耿讓
首先看下表了解2019年全國(guó)高考新課標(biāo)英語(yǔ)I卷、II卷、III卷語(yǔ)法填空考點(diǎn):
考查內(nèi)容
1. 純空格題:通??脊谠~、介詞、代詞和連詞等四類(lèi)詞。
2. 用括號(hào)中所給詞填空:通常考謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)、詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換等。
純空格試題的解題技巧:
首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),確定填哪類(lèi)詞。然后,再根據(jù)句子的意思,確定具體填什么詞;或根據(jù)兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系確定具體用哪個(gè)連詞。確定填哪類(lèi)詞有以下技巧:
一、句子缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),一定是填代詞、關(guān)系代詞。
例證 1 (2019全國(guó)卷II) Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, _62_ she opened with her late husband Les. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,先行詞為the pet shop,在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中做opened一詞的賓語(yǔ),故用關(guān)系代詞which。
例證 2 (2019全國(guó)卷III) They were well trained by their masters _64_ had great experience with caring for these animals. 它們被他們的主人訓(xùn)練得很好,它們的主人在照顧這些動(dòng)物方面很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。先行詞為masters (主人),且從句缺主語(yǔ)。故關(guān)系詞填who。
二、句子不缺主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞后不缺賓語(yǔ)的情況下,名詞或代詞前面,一定是填介詞而且固定搭配較多。
例證1(2019全國(guó)卷I) Modem methods _63_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, 此處tracking polar bear populations... 做Modern methods的定語(yǔ),用of 連接,“methods of doing sth.”,意為“……的方法”,構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)?;蛘咭鉃椤皩?duì)于跟蹤北極熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
例證2(2019全國(guó)卷III) We were first greeted with the barking by a pack _63_ dogs, seven to be exact. “a pack of”意為“一群”。故填of。
例證3 (2018全國(guó)卷III) I was searching _67_ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. search for是固定搭配,表示“尋找”,表示“我”在尋找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。
三、 若兩句(一個(gè)主謂關(guān)系算一個(gè)句子)之間沒(méi)有連詞,也沒(méi)有分號(hào)或句號(hào),一定是填并列連詞或從屬連詞。
例證1(2019全國(guó)卷II) I work not because I have to, _67_ because I want to. 根據(jù)句意邏輯可知,此處為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,句意:我工作不是因?yàn)槲也坏貌蛔?,而是因?yàn)槲蚁胱?。此處用but與前文not 呼應(yīng),構(gòu)成“不是……而是……”之意,故填but。
例證2 (2019全國(guó)卷I) ...Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence
_61_ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知,主句為there be句型,且結(jié)構(gòu)完整,空格后為同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明中心詞evidence的內(nèi)容,故填連詞that。
四、名詞前面,若沒(méi)有限定詞(冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞),很可能是填限定詞,有時(shí)也考固定搭配中的限定詞。
例證1 (2019全國(guó)卷I) Of _62_ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations... 此處為特指,意為“在已知的19個(gè)北極熊亞種群中”,故填the。
例證2 (2019全國(guó)卷II) ...we thought it was _69_ joke. 根據(jù)句意“我們還以為這是一個(gè)玩笑”可知,此處joke為泛指,故填a。
五、若結(jié)構(gòu)較完整,空格后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是原形, 特別是與上下文時(shí)態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時(shí), 很可能是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或倒裝的助動(dòng)詞(do, does, did 等)。
例證 (2014新課標(biāo)II卷) “_68_ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” 這里助動(dòng)詞Did構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
六、若句子缺狀語(yǔ),就要考慮when ,where, why。若前面有表示時(shí)間的名詞,就要填關(guān)系副詞when。
例證(2016新課標(biāo)I卷) But my ... in the mid-1980s, _65_ I was the first Western TV reporter...。分析句子可知,些處用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the mid-1980s,因此要用關(guān)系副詞when做狀語(yǔ)。
七、由特殊的句式結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷空格應(yīng)填的詞。如:由 it is... that... 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)形式,判斷填 it 還是 that。
給出了動(dòng)詞的試題的解題技巧:
首先,判斷要填的動(dòng)詞是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。然后按以下兩點(diǎn)進(jìn)行思考:
一、若句中沒(méi)有別的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,或者雖然已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但需填的動(dòng)詞與之是并列關(guān)系時(shí), 所給動(dòng)詞就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;若是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,就要考慮時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
例證1(2019全國(guó)卷I) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut _65_ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements. 根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境,尤其是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in recent years可知,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),故填have reported。
例證2 (2019全國(guó)卷II) Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene _64_ (declare) she had no plans... 根據(jù)上下文可知,該句主語(yǔ)為Irene,此處為謂語(yǔ)成分,根據(jù)后文had 以及said 可知用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),故填declared。
