富度由高到低依次為鱗翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、直翅目、雙翅目、膜翅目、蜻蜓目、蜚蠊目、脈翅目、螳螂目、革翅目、蜉蝣目、毛翅目。

圖1 南繁基地高空燈誘昆蟲群落結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Community structure of insects trapped by the vertical search-light in HNBMB

鱗翅目Lepidoptera共計(jì)22科144屬206種(亞種)(表1)。其中,目夜蛾科Erebidae 59種1亞種,占29.13%;草螟科Crambidae 43種,占20.87%;天蛾科Sphingidae 28種7亞種,占16.99%;夜蛾科Noctuidae 31種,占15.05%;尺蛾科Geometridae 5種,占2.43%;粉蝶科Pieridae 1種3亞種,占1.94%;螟蛾科Pyralidae 4種,占1.94%;刺蛾科Limacodidae 3種,占1.46%;蛺蝶科Nymphalidae 3亞種,占1.46%;灰蝶科Lycaenidae 1種1亞種,占0.97%;瘤蛾科Nolidae 2種,占0.97%;舟蛾科Notodontidae 2種,占0.97%;蓑蛾科Psychidae 2種,占0.97%;大蠶蛾科Saturniidae 2種,占0.97%。

半翅目Hemiptera共計(jì)23科71屬85種(亞種)(表2)。其中,飛虱科Delphacidae 38種,占44.71%;蝽科Pentatomidae 9種,占10.59%;葉蟬科Cicadellidae 5種,占5.88%;盲蝽科Miridae 5種,占5.88%;紅蝽科Pyrrhocoridae 5種,占5.88%;地長(zhǎng)蝽科Rhyparochromidae 4種,占4.71%;蟬科Cicadidae 2種,占2.35%;緣蝽科Coreidae 2種,占2.35%。

鞘翅目Coleoptera共計(jì)17科47屬57種(表3)。其中,步甲科Carabidae 14種,占24.56%;金龜科Scarabaeidae 10種,占17.54%;天??艭erambycidae 5種,占8.77%;葉甲科Chrysomelidae 5種,占8.77%;瓢蟲科Coccinellidae 5種,占8.77%;鋸谷盜科Silvanidae 3種,占5.26%;長(zhǎng)蠹科Bostrichidae 2種,占3.51%%;象甲科Curculionidae 2種,占3.51%;龍虱科Dytiscidae 2種,占3.51%;埋葬甲科Silphidae 2種,占3.51%。

其它昆蟲種類共計(jì)10目26科45屬51種(亞種)(表4)。其中,直翅目Orthoptera 14種,占29.17%;雙翅目Diptera 7種,占14.58%;膜翅目Hymenoptera 6種,占12.50%;蜻蜓目Odonata 6種,占12.50%;蜚蠊目Blattodea 5種,占10.42%;螳螂目Mantodea 3種,占6.25%;脈翅目Neuroptera 4種,占8.33%。

2.2 動(dòng)態(tài)規(guī)律

在昆蟲數(shù)量變化上,存在明顯的年季間差異。2017年單日誘蟲量從2月中旬開始呈上升趨勢(shì),6月中旬-7月上旬為單日誘蟲高峰期。除了10月中旬和11月月底出現(xiàn)的2個(gè)較高的蟲量高峰外,之后5個(gè)月蟲量明顯降低。2018年1月上旬有一個(gè)相對(duì)較高的蟲峰,隨后誘蟲量回落。誘蟲高峰在3月中旬和8月中旬,其余時(shí)間蟲量維持在較低的水平(圖2)。

表1 高空燈誘鱗翅目昆蟲名錄

續(xù)表1 Continued table 1

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)褐緣綠野螟Parotis marginata (Hampson, 1893)扇野螟屬Pleuroptya三條扇野螟Pleuroptya chlorophanta (Butler, 1878)黑野螟屬Pygospila白斑黑野螟Pygospila tyres (Cramer, 1780)白禾螟屬Scirpophaga三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker, 1863)黃尾白螟Scirpophaga nivella (Fabricius, 1794)青野螟屬Spoladea甜菜青野螟Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775)藍(lán)野螟屬Talanga六斑藍(lán)野螟Talanga sexpunctalis (Moore, 1887)長(zhǎng)翅野螟屬Terastia斜帶長(zhǎng)翅野螟Terastia meticulosalis Guenée, 1854目夜蛾科Erebidae阿夜蛾屬Achaea飛揚(yáng)阿夜蛾Achaea janata (Linnaeus, 1758)人心果阿夜蛾Achaea serva (Fabricius, 1775)鹿蛾屬Amata蕾鹿蛾Amata germana Felder, 1862玫燈蛾屬Amerila閃光玫燈蛾Amerila astreus (Drury, 1773)橋夜蛾屬Anomis棉小造橋蟲Anomis flava (Fabricius, 1775)超橋夜蛾Anomis fulvida Guenée, 1852關(guān)夜蛾屬Artena銹色關(guān)夜蛾Artena dotata (Fabricius, 1794)擬燈蛾屬Asota窄楔斑擬燈蛾Asota canaraica (Moore, 1878)一點(diǎn)擬燈蛾Asota caricae (Fabricius, 1775)目夜蛾科Erebidae擬燈蛾屬Asota橙擬燈蛾Asota egens (Walker, 1854)圓端擬燈蛾Asota heliconia (Linnaeus, 1758)方斑擬燈蛾Asota plaginota Butler, 1875BastillaBastilla joviana (Stoll, 1782)擬胸須夜蛾屬Bertula黑帶擬胸須夜蛾Bertula abjudicalis Walker, [1859] 1858麗毒蛾屬Calliteara無(wú)憂花麗毒蛾Calliteara horsfieldii (Saunders, 1851)三角夜蛾屬Chalciope斜帶三角夜蛾Chalciope mygdon (Cramer, 1777)灰燈蛾屬Creatonotos黑條灰燈蛾Creatonotos gangis (Linnaeus, 1763)八點(diǎn)灰燈蛾Creatonotos transiens (Walker, 1855)雪苔蛾屬Cyana白玫雪苔蛾Cyana alborosea (Walker, 1864)優(yōu)雪苔蛾Cyana hamata (Walker, 1854)臺(tái)雪苔蛾Cyana formosana (Hampson, 1909)巾夜蛾屬Dysgonia石榴巾夜蛾Dysgonia stuposa (Fabricius, 1794)土苔蛾屬Eilema端褐土苔蛾Eilema apicalis (Walker, 1862)篦夜蛾屬Episparis漣篦夜蛾Episparis tortuosalis Moore,1867春鹿蛾屬Eressa春鹿蛾Eressa confinis (Walker, 1854)獵夜蛾屬EublemmaEublemma baccalix (Swinhoe, 1886)黃毒蛾屬Euproctis幻帶黃毒蛾Euproctis varians (Walker, 1855)鉛擬燈蛾屬Euplocia鉛擬燈蛾Euplocia membliaria (Cramer, 1780)

