摘要?利用天水冬油菜發(fā)育期、干物質、產(chǎn)量和氣象等資料,采用統(tǒng)計分析方法,對天水春季降水對冬油菜生長及產(chǎn)量形成的影響進行研究。結果表明,春季降水的明顯不足是影響天水冬油菜生長的主要氣象原因,尤以2個明顯少雨時段,即初春2月中下旬油菜返青—現(xiàn)蕾期和4月中、下旬油菜抽薹—開花盛期降水的明顯不足影響最大。初春2月中下旬油菜返青—現(xiàn)蕾期降水雖然偏少,但當?shù)爻醮弘S土壤解凍而進入返漿階段,作物根系土壤水分還可得到一定的補充;抽薹—開花期、開花—開花盛期是作物耗水量最多時期,但大多年份該期降水明顯不足,嚴重影響結莢結籽,成為影響作物產(chǎn)量形成的主要氣候原因。
關鍵詞?春季;降水;冬油菜;生長;產(chǎn)量;影響
中圖分類號?S?162文獻標識碼?A文章編號?0517-6611(2020)17-0229-03
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2020.17.059
開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID):
Effects of Spring Precipitation on Growth and Yield Formation of Winter Rape in Tianshui
YAO Xiao?lin
(Tianshui Meteorological Bureau of Gansu Province, Tianshui, Gansu 741000)
Abstract?Using the data of the development period, dry matter, yield and meteorology of winter rape in Tianshui, statistical analysis methods were used to study the effect of spring precipitation in Tianshui on the growth and yield formation of winter rape.The results showed that the obvious shortage of spring precipitation was the main meteorological reason that affected the growth of winter rape in Tianshui, especially in two periods with less rainfall, in early spring, the obvious deficiency of precipitation was the most significant in the period of returning to green?budding and bolting?flowering. In early spring, although the precipitation of rape was less in the period of returning to green?budding in the middle and late February, the local early spring comes into the stage of returning to pulp as the soil thaws, and the soil moisture of crop roots could be supplemented to some extent. The period of bolting?flowering and flowering to flowering peak was the most water consumption period of crops, but in most years the precipitation in this period was obviously insufficient, which seriously affected the setting of pods and seeds, and became the main climatic reason that affected the formation of crop yield.
Key words?Spring;Precipitation;Winter rape;Growth;Yield;Effect
油菜是十字花科(Cruciferae)蕓薹屬(Brassica),是甘肅主要油料作物。甘肅冬油菜種植區(qū)域主要分布在隴東南天水、平?jīng)?、慶陽等地,且以白菜型油菜為主[1-3]。天水地處西北隴中黃土高原與西秦嶺山地干旱半干旱交錯地帶(104°35′~106°44′E、34°05′~35°10′N),年平均氣溫8.1~114 ℃,年降水量425~553 mm,年日照時數(shù)1 874~2 111 h,無霜期152~198 d,≥10 ℃積溫2 234~3 558 ℃·d,屬隴中黃土高原腹地典型的季風帶氣候和隴南地區(qū)西北唯一的北亞熱帶氣候交匯區(qū),境內地形復雜,溝壑縱橫,小氣候特征明顯,適宜多種糧經(jīng)、果樹蔬菜等多種作物生長。
春季是冬油菜個體生長和產(chǎn)量形成的關鍵時段,降水是影響其產(chǎn)量形成的主要氣象因素。天水冬油菜主要種植在海拔1 000~2 100 m的干旱半干旱山地半坡地帶,種植面積3.59萬hm2,產(chǎn)量6.52萬t。由于天水獨特的地理地形結構及小氣候特征,春季干旱發(fā)生頻率在85%以上[4-7],水分缺乏年份,特別是仲春4—5月冬油菜分枝至綠熟期干旱,是導致油菜分枝減少,結莢、結籽不足而減產(chǎn)的主要原因[8-11]。為此,研究春季降水對冬油菜生長及產(chǎn)量形成的影響,對當?shù)赜土献魑镌霎a(chǎn)增收具有顯著的指導意義。
通過春季冬油菜返青至成熟期各發(fā)育時段降水對干物質積累、作物生長率、產(chǎn)量形成的影響分析,得出春季降水對天水冬油菜生長及產(chǎn)量形成影響的主要時段及降水需求趨勢,研究可為油菜春季水肥管理提供依據(jù)。但對雨養(yǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)而言,作物生長過程的各生長發(fā)育階段降水的定量化需求,還有待通過資料積累和田間試驗進行更進一步分析。
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