英語中復(fù)合句的使用非常廣泛，這項(xiàng)語法也是歷年各地高考語法考查的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。一般來說，復(fù)合句由主句和從句組成，從句充當(dāng)主句的一個(gè)句子成份。按照從句在主句中的作用相當(dāng)于何種詞類這一角度，可以將從句劃分為三大類：名詞從句、形容詞從句、副詞從句。連接主句和從句的語法標(biāo)記就是從屬關(guān)系詞。同學(xué)們?nèi)绻軌蚯宄髲木涞墓δ?，靈活掌握從屬關(guān)聯(lián)詞的用法，則不但可以在做單項(xiàng)填空等語法題時(shí)游刃有余，也有助于對(duì)閱讀理解中的長、難句進(jìn)行分析，準(zhǔn)確把握文章內(nèi)容。

一、 名詞從句

1. 種類與功能。名詞從句包括賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。用來引導(dǎo)名詞從句的關(guān)系詞有：that; whether; 疑問詞：what， which， who（m）， whose， when， where， why， how。

I guess that you must be exhausted after a hard day. （賓語從句）

He didn't know whether the snake was poisonous or not. （賓語從句）

Whether there is water here is a matter in dispute. （主語從句）

The mystery is where he lives. （表語從句）

Let us know your address， where you live in college time. （同位語從句）

2. 基本用法。

（1）疑問詞在引導(dǎo)名詞從句時(shí)根據(jù)是否保留或失去疑問意義，功能也不盡相同，準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分則可以有助于同學(xué)們理解題干及閱讀材料。

Please tell me where she's living. 請(qǐng)告訴我她住在哪兒。（where保留疑問意義）

That's where he's living. 那就是他的住處。（where失去疑問意義）

（2）名詞從句做主語時(shí)容易造成主語太長，給人以“頭重腳輕”之感，因此常用形式主語it代替，被代替的名詞從句則移至句尾。

Whether she can pass the exam is unknown.

→It is unknown whether she can pass the exam.

真題解析：It is not a problem we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time. （2020江蘇高考25）

A. whether B. why

C. when D. where

析：該題句意為“我們能否贏得比賽并不是問題，這是遲早的事情”。前句中，it 作為形式主語置于句首，空格后主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，故應(yīng)填whether表示能否，原句為Whether we can win the battle is not a problem.

（3）that 引導(dǎo)的名詞從句不能直接加在介詞之后，需要將從句中的主語轉(zhuǎn)換為所有格加動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，此類用法在閱讀理解題型中較為常見。

The teachers are worried about that he plays around all day.

析：上句為錯(cuò)誤結(jié)構(gòu)。正確用法為：刪去that，將he改為所有格形式his， play改為動(dòng)名詞playing，原句改為：

The teachers are worried about his playing around all day.

二、 形容詞從句

1. 種類及功能。形容詞從句即定語從句，用來修飾句子中的名詞，被修飾的名詞稱為先行詞，定語從句跟在先行詞的后面。按照二者的緊密程度可以將定語從句分為兩類：限制性定語從句，非限制性定語從句（即用逗號(hào)將先行詞與定語從句隔開）。

Couch potato refers to a person who spends a lot of time on the couch watching television.

It is the third time that she has won the race， which has surprised us all.

2. 基本用法。

（1）指代人時(shí)主格用who，賓格用whom。指代事物時(shí)用which。指代整個(gè)句子時(shí)，也用which。

I believe people who do not know about the life of Steve Jobs or the history of Apple may find it difficult to follow. （指代人，主格）

Peter Lai is a great teacher （whom） many students respect. （指代人，賓格，可省略）

Andy flunked the exam， which somewhat surprised us. （指代全句）

（2）使用原則。關(guān)系代詞之前要有先行詞;該關(guān)系代詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或者表語;如果不能，則應(yīng)根據(jù)從句中動(dòng)詞的用法找到合適的介詞，再將介詞移至關(guān)系代詞前。

Tom is a boss who I like to work.

析：上句為錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)構(gòu)。句中先行詞boss是人，故應(yīng)當(dāng)使用關(guān)系代詞who，但從句who I like to work中，已經(jīng)有主語I， 且who也不能充當(dāng)work的賓語，故根據(jù)語義應(yīng)當(dāng)在關(guān)系代詞who前添加相應(yīng)的介詞。

Tom is a boss who I like to work for. （劣）

Tom is a boss for who I like to work. （佳）

真題解析：Many lessons are now available online， from students can choose for free. （2020江蘇高考21）

A. whose B. which

C. when D. whom

析：該題句意為“現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上有許多在線課程，學(xué)生們可以免費(fèi)從中選擇（學(xué)習(xí)）”。同學(xué)們找到先行詞many lessons后，則可以確定關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用which。由于題干中已經(jīng)給出動(dòng)詞choose的搭配介詞from，所以該題比較容易解答。

（3）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which”均可以變化成關(guān)系副詞（where， when， why， how），成為考查重點(diǎn)。其中，where， when 和“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which”的轉(zhuǎn)換較為多見。

We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

析：此處的when 用法等于 in which。

Kunming is the city where I met my wife.