續(xù)表1 Continued table 1

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)象夜蛾屬Grammodes象夜蛾Grammodes geometrica (Fabricius, 1775)亥夜蛾屬Hydrillodes楞亥夜蛾Hydrillodes lentalis Guenée, 1852印亥夜蛾Hydrillodes nilgirialis Hampson, 1895鷹夜蛾屬Hypocala鉤鷹夜蛾Hypocala rostrata (Fabricius, 1794)蘋梢鷹夜蛾Hypocala subsatura Guenée, 1852藍(lán)條夜蛾屬Ischyja藍(lán)條夜蛾Ischyja manlia (Cramer, 1776)長(zhǎng)吻夜蛾屬M(fèi)arapana長(zhǎng)吻夜蛾Marapana pulverata Guenée, 1852閃擬燈蛾屬Neochera閃擬燈蛾Neochera dominia (Cramer, 1780)目夜蛾科Erebidae美苔蛾屬M(fèi)iltochrista優(yōu)美苔蛾Miltochrista striata (Bremer & Grey, 1851)Miltochrista cruciata (Walker, 1862)毛脛夜蛾屬M(fèi)ocis實(shí)毛脛夜蛾Mocis frugalis (Fabricius, 1775)毛脛夜蛾Mocis undata (Fabricius, 1775)蝶燈蛾屬Nyctemera粉蝶燈蛾Nyctemera adversata (Schaller, 1788)毛脛蝶燈蛾Nyctemera coleta (Cramer, 1781)蝶燈蛾Nyctemera lacticinia (Cramer, 1777)奧苔蛾屬Oeonistis英奧苔蛾Oeonistis entella (Cramer, 1779)安鈕夜蛾屬Ophiusa安鈕夜蛾Ophiusa tirhace (Cramer, 1777)嘴壺夜蛾屬Oraesia鳥嘴弧夜蛾Oraesia excavata (Butler, 1878)嘴壺夜蛾Oraesia emarginata (Fabricius, 1794)古毒蛾屬Orgyia渦古毒蛾Orgyia turbata Butler, 1879佩夜蛾屬Oxyodes佩夜蛾Oxyodes scrobiculata (Fabricius, 1775)同紋夜蛾屬Pericyma鳳凰木同紋夜蛾P(guān)ericyma cruegeri (Butler, 1886)圓擬燈蛾屬Peridrome圓擬燈蛾P(guān)eridrome obicularis (Walker, 1854)透翅毒蛾屬Perina榕透翅毒蛾P(guān)erina unda (Fabricius, 1787)盜毒蛾屬Porthesia雙線盜毒蛾P(guān)orthesia scintillans (Walker, 1856)灑夜蛾屬Psimada灑夜蛾P(guān)simada quadripennis Walker, 1858斑翅夜蛾屬Serrodes鈴斑翅夜蛾Serrodes campana Guenée, 1852污燈蛾屬Spilarctia人紋污燈蛾Spilarctia subcarnea (Walker, 1855)合夜蛾屬Sympis合夜蛾Sympis rufibasis Guenée, 1852Syntomoides伊貝鹿蛾Syntomoides imaon (Cramer, 1779)分夜蛾屬Trigonodes分夜蛾Trigonodes hyppasia (Cramer, 1779)星燈蛾屬Utetheisa擬三色星燈蛾Utetheisa lotrix lotrix (Cramer, 1779)木蠹蛾科CossidaePolyphagozzerra咖啡豹蠹蛾P(guān)olyphagozerra coffeae Nietner, 1861尺蛾科Geometridae造橋蟲屬Ascotis大造橋蟲Ascotis selenaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)霜尺蛾屬Cleora瑞霜尺蛾Cleora repulsaria (Walker, 1860)尺蛾科Geometridae鉤翅尺蛾屬Hyposidra劍鉤翅尺蛾Hyposidra infixaria (Walker, 1860)

