梁燕紅 朱成云 吳勛寧 梁昌才 鄭雪金 秦一鵬 劉說(shuō)祥
【摘要】目的觀察超聲引導(dǎo)下腰叢阻滯聯(lián)合全麻在高齡患者髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的臨床應(yīng)用效果和價(jià)值。
方法選擇行髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的高齡患者60例,年齡70~95歲,男45例,女15例,按手術(shù)時(shí)間順序分組,奇數(shù)歸入傳統(tǒng)的氣管插管全麻組(A組),偶數(shù)歸入腰叢神經(jīng)阻滯聯(lián)合喉罩全麻組(B組),每組30例。A組行全憑靜脈麻醉;B組行腰叢阻滯聯(lián)合喉罩全麻,先擺側(cè)臥位,患側(cè)肢體在上,B超引導(dǎo)行腰叢阻滯,效果確定后行全麻誘導(dǎo)置入喉罩,全麻維持的藥物同A組,但劑量視術(shù)中情況調(diào)控。記錄麻醉前(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始切皮時(shí)(T1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始后5 min(T2)、擴(kuò)髓時(shí)(T3)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)(T4)、拔除導(dǎo)管或喉罩時(shí)(T5)的心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP);記錄術(shù)后拔導(dǎo)管(喉罩)時(shí)間、下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、出院時(shí)間和術(shù)后2、4、8、12、24 h的VAS評(píng)分及術(shù)后24 h靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCA)藥物用量。
結(jié)果兩組HR、MAP比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),從T0到T5,隨著時(shí)間推移,兩組的HR、MAP均有顯著波動(dòng)(P<0.01),B組的HR、MAP較A組更平穩(wěn)(P<0.01)。兩組拔管時(shí)間、下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間及出院時(shí)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),B組拔管時(shí)間、下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間及出院時(shí)間均短于A組。兩組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),從T0到T5,隨著時(shí)間推移,兩組的VAS評(píng)分均有顯著波動(dòng)(P<0.01),B組的VAS評(píng)分較A組更低(P<0.01)。A組24 h PCA鎮(zhèn)痛藥量為(83±7)mL,B組為(56±6)mL,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=16.040,P<0.001)。
結(jié)論與傳統(tǒng)的插管全麻比較,B超引導(dǎo)下腰叢神經(jīng)阻滯聯(lián)合喉罩全麻應(yīng)用于高齡患者髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中,不但血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更平穩(wěn),并且術(shù)后蘇醒快速舒適,術(shù)后早期鎮(zhèn)痛效果更好,有利于患者的康復(fù),明顯縮短了下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間和出院時(shí)間。
【關(guān)鍵詞】腰叢阻滯;全麻;超聲引導(dǎo);高齡患者;髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R614文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.10031383.2020.06.006
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo observe the clinical effect and value of ultrasoundguided lumbar plexus block combined with shallow general anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement.
Methods60 elderly patients(aged 70~95 years old,45 males and 15 females) who underwent hip replacement were randomly divided into two groups according to operation time sequence,with 30 cases in each group.Patients with odd number were? included in the traditional tracheal intubation general anesthesia group(group A),and those with even number were included in lumbar plexus block combined with laryngeal mask general anesthesia group(group B).The group A underwent total intravenous anesthesia,and the group B underwent lumbar plexus block combined with 30 induction of laryngeal mask,the drugs maintained by general anesthesia were the same as those in the group A,but the dosage was controlled according to the situation during operation.The heart rate(HR) and mean arterial pressure(MAP) were recorded before anesthesia(T0),at the beginning of skin cutting(T1),5 min after the beginning of operation(T2),at the time of reaming(T3),at the end of operation(T4),and at the time of extubation of catheter or laryngeal mask(T5).In addition,the time of extubation of catheter(laryngeal mask),the time of getting out of bed,the time of discharge,the VAS score of 2,4,8,12 and 24 hours after operation as well as analgesic dosage of patientcontrolled intravenous analgesia(PCA) 24 h after operation were recorded.