例證3(2019全國(guó)卷III) Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _65_ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, hop, and visit. 句意:我們的主人跟我們分享了很多他們的經(jīng)歷并推薦了一些很好的吃飯、購(gòu)物和參觀(guān)的地方?!癮nd”前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作“shared”與“recommended”是并列關(guān)系,時(shí)態(tài)一致。故填recommeded。
二、若句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,又不是并列謂語(yǔ)時(shí),所給動(dòng)詞就是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。若是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 就要確定用-ing 形式、-ed 形式,還是用不定式形式。
例證1 (2019新課標(biāo)I卷) Scientists have responded by _67_ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating... 根據(jù)其前介詞by可知,此處用動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式,故填noting。
例證2 (2019新課標(biāo)II卷) ... she had no plans _62_ (retire) from her 36-year-old business. 此處用to do sth. 做后置定語(yǔ),用來(lái)修飾前面的名詞plan,表示“……的計(jì)劃”,故填to retire。
例證3(2019新課標(biāo)III卷) ... hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take _62_ (get) there. It was in the middle of Pearl City. 句中的would提示我們作者還沒(méi)有到達(dá)那座房子,wondering后的句子不缺謂語(yǔ),此處應(yīng)填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,故填to get。
詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換題的解題技巧:
根據(jù)該詞在句子中所做的成分確定用哪種形式。
一、修飾名詞用形容詞詞性物主代詞。
例證 (2016新課標(biāo)III卷) On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _68_ (it) mother. 本題考查形容詞性物主代詞,用its。
二、做主語(yǔ)、或在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后做賓語(yǔ),用名詞形式。
例證1 (2018 新課標(biāo)II卷) This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 句意:這一轉(zhuǎn)變減少了中國(guó)較大的湖泊和水庫(kù)的污染,使人們的飲用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名詞做賓語(yǔ),故填pollution。
例證2 (2016新課標(biāo)II卷) Then, ... you'll feel a real sense of _42_ (achieve). achievement做介詞賓語(yǔ)。
三、在形容詞性物主代詞后,或者在“冠詞(+形容詞)”后,用名詞形式。
例證1 (2019新課標(biāo)I卷) ... leading to a _66_ (believe) that populations are increasing.根據(jù)其前不定冠詞和其后的同位語(yǔ)從句可知,空格處為名詞形式,故填belief。
例證2(2019新課標(biāo)III卷) ... they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _66_ (compete) to watch ...,由空格前的不定冠詞an與空格后的不定式to watch可以確定空格處應(yīng)該填名詞形式。故填competition。
四、修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,或整個(gè)句子,做狀語(yǔ),用副詞形式。
例證1 (2019新課標(biāo)I卷) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ?_62_ (poor) studied... 根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知,此處用副詞poorly修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞has been studied,意為“研究很少”。故填poorly。
例證2(2019新課標(biāo)II卷) Her years of hard work have _63_ (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year. 根據(jù)空格所處位置可知,此處應(yīng)用副詞形式做狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞have been acknowledged,意為“最終得到認(rèn)可”。故填finally。
例證3(2019新課標(biāo)III卷) On our way to the house, it was raining _61_ hard that we couldn't help wondering... 句意:在我們?nèi)ツ亲孔拥穆飞?,雨下得如此大以至于我們不能?/p>
想……。“so... that...” 意為“如此……以至于……”,引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。故填so。
五、所給詞為名詞根據(jù)需要轉(zhuǎn)化為復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例證 (2018新課標(biāo)I卷) ... a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_ (cause). 考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意:一項(xiàng)研究表明,僅僅每天5到10分鐘的跑步,就能減少各種原因的心臟病和早亡。空格處做from的賓語(yǔ),由前面的all可知,要用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填causes。
六、做表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ),通常用形容詞形式。
例證1 (2019新課標(biāo)II卷) We are so proud of her. It's _70_ (wonder). 根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,在系動(dòng)詞is之后用形容詞形式做表語(yǔ)。故填wonderful。
例證2(2019新課標(biāo)III卷) They also shared with us many _67_ (tradition) stories about Hawaii... 空格修飾名詞stories,應(yīng)用形容詞形式,tradition的形容詞為traditional。故填traditional。
七、括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞也不一定是考動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,而是考詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換;若是 形容詞或副詞,有可能是考查其比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)。
例證1(2019新課標(biāo)I卷) ... around human settlements, leading to the illusion(錯(cuò)覺(jué)) that populations are _68_ (high) than they actually are. 根據(jù)其后than they actually are可知,此處為形容詞的比較級(jí)。故填higher。
例證2 (2018新課標(biāo)III卷) He screams the _63_ (loud) of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. 根據(jù)后面的of all可知,他聲音最大,所以用最高級(jí)loudest。