續(xù)表1 Continued table 1

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)粉尺蛾屬Pingasa黃基粉尺蛾P(guān)ingasa ruginaria (Guenée, 1857)樟翠尺蛾Thalassodes樟翠尺蛾Thalassodes quadraria (Guenée, 1857)寬蛾科Depressariidae草蛾屬Ethmia點(diǎn)帶草娥Ethmia lineatonotella (Moore, 1867)刺蛾科Limacodidae雙線刺蛾屬Cania灰雙線刺蛾Cania robusta Hering, 1931黃刺蛾屬M(fèi)onema黃刺蛾Monema flavescens Walker, 1855綠刺蛾屬Parasa褐緣綠刺蛾P(guān)arasa consocia Walker, 1865弄蝶科Hesperiidae谷弄蝶屬Pelopidas南亞谷弄蝶指名亞種Pelopidas agna agna (Moore, 1866)灰蝶科Lycaenidae異灰蝶屬Iraota鐵木萊異灰蝶指名亞種Iraota timoleon timoleon (Stol, 1790)吉灰蝶屬Zizeeria吉灰蝶Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865)夜蛾科Noctuidae綺夜蛾屬Acontia大理石綺夜蛾Acontia marmoralis (Fabricius, 1794)葉蕊夜蛾屬Aegilia葉蕊夜蛾Aegilia describens Walker, [1858]地夜蛾屬Agrotis小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766)皙夜蛾屬Chasmina曲緣皙夜蛾Chasmina candida (Walker, 1865)銀輝夜蛾屬Chrysodeixis銀輝夜蛾Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, 1789)梳狀夜蛾屬Ctenoplusia銀紋夜蛾Ctenoplusia agnata (Staudinger, 1892)白條夜蛾Ctenoplusia albostriata (Bremer & Grey, 1853)哈夜蛾屬Hamodes斜線哈夜蛾Hamodes butleri (Leech, 1900)鈴夜蛾屬Helicoverpa棉鈴蟲Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, [1808])煙青蟲Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée, 1852)粘夜蛾屬Leucania白點(diǎn)粘夜蛾Leucania loreyi (Duponchel, 1827)白脈粘夜蛾Leucania venalba (Moore, 1867)銀錠夜蛾屬M(fèi)acdunnoughia銀錠夜蛾Macdunnoughia crassisigna (Warren, 1913)秘夜蛾屬M(fèi)ythimna暗灰秘夜蛾Mythimna consanguis (Guenée, 1852)艷秘夜蛾Mythima pulchra (Snellen, [1886])回秘夜蛾Mythimna reversa (Moore, 1884)夜蛾科Noctuidae秘夜蛾屬M(fèi)ythimna粘蟲Mythimna separata Walker, 1865裁夜蛾屬Pterogonia裁夜蛾P(guān)terogonia episcopalis Swinhoe, 1891蛀莖夜蛾屬Sesamia稻蛀莖夜蛾Sesamia inferens (Walker, 1856)灰翅夜蛾屬Spodoptera圓灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera cilium Guenée, 1852淡劍灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera depravata(Butler, 1879)甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808)斜紋夜蛾Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775)灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval, 1833)彩灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera picta (Guérin-Méneville, [1838])金雜夜蛾屬Thysanoplusia擬中金翅夜蛾Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775)網(wǎng)紋夜蛾Thysanoplusia reticulata (Moore, 1882)

續(xù)表1 Continued table 1

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)粉紋夜蛾屬Trichoplusia粉斑夜蛾Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, [1803])黃夜蛾屬Xanthodes黃夜蛾Xanthodes albago (Fabricius, 1794)犁紋黃夜蛾Xanthodes transversa Guenée, 1852PardoxiaPardoxia graellsii (Feisthamel, 1837)瘤蛾科Nolidae鉆夜蛾屬Earias鼎點(diǎn)金剛鉆Earias cupreoviridis (Walker, 1862)埃及金剛鉆Earias insulana (Boisduval, 1833)舟蛾科Notodontidae亥齒舟蛾屬Hyperaeschrella雙線亥齒舟蛾Hyperaeschrella nigribasis (Hampson, [1893])查舟蛾屬Chadisra后白查舟蛾Chadisra bipartita (Matsumura, 1925)蛺蝶科Nymphalidae鋸眼蝶屬Elymnias翠袖鋸眼蝶海南亞種Elymnias hypermnestra hainana Moore, 1878眼蛺蝶屬Junonia美眼蛺蝶指名亞種Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758)暮眼蝶屬M(fèi)elanitis暮眼蝶海南亞種Melanitis leda ismene (Cramer, 1775)鳳蝶科Papilionidae鳳蝶屬Papilio玉帶鳳蝶海南亞種Papilio polytes mandane Rothschild, 1895粉蝶科Pieridae遷粉蝶屬Catopsilia遷粉蝶Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775)梨花遷粉蝶海南亞種Catopsilia pyranthe chryseis (Drury, [1773])黃粉蝶屬Eurema寬邊黃粉蝶海南亞種Eurema hecabe subdecorate (Moore, 1878)粉蝶科Pieridae青粉蝶屬Pareronia青粉蝶海南亞種Pareronia anais hainanensis Fruhstorfer, 1912菜蛾科Plutellidae菜蛾屬Plutella小菜蛾P(guān)lutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758)蓑蛾科PsychidaeAcanthopsyche碧皚蓑蛾Acanthopsyche bipars (Walker, 1865)Eumeta南大蓑蛾Eumeta variegata (Snellen, 1879)羽蛾科Pterophoridae羽蛾屬PterophorusPterophorus niveodactyla (Pagenstecher, 1900)螟蛾科Pyralidae蠟螟屬Galleria大蠟螟Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758)莢斑螟屬Etiella豆莢斑螟Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke, 1832)瘤叢螟屬Orthaga栗葉瘤叢螟Orthaga achatina (Butler, 1878)稈野螟屬Ostrinia亞洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée, 1854)絹蛾科ScythrididaeEretmocera黃斑絹蛾Eretmocera impactella (Walker, 1864)天蛾科Sphingidae面形天蛾屬Acherontia鬼臉天蛾Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius, 1798)赭帶鬼臉天蛾Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758)缺角天蛾屬Acosmeryx斜帶缺角天蛾Acosmeryx shervillii Boisduval, [1875]薯天蛾屬Agrius甘薯天蛾Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758)鷹翅天蛾屬Ambulyx鷹翅天蛾Ambulyx ochracea Butler, 1885橄欖鷹翅天蛾Ambulyx moorei Moore, [1858]櫟鷹翅天蛾Ambulyx obliterata Rothschild, 1920綠天蛾屬Callambulyx榆綠天蛾Callambylux tatarinovi (Bremer & Grey, 1853)透翅天蛾屬Cephonodes咖啡透翅天蛾Cephonodes hylas (Linnaeus, 1771)豆天蛾屬Clanis豆天蛾Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Mell, 1922洋槐天蛾Clanis deucalion (Walker, 1856)

