吳云朵 林小飛 顧小海
[摘要] 目的 評(píng)價(jià)乳酸及序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分(SOFA)、全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征評(píng)分(SIRS)、快速序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分(qSOFA)評(píng)分對(duì)兒童膿毒癥患者預(yù)后的評(píng)估價(jià)值。 方法 回顧性分析2016年1月—2018年12月江蘇省淮安市婦幼保健院兒科普通病房及重癥病房且符合Sepsis-3診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的259例患兒的臨床資料,根據(jù)預(yù)后將其分為存活組(241例)和死亡組(18例)。受試者工作特征曲線(xiàn)(ROC)評(píng)估兩組乳酸、24 h內(nèi)SOFA、SIRS及qSOFA對(duì)患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。 結(jié)果 死亡組乳酸水平、SOFA、SIRS、qSOFA評(píng)分高于存活組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.01)。SOFA評(píng)分診斷膿毒癥患兒死亡的臨界值為7.5分,敏感度為68.8%,特異性為80.0%;qSOFA評(píng)分診斷膿毒癥患兒死亡的臨界值為1.5分,敏感度為68.8%,特異性為80.0%;乳酸診斷膿毒癥患兒死亡的臨界值為1.75 mmol/L,敏感度為93.8%,特異性為40.0%。 結(jié)論 與SIRS評(píng)分比較,SOFA、qSOFA評(píng)分對(duì)于兒童膿毒癥預(yù)后的判斷更有價(jià)值,而傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo)乳酸有很好的敏感性,是判斷膿毒癥患兒預(yù)后的可靠指標(biāo),但特異性低。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 兒童膿毒癥;序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分;快速序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分;全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征評(píng)分;乳酸
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R720.597 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)08(b)-0074-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the prognostic value of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score, quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score and lactate level in pediatric sepsis. Methods A total of 259 pediatric patients with Sepsis-3 diagnosis in general and intensive care units of Huai′an Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiangsu Province from January 2016 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into survival group (241 cases) and death group (18 cases) according to the prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to assessed the predictive value of lactate level, SOFA within 24 h and SIRS and qSOFA for prognosis of patients. Results Lactate level, SIRS, SOFA and qSOFA scores in death group were higher than those in survival group, and the differences were all highly statistically significant (all P < 0.01). The cut-off value for the death of sepsis by SOFA score was 7.5 points, the sensitivity was 68.8%, and the specificity was 80.0% respectively. The cut-off value for the death of sepsis by qSOFA score was 1.5 points, the sensitivity was 68.8%, and the specificity was 80.0%. The cut-off value for the death of sepsis by lactate value was 1.75 mmol/L, the sensitivity was 93.8%, and the specificity was 40.0%. Conclusion Compared with SIRS score, SOFA and qSOFA scores have better prognostic accuracy in predicting the prognosis of children with sepsis. Although lactate level has good sensitivity and is a reliable indicator for the prognosis of children with sepsis, but its specificity is low.
