劉乃香 曹倩 陳瑞 呂蓓 侯可峰 李自普
[摘要] 目的 觀察先天性心臟病病兒圍手術(shù)期血清降鈣素原(PCT)、白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)及C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平的變化規(guī)律。方法 收集2018年6—8月我院收治的63例擬行體外循環(huán)下心內(nèi)直視手術(shù)的先天性心臟病病兒,分別于術(shù)前以及術(shù)后第1、2、3、7天采集靜脈血檢測(cè)血清PCT、IL-6及CRP水平。結(jié)果 先天性心臟病病兒血清PCT、IL-6水平在實(shí)施體外循環(huán)后開始升高,術(shù)后第1天達(dá)峰值,之后緩慢下降,至術(shù)后第7天接近正常水平;CRP水平在術(shù)后第2天達(dá)峰值,后漸降至正常。術(shù)后PCT峰值水平與手術(shù)時(shí)間相關(guān)(r=0.411,P<0.01),術(shù)后第2、3、7天的PCT水平與手術(shù)時(shí)間也存在相關(guān)性(r=0.259~0.286,P<0.05);而術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)IL-6、CRP水平與手術(shù)時(shí)間均無相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。不同年齡、病種、術(shù)前N端腦鈉肽前體水平的先天性心臟病病兒比較,術(shù)后第1、2、3天血清PCT水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=2.10~3.78,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 血清PCT、IL-6水平在先天性心臟病病兒體外循環(huán)術(shù)后開始升高,術(shù)后第1天達(dá)峰值,之后緩慢下降,至術(shù)后第7天接近正常水平;而CRP水平在術(shù)后第2天達(dá)峰值,后漸降至正常。年齡、心功能狀態(tài)及手術(shù)復(fù)雜性可影響病兒術(shù)后PCT的水平變化。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 心臟病;圍手術(shù)期;降鈣素;白細(xì)胞介素6;C反應(yīng)蛋白質(zhì);兒童
[中圖分類號(hào)] R725.411 ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A ?[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2020)05-0592-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.097 [開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]
[ABSTRACT] Objective To observe the dynamic changes in serum procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) during the perioperative period. ?Methods Sixty-three children with CHD, who were admitted to our hospital from June to August 2018 and planned to undergo open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation, were enrolled in the study. Venous blood samples were collected from the patients before operation and on the first, second, third, and seventh days after operation to measure serum PCT, IL-6, and CRP levels. ?Results The serum levels of PCT and IL-6 began to increase after extracorporeal circulation, reached their peaks on the first postoperative day, and then decreased slowly until approaching the normal levels on the seventh postoperative day. The CRP level peaked on the second postoperative day and then gradually decreased to the normal level. The peak level of PCT after operation was significantly correlated with operation time (r=0.411,P<0.01), and the PCT level on the second, third, and seventh days after operation was also significantly correlated with operation time (r=0.259-0.286,P<0.05); neither IL-6 nor CRP level at each time point after operation was significantly correlated with operation time (P>0.05). The serum PCT level on the first, second, third days after operation was significantly different between different age groups, different CHD type groups, and different N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level groups (Z=2.10-3.78,P<0.05). ?Conclusion The serum levels of PCT and IL-6 in children with CHD began to increase after extracorporeal circulation, reached their peaks on the first postoperative day, and then decreased slowly until approaching the normal levels on the seventh postoperative day; the CRP level peaked on the second postoperative day and then gradually decreased to the normal level. Age, cardiac function, and surgical complexity are the factors that influence the changes in serum PCT level in CHD children after operation.
3 討 ?論
PCT為降鈣素前體,正常生理情況下主要由甲狀腺C細(xì)胞和肺內(nèi)的一些神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,不具有激素活性。在細(xì)菌感染時(shí),細(xì)菌內(nèi)毒素和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-6等細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)肝臟的巨噬細(xì)胞、肺及腸道組織的淋巴細(xì)胞合成并分泌PCT,導(dǎo)致血清PCT水平迅速升高。目前,臨床上常用的發(fā)熱、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、血紅細(xì)胞沉降率及CRP等傳統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)對(duì)炎癥反應(yīng)的靈感度較高,但特異度低[4],且很難區(qū)分CPB引起的非感染全身炎癥及感染相關(guān)性炎癥。1993年,ASSICOT等[3]首次提出PCT可作為敗血癥和感染的生物標(biāo)志物,并報(bào)告其水平與細(xì)菌感染的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。