續(xù)表1 Continued table 1

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)芒果天蛾屬Compsogene芒果天蛾Compsogene panopus (Cramer, 1779)CraspedorthaCraspedortha porphyria (Butler, 1876)白腰天蛾屬Daphnis茜草白腰天蛾Daphnis hypothous (Cramer, 1780)夾竹桃天蛾Daphnis nerri (Linnaeus, 1758)白腰天蛾Daphnis placida (Walker, 1856)天蛾科Sphingidae斜線天蛾屬Hippotion云斑斜線天蛾Hippotion velox (Fabricius, 1973)淺斑斜線天蛾Hippotion echeclus (Boisduval, 1875)長(zhǎng)喙天蛾屬M(fèi)acroglossum長(zhǎng)喙天蛾Macroglossum corythus luteata (Butler, 1875)Macroglossum mediovitta Rothschild & Jordan, 1903黑長(zhǎng)喙天蛾Macroglossum pyrrhosticta Butler, 1875六點(diǎn)天蛾屬M(fèi)arumba椴六點(diǎn)天蛾Marumba dyras (Walker, 1856)棗桃六點(diǎn)天蛾Marumba gaschkewitschi gaschkewitschi (Bremer & Grey, 1853)紅天蛾屬Pergesa紅天蛾P(guān)ergesa elpenor lewisi (Butler, 1875)Pergesa acteus (Cramer, 1779)霜天蛾屬Psilogramma丁香天蛾P(guān)silogramma increta (Walker, 1965)霜天蛾P(guān)silogramma menephron (Cramer, 1780)斜紋天蛾屬Theretra斜紋天蛾Theretra clotho clotho (Drury, 1773)雀紋天蛾Theretra japonica (Boisduval, 1869)海南土色斜紋天蛾Theretra latreillei distincta Mell, 1928土色斜紋天蛾Theretra latreillei latreillei (Mcley, 1928)青背斜紋天蛾Theretra nessus (Drury, 1773)芋雙線天蛾Theretra oldenlandiae (Fabricius, 1775)赭斜紋天蛾Theretra pallicosta (Walker, 1856)芋單線天蛾Theretra silhetensis (Walker, 1856)大蠶蛾科Saturniidae尾蠶蛾屬Actias寧波尾大蠶蛾Actias ningpoana Felder & Felder, 1862樗蠶蛾屬Samia王氏樗蠶Samia wangi Naumann & Peigler, 2001斑蛾科Zygaenidae環(huán)錦斑蛾屬Cyclosia豹點(diǎn)環(huán)錦斑蛾Cyclosia panthona (Stoll, [1780])

表2 半翅目高空燈誘昆蟲名錄Table 2 Catalogue of Hemiptera insects captured by vertical search-light trap in Lingshui

續(xù)表2 Continued table 2

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)飛虱科Delphacidae紋翅飛虱屬Cemus黑點(diǎn)紋翅飛虱Cemus nigromaculosus (Muir, 1917)索特紋翅飛虱Cemus sauteri (Muir, 1917)扁飛虱屬Eoeurysa甘蔗扁飛虱Eoeurysa flavocapitata Muir, 1913長(zhǎng)口飛虱屬Euidellana淺脊長(zhǎng)口飛虱Euidellana celadon Fennah, 1973背刺飛虱屬Hagamiodes暗尾背刺飛虱Hagamiodes fuscicaudata (Muir, 1917)淡肩飛虱屬Harmalia暗黑淡肩飛虱Harmalia obscura Ding, 2006白頸淡肩飛虱Harmalia sirokata (Marsumura & Ishibara, 1945)小飛虱屬Horcoma乳翅小飛虱Horcoma colorata lacteipennis (Muir, 1971)剜緣飛虱屬Indozuriel喙突剜緣飛虱Indozuriel rostri Ding & Zhou, 1991寬頭飛虱屬Ishiharodelphax小寬頭飛虱Ishiharodelphax matsuyamensis (Ishibara, 1952)闊條飛虱屬Latistria埃烏闊條飛虱Latistria eupompe (Kirkaldy, 1907)淡黃闊條飛虱Latistria flavotestacea Kuoh, 1980普拉闊條飛虱Latistria placitus (Van Duzee, 1937)梅塔飛虱屬M(fèi)etadelphax黑邊梅塔飛虱Metadelphax propinqua (Fieber, 1866)棒突飛虱屬Neometopina澎湖棒突飛虱Neometopina penghuensis Yang, 1989褐飛虱屬Nilaparvata褐飛虱Nilaparvata lugens (St?l, 1854)擬褐飛虱Nilaparvata bakeri (Muir, 1917)瓶額飛虱屬Numata瓶額飛虱Numata muiri (Kirkaldy, 1907)平頂飛虱屬Nycheuma黃褐平頂飛虱Nycheuma coctum Yang, 1989茶褐平頂飛虱Nycheuma cognatum (Muir, 1919)皺莖飛虱屬Opiconsiva白肩皺莖飛虱Opiconsiva albicollis (Motschulsky, 1863)黑皺莖飛虱Opiconsiva nigra Ding & Tian, 1980飛虱科Delphacidae披突飛虱屬Paleg刺披突飛虱Palego simulator (Fennah, 1978)花翅飛虱屬Peregrinus玉米花翅飛虱Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890)扁角飛虱屬Perkinsiella黑距扁角飛虱Perkinsiella bakeri Muir, 1916甘蔗扁角飛虱Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy, 1903片飛虱屬Platycorpus儋片飛虱Platycorpus nadaensis Ding, 1983喙頭飛虱屬Sardia喙頭飛虱Sardia rostrata Melichar, 1903白背飛虱屬Sogatella白背飛虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth, 1899)煙翅白背飛虱Sogatella kolophon (Kirkaldy, 1907)稗飛虱Sogatella vibix (Haupt, 1927)寬片飛虱屬Syndelphax長(zhǎng)突寬片飛虱Syndelphax disonymos (Kirkaldy, 1907)中帶飛虱屬Tagosodes白中帶飛虱Tagosodes baina (Ding & Kuoh, 1981)麗中帶飛虱Tagosodes pusanus (Distant, 1912)白條飛虱屬Terthron白條飛虱Terthron albovittatum (Matsumura, 1900)托亞飛虱屬Toya黑面托亞飛虱Toya terryi (Muir, 1917)