析：此處的where 用法等于 in which。

真題解析：Selfdriving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. （2018江蘇高考）

析：該題句意為“自動(dòng)駕駛是中國和世界上其他國家和地區(qū)站在同一起跑線的領(lǐng)域”。先行詞為an area，“領(lǐng)域”應(yīng)該用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)， 但從句中既有主語China and the rest of the world，也有表語on the same starting line，which不能再充當(dāng)從句中的主語或表語，故考慮和an area搭配的介詞in， 故答案應(yīng)為in which或where。

此外，why 用法等于 for which， how 用法等于 in which。

Paul doesn't know the reason why （for which） his girlfriend left.

This is the usual way how （in which） the workers handle the problem.

（4）限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別。當(dāng)先行詞為專有名詞及獨(dú)一性名詞時(shí)，為顯示出其特殊性，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用非限制性定語從句。

Opposite is St. Paul's Church， in which you can hear some lovely music.

（5）限制性定語從句中，一般可以用that 作為關(guān)系代詞，替換who， whom或which。

Tik Tok（抖音）is a popular app that （which） many youngsters like to use.

但特別需要注意兩種情形。

第一，必須使用that的情形：先行詞前有序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)、the very， the only， all等詞修飾，或兩個(gè)性質(zhì)不同的名詞共用一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞，以及有時(shí)為避免關(guān)系代詞與疑問詞重復(fù)。

This is the very bus that I'm waiting for. （the very）

Maybe that is the best way that has been used to protect the environment. （最高級(jí)）

An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area that interact with one another. （兩個(gè)性質(zhì)不同的名詞共用一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞）

Which is the phone that you lost？ （避免關(guān)系代詞與疑問詞重復(fù)）

第二，不能使用that 的情形：關(guān)系代詞前有介詞，that 本身即為先行詞時(shí)。

This knife is the tool with which the murder killed the guy.

What's that which flashed through the sky just now.

三、 副詞從句

1. 種類及功能。副詞連接詞置于任何一個(gè)從句前，該從句就是副詞從句，常被稱為狀語從句。常考的副詞連接詞有because， though， unless， while， once等。從表達(dá)的意義來看，狀語從句可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較、方式等，用來修飾主句。

You will be late for class unless you leave immediately. （表?xiàng)l件）

She insisted on her own opinion even though she was wrong. （表讓步）

2. 基本用法與常見考點(diǎn)。

（1）避免雙重連接。受中文習(xí)慣影響，有的同學(xué)不注意會(huì)把因?yàn)椤浴╞ecause... so...） 、盡管……但是……（though... but...）在英文中同時(shí)使用，造成雙重連接的錯(cuò)誤。

Though she is nice， but I don' like her.

析：上句為錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)構(gòu)，正確的寫法只需將though或but 保留一個(gè)即可，理由是：兩個(gè)句子只能由一個(gè)連詞來連接，從而使其中一個(gè)句子變成狀語從句修飾主句。

真題解析：Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year， but we have never had any disease or insect attack problem. （全國卷 單句改錯(cuò)）

析：該題句意為“盡管每年我們?cè)谕粋€(gè)地方種植西紅柿，但我們從未遇到過病蟲害的問題”。翻譯成中文句意通順，但是英文原文將although與but連用，則犯了雙重連接的錯(cuò)誤，將although或but刪去一詞即可。

（2）if， when， once， as soon as， unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

Once he is free， he will travel abroad.

析：雖然他將來有空才會(huì)出國旅游，但此處“他有空”表示的是一個(gè)條件，故應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表達(dá)。

注意：這種用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表?xiàng)l件狀語從句的用法也可引申在定語從句中使用。

真題解析：If you look at all sides of the situation， you'll find probably a solution that everyone. （2020江蘇高考22）

A. suit B. suited

C. suits D. has suited

析：該題句意為“如果你全面審視現(xiàn)在的情形，你將可能會(huì)找到一個(gè)適合大家的解決方案”。主句是一個(gè)定語從句，先行詞為solution， that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句“適合大家的”也可視為一個(gè)條件，故應(yīng)當(dāng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，此題答案為C， “suits”。

（3）though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可以與as， as... as...引導(dǎo)的狀語從句相互轉(zhuǎn)換。

Though the millionaire is rich， he isn't happy.