在大手術(shù)(如心胸及腹部手術(shù)等)、嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷、大面積燒傷等應(yīng)激下,即使沒有細(xì)菌感染也可以激發(fā)體內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8等炎性細(xì)胞因子釋放而誘導(dǎo)血清PCT水平升高,這是一種非特異性表現(xiàn)[5-6]。1998年,HEN-SEL等[7]在急性肺損傷的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),所有病人血清PCT濃度均顯著升高。而手術(shù)后即使無感染,血清PCT水平亦會(huì)出現(xiàn)一過性升高,且常與CPB術(shù)后炎癥反應(yīng)密切相關(guān)。KILGER等[8]研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后血清PCT水平顯著升高,且行CPB術(shù)病人的血清PCT水平比未行CPB術(shù)病人高。在CPB下行心內(nèi)直視手術(shù)會(huì)影響血清PCT水平[9]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,在無全身感染情況下,術(shù)后血清PCT水平升高,可能與手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、CPB時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間及主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間等有一定相關(guān)性[10-11]。但有關(guān)先心病病兒CPB術(shù)后血清PCT變化方面的研究較少。因此,本研究探討了先心病病兒在CPB下行心內(nèi)直視手術(shù)圍手術(shù)期血清PCT水平的變化規(guī)律,結(jié)果顯示,所有病兒術(shù)前血清PCT水平均在正常范圍內(nèi),在CPB術(shù)后無感染的情況下,病兒血清PCT水平在術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)升高并達(dá)峰值,術(shù)后第2、3天逐漸下降,術(shù)后第7天可降至正常水平。對(duì)多數(shù)病人來說,在無感染等并發(fā)癥情況下,術(shù)后3~5 d內(nèi)血清PCT水平逐漸下降到正常范圍內(nèi)[10];當(dāng)發(fā)生術(shù)后感染等并發(fā)癥時(shí),SIRS可持續(xù)存在,從而導(dǎo)致血清PCT水平持續(xù)保持較高水平。另有臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新生兒出生后2 d內(nèi)血清PCT水平生理性增高,達(dá)峰值后逐漸恢復(fù)到成人水平[12]。不同年齡病兒行CPB后血清PCT水平是否有差異有待研究。本文研究結(jié)果顯示,年齡≤1歲病兒術(shù)后第1、2、3天的血清PCT水平均較年齡>1歲病兒高,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此,年齡可能是影響CPB后血清PCT水平的重要因素。MALLAMACI等[13]研究顯示,心功能不全病人血清PCT水平升高,原因可能與心功能不全時(shí)肺部充血顯著,易導(dǎo)致肺部細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng),從而導(dǎo)致肺部感染率增高有關(guān)。國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究均證實(shí),NT-ProBNP在心力衰竭病人血清中的含量與心力衰竭的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)[14-15]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)前NT-ProBNP>125 ng/L病兒術(shù)后第1、2、3天的血清PCT水平明顯高于NT-ProBNP≤125 ng/L病兒。提示心功能狀態(tài)亦可能是影響血清PCT水平的重要因素之一。先心病病種不同,手術(shù)的復(fù)雜程度就不同,對(duì)病兒血清PCT水平的變化也有所影響[16-17]。本研究用先心病病種復(fù)雜程度分類代表手術(shù)的復(fù)雜程度,結(jié)果表明手術(shù)復(fù)雜程度亦可影響血清PCT水平變化。
IL-6是一種由兩條糖蛋白組成的多肽,主要由單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,在炎癥反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)中起核心作用,可誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞和肺內(nèi)成纖維細(xì)胞合成釋放CRP、PCT等急性時(shí)相蛋白。某些非感染因素亦會(huì)引起血清IL-6水平的非特異性升高[18]。血清IL-6水平升高的程度與病情嚴(yán)重程度及死亡率顯著相關(guān),可作為判斷預(yù)后及觀察療效的指標(biāo)之一[19-20]。IL-6可調(diào)節(jié)急性期蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)生,終止B細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白分化和分泌,使T細(xì)胞失活,也是一種內(nèi)源性致熱原。IL-6主要來源于心肌,和心肌損害具有密切相關(guān)性[21]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,在兒童心臟手術(shù)后IL-6水平升高[22]。本研究中,NT-ProBNP>125 ng/L病兒術(shù)后第3天的血清IL-6水平明顯高于NT-ProBNP≤125 ng/L病兒,而術(shù)后其他時(shí)間點(diǎn)兩組無明顯差異,提示心功能不全可能對(duì)血清IL-6水平的下降程度具有一定影響,但這還需進(jìn)一步研究。CRUICKSHANK等[23]對(duì)不同手術(shù)類型病人的檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,血清IL-6水平在切皮后2~4 h均升高,在術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)達(dá)到峰值,后逐漸降至正常水平,這與本研究結(jié)果一致。CRUICKSHANK等[23]的研究還結(jié)果顯示,血清IL-6水平與手術(shù)復(fù)雜程度有密切關(guān)系,手術(shù)越復(fù)雜,手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),IL-6水平越高。本研究結(jié)果則顯示,手術(shù)復(fù)雜程度與血清IL-6水平無關(guān),并且手術(shù)時(shí)間與血清IL-6水平也無明顯相關(guān)性。本研究結(jié)果與上述文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道不一致,可能是由于IL-6的半衰期短,兩研究的標(biāo)本采集時(shí)間差異較大有一定關(guān)系。
CRP是在機(jī)體受到創(chuàng)傷或炎癥造成組織損傷時(shí),由肝臟細(xì)胞在IL-6作用下合成釋放入血的一種非特異性急性時(shí)相蛋白。在感染或任何組織創(chuàng)傷等應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下(包括急性創(chuàng)傷、燒傷及手術(shù)等非感染狀態(tài)),CRP水平均顯著增高[24]。已有研究顯示,病人血清CRP水平均在心臟術(shù)后第3天達(dá)到峰值[10]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,CPB術(shù)后在無感染狀態(tài)下,血清CRP水平逐漸升高,在術(shù)后第2天達(dá)峰值后逐漸下降,至術(shù)后第7天大致恢復(fù)正常水平,且血清CRP水平不受年齡、心功能狀態(tài)及手術(shù)時(shí)間的影響。
綜上所述,在CPB術(shù)后無感染情況下,血清PCT水平一過性增高,與年齡、心功能狀態(tài)、手術(shù)復(fù)雜程度及手術(shù)時(shí)間等存在一定關(guān)系。臨床上可于CPB術(shù)后24 h開始檢測(cè)血清PCT水平,若在術(shù)后第3天沒有迅速下降,應(yīng)警惕感染及并發(fā)癥可能。了解CPB術(shù)后PCT的變化規(guī)律,對(duì)臨床針對(duì)性治療有一定指導(dǎo)作用,可合理指導(dǎo)抗生素的應(yīng)用,預(yù)防術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)