續(xù)表2 Continued table 2

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)匙頂飛虱屬Tropidocephala美麗匙頂飛虱Tropidocephala speciosa Ding, 2006姬飛虱屬Ulanar姬飛虱Ulanar muiri (Metcalf, 1943)網(wǎng)蝽科Tingidae冠網(wǎng)蝽屬Stephanitis香蕉冠網(wǎng)蝽Stephanitis typica (Distant, 1903)負(fù)子蝽科Belostomatidae負(fù)子蝽屬Diplonychus銹色負(fù)子蝽Diplonychus rustcus Fabricius, 1871葉蟬科Cicadellidae小綠葉蟬屬Empoasca棉葉蟬Empoasca biguttula (Ishida, 1913)菱紋葉蟬屬Hishimonus凹緣菱紋葉蟬Hishimonus sellatus(Uhler, 1896)黑尾葉蟬屬Nephotettix黑尾葉蟬Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, 1896紋葉蟬屬Recilia二點(diǎn)黑尾葉蟬Nephotettix virescens (Distant, 1908)電光葉蟬Recilia dorsalis Motschulsky, 1859緣蝽科Coreidae棘緣蝽屬Cletus稻棘緣蝽Cletus punctiger (Dallas, 1852)副黛緣蝽屬Paradasynus刺副黛緣蝽Paradasynus spinosus Hsiao, 1963劃蝽科Corixidae爍劃蝽屬Sigara橫紋爍劃蝽Sigara distorta (Distant, 1911)土蝽科Cydnidae鱉土蝽屬Adisa大鱉土蝽Adisa magna (Uhler, 1860)象蠟蟬科Dictyopharidae彩象蠟蟬屬Raivuna中野彩象蠟蟬Raivuna nakanonis (Matsumura, 1910)蛾蠟蟬科Flatidae絡(luò)蛾蠟蟬屬Lawana紫絡(luò)蛾蠟蟬Lawana imitata (Melichar, 1902)大眼長(zhǎng)蝽科Geocoridae大眼長(zhǎng)蝽屬Geocoris寬大眼長(zhǎng)蝽Geocoris varius (Uhler, 1860)大紅蝽科Largidae巨紅蝽屬M(fèi)acrocheraia巨紅蝽Maccrocheraia grandis (Gray, 1832)盲蝽科Miridae后麗盲蝽屬Apolygus綠盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür, 1843)盔盲蝽屬Cyrtorhinus黑肩綠盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, 1884多盲蝽屬Dortus黑帶多盲蝽Dortus chinai Miyamoto, 1965煙盲蝽屬Nesidiocoris煙盲蝽Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter, 1895)軍配盲蝽屬Stethoconus統(tǒng)帥軍配盲蝽Stethoconus praefectus (Distant, 1909)蝽科Pentatomidae棕蝽屬Caystrus棕蝽Caystrus obscurus (Distant, 1901)斑須蝽屬Dolycoris斑須蝽Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758)二星蝽屬Eysarcoris描紋二星蝽Eysarcoris montivagus Distant, 1904谷蝽屬Gonopsis谷蝽Gonopsis affinis (Uhler, 1860)茶翅蝽屬Halyomorpha茶翅蝽Halyomorpha halys St?l, 1855梭蝽屬M(fèi)egarrhamphus平尾梭蝽Megarrhamphus truncatus (Westwood, 1837)綠蝽屬Nezara稻綠蝽Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758)蝽科Pentatomidae璧蝽屬Piezodorus豆璧蝽Piezodorus hybneri (Gmelin, 1790)珀蝽屬Plautia珀蝽Plautia crossota (Dallas, 1851)木虱科Psyllidae異木虱屬Heteropsylla銀合歡異木虱Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, 1914紅蝽科Pyrrhocoridae頸紅蝽屬Antilochus頸紅蝽Antilochus coquebertii (Fabricius, 1803)棉紅蝽屬Dysdercus叉帶棉紅蝽Dysdervus decussatus Boisduval, 1835Dysdercus philippinus Herrich-Sch?ffer, 1853斑紅蝽屬Physopelta小斑紅蝽Physopelta cincticollis St?l, 1863

續(xù)表2 Continued table 2

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)突背斑紅蝽Physopelta gutta(Burmeister, 1834)獵蝽科Reduviidae黃足獵蝽屬Sirthenea黃足獵蝽Sirthenea flavipes (St?l, 1855)姬緣蝽科RhopalidaeLeptocorisLeptocoris augur (Fabricius, 1781)地長(zhǎng)蝽科微長(zhǎng)蝽屬Botocudo六斑微長(zhǎng)蝽Botocudo formosanus (Hidaka, 1959)Rhyparochromidae刺脛長(zhǎng)蝽屬Horridipamera褐刺脛長(zhǎng)蝽Horridipamera inconspicus (Dallas, 1852)斑地長(zhǎng)蝽屬Panaorus白斑地長(zhǎng)蝽Panaorus albomaculatus (Scott,1874)圓眼長(zhǎng)蝽屬Pseudopachybrachius圓眼長(zhǎng)蝽Pseudopachybrachius guttus (Dallas, 1852)廣翅蠟蟬科Ricaniidae廣翅蠟蟬屬Ricania八點(diǎn)廣翅蠟蟬Ricania speculum (Walker, 1851)盾蝽科Scutelleridae角盾蝽屬Cantao角盾蝽Cantao ocellatus (Thunberg, 1784)

表3 高空燈誘鞘翅目昆蟲名錄Table 3 Catalogue of Coleoptera insects captured by vertical search-light trap in Lingshui