[Key words] Pediatric sepsis; Sequential organ failure assessment; Quick sequential organ failure assessment; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome score; Lactate
兒童膿毒癥是重癥患兒主要死亡原因之一,而膿毒癥的定義也在經(jīng)常修訂,最近的Sepsis-3定義強(qiáng)調(diào)膿毒癥區(qū)別于單純性感染是由于宿主對(duì)感染的反應(yīng)失調(diào)而產(chǎn)生威脅生命器官功能障礙的結(jié)果[1]。Sepsis-3的驗(yàn)證隊(duì)列基于成人人群,目前認(rèn)識(shí)到應(yīng)為“兒童人群制訂類(lèi)似的更新定義關(guān)系”[2]。但是,目前的小兒膿毒癥定義基本上仍基于敗血癥、代表研究、基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試、編碼的主要障礙和質(zhì)量監(jiān)控[2-3]。Sepsis-3中序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分(SOFA)作為膿毒癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。自從Sepsis-3共識(shí)發(fā)表以來(lái),與以前的膿毒癥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較,重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(ICU)中進(jìn)行的幾項(xiàng)成人研究報(bào)道SOFA和快速序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分(qSOFA)評(píng)估預(yù)后的準(zhǔn)確性更好[4-7]。因該評(píng)分在兒童與成人中反映器官功能的部分變量的正常范圍不同,故SOFA和qSOFA評(píng)分在兒童中應(yīng)用受限,而本研究中的評(píng)分根據(jù)年齡進(jìn)行調(diào)整后來(lái)判斷對(duì)小兒膿毒癥預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2016年1月—2018年12月江蘇省淮安市婦幼保健院兒科普通病房、兒科重癥病房(PICU)259例膿毒癥患兒的病例資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合Sepsis-3診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(根據(jù)年齡進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整)[1];②年齡28 d~14歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①住院時(shí)間≤24 h者;②既往有嚴(yán)重的肝腎功能不全者。根據(jù)預(yù)后將患兒分為存活組(241例)和死亡組(18例)。
1.2 疾病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
根據(jù)SOFA評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8],將心血管指標(biāo)由成人平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)<70 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)更改為收縮壓小于同年齡的第5百分位值。qSOFA評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]:神志改變、收縮壓≤100 mmHg、呼吸頻率≥22次/min,其中符合1項(xiàng)記1分,呼吸頻率和收縮壓通過(guò)使用特定年齡段來(lái)定義。全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征評(píng)分(SIRS)[10]標(biāo)準(zhǔn):體溫>38℃或<36℃、心率>90次/min、呼吸>20次/min或動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)<4.3 kPa、白細(xì)胞(WBC)數(shù)>12.0×109/L或<4.0×109/L或幼稚細(xì)胞>10%,符合1項(xiàng)記1分。
1.3 方法
收集兩組性別、年齡、體溫、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平、血培養(yǎng)結(jié)果、WBC水平、感染部位等一般資料;收集24 h內(nèi)乳酸水平、SOFA、SIRS、qSOFA評(píng)分。乳酸檢測(cè)方法:采集患者橈動(dòng)脈血0.5 mL,肝素抗凝,全自動(dòng)血?dú)夥治鰞x(ABL90雷度血?dú)夥治鰞x,雷度米特醫(yī)療設(shè)備上海有限公司)定量檢測(cè)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布用中位數(shù)(M)四分位數(shù)間距(Q)表示,兩組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);受試者工作特征曲線(xiàn)(ROC)預(yù)測(cè)乳酸水平及SOFA、SIRS、qSOFA評(píng)分對(duì)膿毒癥患兒死亡的診斷效能。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較
兩組性別、血培養(yǎng)(+)、感染部位比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);死亡組年齡低于存活組,死亡組體溫、CRP水平、WBC水平高于存活組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05),見(jiàn)表1。127例(49.0%)患者需要經(jīng)歷兒童重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(PICU)住院時(shí)間≥3 d。