ResultsThe difference of HR and MAP between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).From T0 to T5,the HR of the two groups fluctuated significantly over time (P<0.01).From T0 to T5,HR and MAP of the two groups fluctuated significantly(P<0.01),and those of the group B were more stable than those of the group A(P<0.01).The difference of the time of extubation of catheter,the time of getting out of bed and the time of discharge of the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.001),and those time in the group B were shorter than those of the group A.There was statistically significant difference in VAS score between the two groups at different time points(P<0.05).From T0 to T5,VAS score of the two groups fluctuated significantly over time(P<0.01),and the VAS score of the group B was lower than that of the group A(P<0.01).The analgesic dosage of 24 h PCA in the group A was(83±7) mL,and that of the group B was(56±6) mL,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(t=16.040,P<0.001).
ConclusionCompared with traditional intubation general anesthesia,the application of Bultrasoundguided lumbar plexus block combined with laryngeal mask general anesthesia in the hip replacement of the elderly patients not only has a more stable hemodynamics,but also has a fast and comfortable postoperative recovery.It has a better effect of early postoperative analgesia,which is conducive to the recovery of the patients,and significantly shorten the time of getting out of bed and discharge.
【Key words】lumbar plexus block;general anesthesia;ultrasoundguided;elderly patients;hip arthroplasty
目前中國(guó)老齡化加劇,伴隨快速老齡化所帶來(lái)的醫(yī)療挑戰(zhàn)十分嚴(yán)峻,具有手術(shù)適應(yīng)證的老年人群也迅速攀升[1]。髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)是骨科常見(jiàn)手術(shù),高齡患者接受髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)日益增多,由于老年患者常伴有高血壓、冠心病、糖尿病、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病等合并癥,且各臟器功能均有不同程度衰退,故其麻醉風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)更高[2]。很多學(xué)者一直都在研究如何更好地做好老年人的麻醉。隨著超聲成像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,超聲技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用于外周神經(jīng)阻滯,外周神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉具有對(duì)患者呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的功能影響小,不良反應(yīng)少的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3]。本研究觀察B超引導(dǎo)下腰叢阻滯聯(lián)合雙管喉罩全麻在高齡患者髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果,報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇在我院行髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者60例,年齡70~95歲,體重38~76 ㎏,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)(ASA)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí),其中男45例,女15例。按手術(shù)時(shí)間順序分組,奇數(shù)歸入A組,偶數(shù)歸入B組。 A組為傳統(tǒng)氣管插管全麻組,30例,其中男21例,女9例,年齡(75±11)歲,體重(65.7±7.5)kg,ASA分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)7例,Ⅱ級(jí)15例,Ⅲ 級(jí)8例;B組為B超引導(dǎo)腰叢阻滯聯(lián)合全麻組,30例,其中男24例,女6例,年齡(77±9)歲,體重(67.3±9.1)kg,ASA分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)8例,Ⅱ級(jí)13例,Ⅲ 級(jí)9例。60例患者均是同一手術(shù)醫(yī)生主刀,均選擇后外側(cè)入路。兩組性別、年齡、體重、手術(shù)時(shí)間及ASA分級(jí)等一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審核通過(guò)。