續(xù)表3 Continued table 3

科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)鱗鰓金龜屬Lepidiota痣鱗鰓金龜Lepidiota bimaculata (Saunders, 1839)碼絹金龜屬M(fèi)aladera日本碼絹金龜Maladera japonica (Motschusky, 1860)小闊脛碼絹金龜Maladera ovatula Fairmaire, 1891金龜科Scarabaeidae蛀犀金龜屬Oryctes椰蛀犀金龜Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus, 1758)四齒金龜屬Parastasia緬甸四齒金龜Parastasia birmana Arrow, 1899木犀金龜屬Xylotrupes橡膠木犀金龜Xylotrupes gideon (Linnaeus, 1767)卷象科AttelabidaeDeporaus芒果切葉象甲Deporaus marginatus (Pascoe, 1883)三錐象甲科Brentidae甘薯象屬Cylas甘薯小象甲Cylas formicarius (Fabricius, 1798)天??艭erambycidae土天牛屬Dorysthenes蔗根土天牛Dorysthenes granulosus(Thomson, 1860)截突天牛屬Prosoplus本氏截突天牛Prosoplus bankii (Fabricius, 1775)縫角天牛屬Ropica雙星縫角天牛Ropica dorsalis Schwarzer, 1925鑿點(diǎn)天牛屬Stromatium長(zhǎng)角櫟天牛Stromatium longicorne Newman, 1842雙條天牛屬Xystrocera合歡雙條天牛Xystrocera globosa (Olivier, 1795)花金龜科Cetoniidae奇花金龜屬Agestrata綠奇花金龜Agestrata orichalca (Linnaeus, 1789)葉甲科Chrysomelidae守瓜屬Aulacophora柳氏黑守瓜Aulacophora lewisii Baly, 1886印度黃守瓜Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790)凸額扁葉甲屬Brontispa椰心葉甲Brontispa longissima (Gestro, 1885)瘤背豆象屬Callosobruchus綠豆象Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus,1758)條跳甲屬Phyllotreta黃曲條跳甲Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius, 1801瓢蟲科Coccinellidae瓢蟲屬Coccinella狹臀瓢蟲Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781和諧瓢蟲屬Harmonia異色瓢蟲Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773)八斑和瓢蟲Hormonia octomaculata (Fabricius, 1781)兼食瓢蟲屬M(fèi)icraspis稻紅瓢蟲Micraspis discolor (Fabricius, 1798)龜紋瓢蟲屬Propylea龜紋瓢蟲Propylea japonica (Thunberg, 1781)龍虱科Dytiscidae真龍虱屬Cybister黃緣真龍虱Cybister bengalensis Aubé, 1838齒緣龍虱屬Eretes齒緣龍虱Eretes sticticus (Linnaeus, 1767)偽瓢蟲科Endomychidae彎偽瓢蟲屬Ancylopus四斑偽瓢蟲Ancylopus pictus Wiedemann, 1823小蠹科Scolytidae粒材小蠹屬Xyleborus四粒材小蠹Xyleborus similis Ferrari, 1867埋葬甲科Silphidae葬甲屬Nicrophorus尼負(fù)葬甲Nicrophorus nepalensis Hope, 1831埋葬甲科Silphidae盾葬甲屬Diamesus橫紋盾葬甲Diamesus osculans (Vigors, 1825)鋸谷盜科SilvanidaeMonanusT形斑鋸谷盜Monanus concinnulus (Walker, 1858)Psammoecus三星谷盜Psammoecus triguttatus Reitter, 1874鋸谷盜科SilvanidaeSilvanus雙齒谷盜Silvanus bidentatus (Fabricius, 1792)隱翅蟲科Staphylinidae毒隱翅蟲屬Paederus梭毒隱翅蟲Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1826

表4 高空燈誘其它昆蟲名錄

續(xù)表4 Continued table 4

目Order科Family屬Genus種(亞種)Species (subspecies)大蜜蜂Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793繭蜂科Braconidae愈腹繭蜂屬Phanerotoma黃愈腹繭蜂Phanerotoma flava Ashmead, 1906滑繭蜂屬Homolobus擬截距滑繭蜂Homolobus (Apatia) truncatoides van Achterberg, 1979姬蜂科Ichneumonidae細(xì)顎姬蜂屬Enicospilus黑斑細(xì)顎姬蜂Enicospilus melanocarpus Cameron, 1902離緣姬蜂屬Trathala黃眶離緣姬蜂Trathala flavo-orbitalis (Cameron, 1907)脈翅目Neuroptera草蛉科Chrysopidae草蛉屬Chrysopa彩面草蛉Chrysopa pictifacialis Yang, 1988通草蛉屬Chrysoperla小齒通草蛉Chrysoperla annae Brooks, 1994叉草蛉屬Pseudomallada異色叉草蛉Pseudomallada allochroma Yang & Yang, 1999 褐蛉科Hemerobiidae嗇褐蛉屬Psectra暹羅嗇褐蛉Psectra siamica Nakahara & Kuwayama, 1961 雙翅目Diptera搖蚊科Chironomidae搖蚊屬Chironomus爪哇搖蚊Chironomus javanus Kieffer, 1924多足搖蚊屬Polypedilum云集多足搖蚊Polypedilum nubifer (Skus, 1889)長(zhǎng)足搖蚊屬Tanypus刺鋏長(zhǎng)足搖蚊Tanypus punctipennis Meigen, 1818長(zhǎng)跗搖蚊屬Tanytarsus臺(tái)灣長(zhǎng)跗搖蚊Tanytarsus formosanus Kieffer, 1912 水虻科Stratiomyidae扁角水虻屬HermetiaHermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758)雙翅目Diptera食蚜蠅科Syrphidae斑眼蚜蠅屬Eristalinus棕腿斑眼蚜蠅Eristalinus arvorum (Fabricius, 1787)實(shí)蠅科Tephritidae離腹寡毛實(shí)蠅屬Bactrocera橘小實(shí)蠅Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912)螳螂目Mantodea螳螂科Mantidae斧螳屬Hierodula廣斧螳螂Hierodula patellifera Serville, 1839靜螳屬Statilia棕靜螳Statilia maculata (Thunberg, 1784)刀螳屬Tenodera中華刀螳Tenodera sinensis (Saussure, 1871)革翅目Dermaptera蠼螋科Labiduridae蠼螋屬Labidura蠼螋Labidura riparia Pallas, 1773蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera蜉蝣科Ephemeridae蜉蝣屬Ephemera海南蜉Ephemera hainanensis You & Gui, 1995毛翅目Trichoptera紋石蛾科Hydropsychidae長(zhǎng)角紋石蛾屬M(fèi)acrostemum斑長(zhǎng)角紋石蛾Macrostemum lautuam (Maclacnlan)