2.2 兩組乳酸水平及SOFA、SIRS、qSOFA評(píng)分比較
死亡組乳酸水平及SOFA、SIRS、qSOFA評(píng)分高于存活組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 乳酸及SOFA、SIRS、qSOFA評(píng)分對(duì)膿毒癥患兒死亡的診斷效能
SOFA評(píng)分診斷膿毒癥患兒死亡的臨界值為7.5分,敏感度為68.8%,特異性為80.0%;qSOFA評(píng)分診斷膿毒癥患兒死亡的臨界值為1.5分,敏感度為68.8%,特異性為80.0%;乳酸診斷膿毒癥患兒死亡的臨界值為1.75 mmol/L,敏感度為93.8%,特異性為40.0%。見(jiàn)圖3、表3。
3 討論
Sepsis-3定義在兒童中的應(yīng)用未得到普遍接受,且存在爭(zhēng)議[11-12],其定義的臨床數(shù)據(jù)主要來(lái)源于美國(guó)ICU住院的成年患者,SOFA評(píng)分已被提議為成人篩查工具,用于判斷器官功能障礙,而為了進(jìn)一步快速簡(jiǎn)便的應(yīng)用于臨床,又提出了qSOFA評(píng)分的概念,該評(píng)分在急診室中能夠很好的應(yīng)用。本研究主要分析普通病房或PICU 24 h內(nèi)評(píng)分,可能因無(wú)法記錄疾病的嚴(yán)重程度峰值,而導(dǎo)致評(píng)分降低[13]。盡管不顯著,但SOFA、qSOFA評(píng)分在判斷ICU轉(zhuǎn)移和死亡率方面高于SIRS評(píng)分。兒童與成人SOFA反映器官功能部分變量的正常范圍不一樣,其主要區(qū)別在循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中低血壓及反映腎功能的肌酐、尿量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),兒童應(yīng)該根據(jù)年齡作出相應(yīng)調(diào)整,將心血管指標(biāo)由成人的MAP<70 mmHg更改為收縮壓小于同年齡的第5百分位值[14-15]。本研究因樣本量少未對(duì)腎臟的肌酐變量進(jìn)行調(diào)整,其他均與原始SOFA評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相同。兩項(xiàng)研究均說(shuō)明SOFA評(píng)分在兒童中應(yīng)用同樣有效,但SOFA評(píng)分中各項(xiàng)生理值是否需要根據(jù)年齡進(jìn)行調(diào)整,如何調(diào)整,尚有待進(jìn)一步探討且需通過(guò)進(jìn)行更多的臨床研究來(lái)驗(yàn)證其有效性,本研究結(jié)果顯示其相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的SIRS評(píng)分能更好評(píng)估膿毒癥的預(yù)后。
傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo)乳酸,雖然特異性不足,但仍是小兒膿毒癥診治過(guò)程中非??煽康闹笜?biāo)之一。研究顯示[16-17],乳酸是兒童膿毒癥嚴(yán)重程度的最佳預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)之一,此外,乳酸被建議用于早期的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層[18-19]。Sepsis-3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)認(rèn)為膿毒癥休克是膿毒癥的一個(gè)特定階段,這其中乳酸水平是個(gè)重要指標(biāo),李玖軍等[20]研究結(jié)果顯示,兒童膿毒癥休克定義為在膿毒癥基礎(chǔ)上,乳酸水平 >2 mmol/L。本研究因相對(duì)較小的樣本量和少量不良事件可能阻礙了補(bǔ)液無(wú)法糾正的低血壓及血乳酸水平的這一分析,因此,較大樣本量的研究將會(huì)進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行。既往針對(duì)兒童的研究報(bào)道指出,PICU中乳酸水平的升高與死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間存在密切而獨(dú)立的聯(lián)系[21]。乳酸是無(wú)氧酵解情況下糖的代謝產(chǎn)物,可反映組織缺血缺氧的情況。膿毒癥時(shí)乳酸異常升高,升高程度與病情嚴(yán)重程度和病死率呈正相關(guān)。Ceneviva等[22]的一項(xiàng)針對(duì)兒童膿毒癥的研究提示,在急診就診的膿毒癥患兒中,乳酸水平高于4 mmol/L與死亡率相關(guān),但敏感性較低,本研究結(jié)果顯示,死亡組乳酸水平明顯高于存活組(P < 0.05),曲線(xiàn)下面積為0.9,與以往的研究[22]一致。而Sepsis-3也將乳酸作為診斷膿毒癥休克的診斷指標(biāo)之一,雖然組織缺氧、肌肉活動(dòng)增加、酒精中毒以及嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全等可導(dǎo)致高乳酸血癥,但是乳酸水平的升高依然是膿毒癥很強(qiáng)的評(píng)估預(yù)后指標(biāo)。故Sepsis-3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以應(yīng)用在兒童中,但是如何根據(jù)兒童特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,尚需大規(guī)模的臨床觀察評(píng)估。本研究的局限性有:①只列舉乳酸一項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo);②本研究為單中心、回顧性研究,樣本量少,可能還需要結(jié)合其他傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo)、多中心、前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究等綜合判斷??傊瑖@膿毒癥的定義及診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的爭(zhēng)論仍會(huì)繼續(xù)[23]。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-17)