Rich as the millionaire is， he isn't happy.

As rich as the millionaire is， he isn't happy.

（4）while表示“當(dāng)……”時(shí)，用作副詞連接詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句;while也可連接并列句，表示前后對(duì)比，譯作“而……”。

Men can speak about seventy words in a minute while women can speak more than one hundred.

四、 形容詞從句（定語從句）與分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換

1. 限制性定語從句中，如果關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)，可以簡化為分詞短語。具體步驟為：先將關(guān)系代詞省略，將be動(dòng)詞改為being后，亦可省去。

The woman who is dancing with David over there is his mother.

→The woman who （being） dancing with David over there is his mother.

→The woman dancing with David over there is his mother.

Who is the boy that is locked behind the door？

→Who is the boy that （being） locked behind the door？

→ Who is the boy locked behind the door？

2.非限制性定語從句中，主系表結(jié)構(gòu)可簡化為主語同位語使用。具體步驟為：將關(guān)系代詞省略，be動(dòng)詞變?yōu)閎eing后也予以省略。

Daniel， who is a good friend of mine， won the first place in the competition.

→ Daniel， who （being） a good friend of mine， won the first place in the competition.

→ Daniel， a good friend of mine， won the first place in the competition.

真題解析：Technological innovations， good marketing， will promote the sales of these products. （2020江蘇高考31）

A. combined with

B. combining with

C. having combined with

D. to be combined with

析：該題句意為“技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與良好的市場(chǎng)營銷相結(jié)合，將促進(jìn)這些產(chǎn)品的銷售”。該句由非限制性定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來，先行詞technological innovations 之后為從句which is combined with good marketing，去掉which后，is 變成being，再予以省略。故應(yīng)選A。

五、 副詞從句（狀語從句）與分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換

1. Once， when， while， if， unless， though等常見連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如果主語與主句中的主語相同時(shí)，可簡化為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。具體步驟為，先將相同主語省略，將be動(dòng)詞改為being后，亦可省去，如果是動(dòng)詞，要變成現(xiàn)在分詞，不能省略。

If I am free， I'll go to the movies with you.

→If I （being） free， I'll go to the movies with you.

→If free， I'll go to the movies with you.

Unless you are otherwise instructed， you should do as I said.

→Unless you （being） otherwise instructed， you should do as I said.

→Unless otherwise instructed， you should do as I said.

When he was young， he left home. （少小離家）

→When he （being） young， he left home.

→When young， he left home.

2. 當(dāng)變成否定分詞結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，句式轉(zhuǎn)換方法同上，但not 要置于分詞前。

Because he was not satisfied with the result， Tom decided to try again.

析：由于because 表示原因，從句中he與主句主語相同，二詞均省略。Was改為being，再將not 置于句首，原句簡化為：

Not （being） satisfied with the result， Tom decided to try again.

I didn't intend to see her again. I left the party.

析：去掉相同主語后，助動(dòng)詞也要省略。原句簡化為：

Not intending to see her again， I left the party.

3. 當(dāng)從句和主句的主語不同時(shí)，從句中的主語要予以保留，同時(shí)將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)閯?dòng)名詞即可。

Lucy's father is doing the dishes in the kitchen while her mother is sharing something on moments（刷朋友圈）.

Lucy's father is doing the dishes in the kitchen while her mother sharing something on moments.

語法精練

1. The teacher gives the students a case the word can be used.

A. whose B. which

C. when D. where

2. The company will reach the sales target in two weeks it set at the beginning of the year.

A. whose B. which

C. when D. where

3. Frankly speaking， I like the book cover is a little broken.

A. of which B. which

C. when D. where

4. All the neighbors admire this family the parents treat their children like friends.

A. that B. which

C. how D. where

5. The first chapter of the novel is difficult to understand， the second part is quite easy.

A. while B. since

C. so D. as

6. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others， ， of course， made the others jealous.

A. whose B. which

C. when D. that

7. The reason the student felt unfair was the teacher misunderstood him.

A. for which; because B. that; which

C. that; because D. why; that

8. You will want two trees about ten feet apart， from to suspend your tent.

A. there B. which

C. them D. where

9. When a new city， most people like to go sightseeing to see new things.

A. visiting B. visited

C. visits D. having visited

10. nearly all our money， we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.

A. Spending B. Having spent

C. We spent D. Spends

參考答案

1—5 DCADA 6—10 BDBAB

（作者：張金科，江蘇省南京大學(xué)鼓樓校區(qū)）