圖2 南繁基地夜間單日誘蟲量動(dòng)態(tài)變化Fig.2 Dynamics of insect catches by the vertical search-light in HNBMB

2.3 群落多樣性

兩年共鑒定94 601頭已知昆蟲,其中2017年鑒定47 834頭昆蟲,隸屬于10目41科125屬156種(亞種);2018年鑒定46 767頭昆蟲,隸屬于13目88科307屬396種(亞種)。多樣性分析結(jié)果(表5)表明,2017年(3.1384、0.0807和0.6500)和2018(3.1321、0.1180和0.6076)年夜間空中昆蟲群落多樣性高,分布均勻。在各目中,2017年多樣性由高到低的順序?yàn)椋喊氤崮?、鱗翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、脈翅目、蜚蠊目、直翅目、蜻蜓目、雙翅目、螳螂目、蜉蝣目和毛翅目;2018年多樣性由高到低的順序?yàn)椋瑚[翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、蜚蠊目、雙翅目、直翅目、脈翅目、蜻蜓目、螳螂目、蜉蝣目和毛翅目。這與優(yōu)勢(shì)集中性指數(shù)、均勻度指數(shù)的結(jié)果相一致。表明南繁基地夜間空中昆蟲群落的多樣性越高,其分布越均勻。

表5 南繁基地夜間空中昆蟲群落多樣性指數(shù)

2.4 優(yōu)勢(shì)種

優(yōu)勢(shì)度結(jié)果表明,南繁基地夜間空中昆蟲群落的優(yōu)勢(shì)目和優(yōu)勢(shì)種隨著時(shí)間在年季間的變化而不同(表6)。2017年和2018年主要的三大優(yōu)勢(shì)目分別是半翅目(60.75%和70.65%)、鱗翅目(16.26%和18.06%)和鞘翅目(19.67%和9.68%)。2017年的優(yōu)勢(shì)種主要有褐飛虱(0.1935)、梭毒隱翅蟲Paederusfuscipes(0.1274)和橫紋爍劃蝽Sigaradistorta(0.1077),2018年的優(yōu)勢(shì)種是橫紋爍劃蝽(0.3077)。天敵昆蟲以黑肩綠盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis(0.0201)和小齒通草蛉Chrysoperlaannae(0.0052)為主。

表6 南繁基地主要害蟲和天敵的優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)

3 結(jié)論與討論

昆蟲群落結(jié)構(gòu)反映了某一生境昆蟲種群之間、昆蟲與環(huán)境之間的互作關(guān)系(龐雄飛和尤民生,1996)。過(guò)去的研究主要集中在生境內(nèi)的互作關(guān)系上,但對(duì)生境之間因昆蟲遷飛產(chǎn)生的跨生境互作關(guān)系缺乏分析。近年來(lái),探照燈誘蟲器、昆蟲雷達(dá)等空中昆蟲研究工具的應(yīng)用對(duì)揭示地域性空中昆蟲群落優(yōu)勢(shì)種群(高麗娜等,2013)和區(qū)域性昆蟲種群消長(zhǎng)規(guī)律(姜玉英等,2018),以及季節(jié)性遷飛規(guī)律(Huetal.,2016)發(fā)揮了重要作用,完善了昆蟲群落的研究工作。

海南南繁是我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新的戰(zhàn)略資源,研究和明確該區(qū)作物病蟲害發(fā)生規(guī)律和有害生物入侵規(guī)律意義重大(許桓瑜等,2017;許桓瑜等,2019),而闡明昆蟲群落結(jié)構(gòu)是研究害蟲種群演替的基礎(chǔ)(馬世俊,1962)。前人對(duì)海南省的昆蟲種類和群落進(jìn)行了大量研究,如彭正強(qiáng)等(1997,1998)通過(guò)標(biāo)本和文獻(xiàn)資料整理,記述了海南島瓢蟲科7亞科34屬125種,其中包括7種中國(guó)分布新紀(jì)錄和52種海南分布新紀(jì)錄并分析了該科的區(qū)系;張丹丹(2005)調(diào)查了廣東和海南兩省的草螟科野螟亞科的組成,共記述了140屬335種昆蟲,其中海南65種;黃小清(2007)研究了海南島蜻蜓目昆蟲組成,發(fā)現(xiàn)了17科94屬159種(含亞種);魏雪麗(2017)研究了海南島草螟科斑野螟亞科的區(qū)系,記述了78屬214種,其中包括中國(guó)特有種6種、海南特有屬1屬、海南特有種6種,中國(guó)新分布紀(jì)錄屬1屬、中國(guó)新分布記錄種3種、海南新分布記錄屬4屬、海南新分布記錄種35種;周先涌等(2019)調(diào)查了三沙市永興島空中昆蟲類群結(jié)構(gòu)組成,發(fā)現(xiàn)了11目70科183屬214種。以上的研究工作大多側(cè)重于昆蟲多樣性的普查或新種記述。