1.2麻醉方法
患者均常規(guī)術(shù)前6~8 h禁食、4 h禁飲,入手術(shù)室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)BP、ECG、SpO2,并開(kāi)放外周靜脈。(1)A組依次靜脈注射咪達(dá)唑侖(江蘇恩華藥業(yè),批號(hào):20180709)0.02 mg/kg、依托咪酯(江蘇恩華藥業(yè),批號(hào):20190113)0.3 mg/kg、舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),批號(hào):81A11091)0.3 μg/kg、順苯磺酸阿曲庫(kù)銨(上藥東英藥業(yè),批號(hào):A11190204)0.15 mg/kg、丙泊酚(西安力邦制藥,批號(hào):21901103)1 mg/kg全麻誘導(dǎo)后氣管插管。麻醉維持用瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),批號(hào):90A03201)、丙泊酚、順苯磺酸阿曲庫(kù)銨泵入。(2)B組先行腰叢阻滯,患者取側(cè)臥位,患側(cè)肢體在上,常規(guī)消毒,選擇L4棘突旁開(kāi)3~4 cm為進(jìn)針點(diǎn),用B超引導(dǎo)采用“三葉草”法行腰叢阻滯,當(dāng)穿刺針尖到達(dá)L3神經(jīng)根旁時(shí)回抽無(wú)血無(wú)腦脊液,注射0.5%的羅哌卡因(西安漢豐藥業(yè),批號(hào):181231)25 mL。腰叢麻醉效果確定后實(shí)施雙管喉罩全麻,麻醉誘導(dǎo)方法同A組,麻醉維持用瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚及小劑量順苯磺酸阿曲庫(kù)銨泵入。兩組患者誘導(dǎo)后接麻醉機(jī)正壓通氣,VT 6~8 mL/kg,RR 10~12 次/分,I∶E 1∶2。兩組患者麻醉維持的泵入劑量視術(shù)中情況調(diào)控,必要時(shí)術(shù)中酌情給予舒芬太尼3~5 μg,如術(shù)中出現(xiàn)異常情況,及時(shí)對(duì)癥處理。手術(shù)結(jié)束后,根據(jù)患者吞咽反射、自主呼吸及意識(shí)恢復(fù)情況拔除氣管導(dǎo)管或雙管喉罩。兩組患者術(shù)后都采用患者靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCA)。配方為舒芬太尼2.5 μg/kg、咪達(dá)唑侖5 mg、昂丹司瓊8 mg復(fù)合生理鹽水稀釋至100 mL,背景劑量為2 mL/h,單次按壓追加劑量為2.5 mL,按壓鎖定時(shí)間為20 min。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
記錄麻醉前(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始切皮時(shí)(T1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始后5 min(T2)、擴(kuò)髓時(shí)(T3)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)(T4)、拔除導(dǎo)管或喉罩時(shí)(T5)的心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP);記錄術(shù)后拔除導(dǎo)管(喉罩)時(shí)間、下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、出院時(shí)間和術(shù)后2、4、8、12、24 h的 VAS評(píng)分及術(shù)后24 h PCA鎮(zhèn)痛藥物用量。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用 SPSS 17.0軟件處理,計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),不同時(shí)間的檢測(cè)值比較,采用兩因素重復(fù)測(cè)量資料的方差分析,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn):α=0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)HR的比較
兩組HR比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),從T0到T5,隨著時(shí)間推移,兩組的HR均有顯著波動(dòng)(P<0.01),B組的HR較A組更平穩(wěn)(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)MAP的比較
兩組MAP比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),從T0到T5,隨著時(shí)間推移,兩組的MAP均有顯著波動(dòng)(P<0.01),B組的MAP較A組更平穩(wěn)(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3兩組拔管時(shí)間、下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間及出院時(shí)間的比較
B組拔管時(shí)間、下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間及出院時(shí)間均短于A組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.4兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分的比較