本研究工作采集鑒定了13目、88科、307屬、396種昆蟲。所收集的鱗翅目昆蟲中,已被證實(shí)的遷飛性昆蟲種類有30種,包括小地老虎(Liuetal.,2015)、棉鈴蟲(陳永林等,1963;吳孔明和郭予元,1996)、白點(diǎn)粘夜蛾Leucanialoreyi(Pedgley & Yathom,1993)、粘蟲Mythimnaseparata(Fengetal.,2008)、圓灰翅夜蛾Spodopteracilium(Sparksetal.,2007)、甜菜夜蛾Spodopteraexigua(Fuetal.,2017)、斜紋夜蛾Spodopteralitura(Fuetal.,2015b)、銀輝夜蛾Chrysodeixischalcites(Sparksetal.,2007)、銀紋夜蛾Ctenoplusiaagnata(Lietal.,2014)、白條夜蛾Ctenoplusiaalbostriata(Fox,1978)、銀錠夜蛾Macdunnoughiacrassisigna(Fuetal.,2015a)、粉斑夜蛾Trichoplusiani(Michelleetal.,2011)、小菜蛾P(guān)lutellaxylostella(Fuetal.,2014b)、飛揚(yáng)阿夜蛾Achaeajanata(Fox,1978)、棉小造橋蟲Anomisflava(陳永林等,1963)、擬三色星燈蛾指名亞種Utetheisalotrixlotrix(Fox,1978)、稻縱卷葉野螟(Rileyetal.,1995)、瓜絹野螟Diaphaniaindica(Holloway,1977)、菜螟Hellulaundalis(Sparksetal.,2007)、水稻切葉野螟Herpetogrammalicarsisalis(Fox,1978)、草地螟Loxostegesticticalis(程遐年,1992)、豆莢野螟Marucavitrata(Fengetal.,2003;Baetal.,2009)、麥牧野螟Nomophilanoctuella(Sparksetal.,2007)、白斑黑野螟Pygospilatyres(Holloway,1982)、甜菜青野螟Spoladearecurvalis(Shirai,2006)、豆莢斑螟Etiellazinckenella(Tabata & Yasuda,2011)、赭帶鬼臉天蛾Acherontiaatropos(Sparksetal.,2007)、甘薯天蛾Agriusconvolvuli(Sparksetal.,2007)、云斑斜線天蛾Hippotionvelox(Holloway,1982)、黑長(zhǎng)喙天蛾Macroglossumpyrrhosticta(Kawazuetal.,2008);另外,F(xiàn)ox(1978)記載暮眼蝶bankia亞種具有遷飛性,但未有文章指出暮眼蝶海南亞種Melanitisledaismene是否存在遷飛。半翅目中已被證實(shí)的遷飛性昆蟲有6種,分別是褐飛虱(全國(guó)褐稻虱科研協(xié)作組,1981;Huetal.,2017b;)、白背飛虱(全國(guó)白背飛虱科研協(xié)作組,1981;Huetal.,2017a)、棉葉蟬Empoascabiguttula(程遐年,1992)、黑尾葉蟬Nephotettixcincticeps(彩萬(wàn)志,2001;許再福,2009)、黑肩綠盲蝽(Rileyetal.,1991)、綠盲蝽Apolyguslucorum(Fuetal.,2014a);鞘翅目的遷飛昆蟲有異色瓢蟲Harmoniaaxyridis(程遐年,1992);蜻蜓目中遷飛性昆蟲有黃蜻Pantalaflavescens(Fengetal.,2006;Caoetal.,2018)和云斑蜻Tholymistillarga(Anderson,2009)。

多樣性分析結(jié)果和群落優(yōu)勢(shì)度結(jié)果表明,鱗翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目是南繁地區(qū)夜間空中昆蟲群落多樣性最高的三大目,同時(shí)是該地區(qū)三大主要優(yōu)勢(shì)目。封洪強(qiáng)(2003)、張?jiān)苹?2008)、張智(2013)、付曉偉(2015)和高麗娜等(2013)對(duì)我國(guó)北方地區(qū)空中昆蟲群落的研究表明,物種組成上以鱗翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目為主;周先涌等(2019)對(duì)我國(guó)南海地區(qū)的調(diào)查也顯示,三沙市永興島空中昆蟲以鱗翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目為主,這與本研究結(jié)果一致,反映了自然界夜間空中昆蟲組成的實(shí)際情況。同時(shí)本研究探明了南繁地區(qū)空中昆蟲群落的結(jié)構(gòu)組成,豐富了對(duì)該地區(qū)昆蟲多樣性的認(rèn)知,但關(guān)于該地區(qū)各遷飛性害蟲的行為機(jī)制和互作關(guān)系仍需開展深入的研究。尤其是2019年1月,世界性農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲草地貪夜蛾Spodopterafrugiperda(J.E. Smith,1797)已全面侵入中南半島,并由緬甸入侵我國(guó)云南地區(qū)(姜玉英等,2019;吳秋琳等,2019;張磊等,2019)。該蟲很可能像水稻兩遷害蟲一樣,在越南和海南之間遷移危害,對(duì)南繁基地的作物育種工作構(gòu)成威脅。

致謝:感謝劉星月教授(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué))、石福明教授(河北大學(xué))、周正湘博士(貴州大學(xué))、韓輝林博士、張超博士(東北林業(yè)大學(xué))、許靜楊博士(天津市植保所)、于昕博士(重慶師范大學(xué))、李猷博士(佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué))、何祝清博士(華東師范大學(xué))、林曉龍博士(南開大學(xué))、蔡波博士(??诤jP(guān))、史宏亮博士(北京林業(yè)大學(xué))、梁飛揚(yáng)博士(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué))、羅心宇博士(石探紀(jì)科學(xué)教育)、姜春燕博士(中國(guó)科學(xué)院動(dòng)物研究所)、周文一博士(臺(tái)灣)、王旭博士(西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué))、朱衛(wèi)兵博士(中科院上海植生所)、盧秀梅博士(上海農(nóng)科院)、趙宇晨碩士(寧夏大學(xué))等多位專家在昆蟲鑒定過(guò)程中給予的幫助;感謝林珠鳳副研究員和馮青博士;感謝昌皓杰、徐元廠和郝寧三位實(shí)習(xí)生;感謝林嘉靜、鄭亞妹、黎桓言對(duì)本研究的大力支持。

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