兩組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),從T0到T5,隨著時(shí)間推移,兩組的VAS評(píng)分均有顯著波動(dòng)(P<0.01),B組的VAS評(píng)分較A組更低(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表4。
2.5兩組24 h PCA鎮(zhèn)痛藥量的比較
A組24 h PCA鎮(zhèn)痛藥量為(83±7)mL,B組24 h PCA 鎮(zhèn)痛藥量為(56±6)mL,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=16.040,P<0.001),B組24 h PCA 鎮(zhèn)痛藥量少于A組。
3討論
老年患者除生理性重要器官功能退化外,常合并冠心病、高血壓、糖尿病等各種疾病,而且髖部手術(shù)出血量大、手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)會(huì)給麻醉和術(shù)中管理帶來(lái)很大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4]。以往通常都選擇椎管內(nèi)麻醉或全身麻醉,由于老年患者腰椎的退行性病變及鈣化,造成穿刺困難,圍術(shù)期抗凝藥物的使用,減少了椎管內(nèi)麻醉在髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中的應(yīng)用。單純?nèi)砺樽聿荒芗皶r(shí)有效阻斷手術(shù)區(qū)域傷害性刺激向中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的傳導(dǎo),引起腦垂體和腎上腺激素的合成分泌增加[5],從而心率增快,血壓升高,進(jìn)而引起血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)較大,在麻醉誘導(dǎo)氣管插管和拔管時(shí)尤其明顯。本研究中單純?nèi)锳組 T1、T4、T5的HR和MAP都較T0升高,提示單純?nèi)樗幬镂茨芗皶r(shí)有效抑制手術(shù)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。
隨著可視化操作的普及,超聲引導(dǎo)在神經(jīng)阻滯中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛,可以直接觀察到周?chē)∪?、神?jīng)、血管的位置和穿刺針的移動(dòng)、局麻藥的擴(kuò)散。較之傳統(tǒng)的體表投影盲探和神經(jīng)刺激儀定位有效提高了操作成功率和準(zhǔn)確性,縮短了藥物起效時(shí)間,減少了用藥量及并發(fā)癥[2]。超聲引導(dǎo)下腰叢阻滯聯(lián)合應(yīng)用喉罩的全身麻醉,可使高齡患者更安全更舒適地度過(guò)髖關(guān)節(jié)置換的圍術(shù)期。本研究結(jié)果顯示,B組各時(shí)點(diǎn)的HR、MAP的波動(dòng)較小,只有 T1的HR較T0下降,可能是由于全麻誘導(dǎo)后全麻藥物對(duì)心肌及外周循環(huán)的抑制,同時(shí)切皮時(shí)的疼痛應(yīng)激反應(yīng)被腰叢神經(jīng)阻滯所致。與A組相比,B組術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更平穩(wěn),與謝平等人[6]研究結(jié)果基本一致。在術(shù)后拔導(dǎo)管(喉罩)時(shí)間,B組均明顯少于A組,可能是因?yàn)檠鼌猜樽碜钄嗔藨?yīng)激反應(yīng)的脊神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo),從而減少對(duì)網(wǎng)狀激活系統(tǒng)的刺激,同時(shí)局麻藥吸收入血后對(duì)神經(jīng)中樞的抑制,增強(qiáng)GABA受體作用,加強(qiáng)了全身麻醉藥的效果,從而可以減少全麻藥物的用量,患者蘇醒更快。腰叢神經(jīng)阻滯減少了術(shù)后傷害性刺激的傳導(dǎo),是一種超前鎮(zhèn)痛方法,可以使患者術(shù)后對(duì)痛覺(jué)刺激處于低反應(yīng)狀態(tài),復(fù)合PCA鎮(zhèn)痛,增強(qiáng)PCA鎮(zhèn)痛效果。在陳金忠等[7]研究中,手術(shù)入路、術(shù)口長(zhǎng)度與術(shù)后疼痛及早期髖關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)有關(guān),但本研究60例患者均是相同手術(shù)入路,均是同一醫(yī)生主刀。從兩組患者術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分對(duì)比,B組明顯優(yōu)于A組。因術(shù)后早期鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,利于患者早日進(jìn)行功能鍛煉,促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù),減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,故B組患者下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間和出院時(shí)間均早于A組。
綜上所述,腰叢阻滯聯(lián)合應(yīng)用雙管喉罩全身麻醉,在高齡患者髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)中是一種安全、舒適的麻醉方式。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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(收稿日期:2020-03-30修回日期:2020-05-18)
(編輯:王琳葵梁明佩)