郝昌明

近年來高考英語書面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定考生必須使用一定數(shù)量的過渡性詞匯，以增強(qiáng)文章的連貫性、邏輯性和可讀性。本文從不同邏輯角度介紹高考英語書面表達(dá)常見過渡性詞匯用法。

一、表示因果關(guān)系的過渡性詞匯

表示因果關(guān)系的過渡性詞匯常見的有：as a result （結(jié)果）， as a result of （因?yàn)椤慕Y(jié)果）， thanks to （多虧了）。

A terrible earthquake happened in this city; as a result， it was completely destroyed. 這個(gè)城市發(fā)生了可怕的地震，結(jié)果它被完全摧毀了。

As a result of the timely rain， all the crops were saved. 因?yàn)樘煜铝艘粓黾皶r(shí)雨，所有莊稼都得救了。

Thanks to your encouragement， my daughter became more confident. 多虧了你的鼓勵(lì)，我的女兒變得更自信了。

由以上例句可以看出，使用as a result表示因果關(guān)系時(shí)原因在前，結(jié)果在后，原因和結(jié)果均由單句表達(dá);使用as a result of和thanks to表示因果關(guān)系時(shí)，也是原因在前結(jié)果在后，但結(jié)果由單句表達(dá)，原因由名詞或名詞短語表達(dá)。這些過渡性詞匯邏輯嚴(yán)密，情感濃烈。

二、表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡性詞匯

表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡性詞匯有很多，比較常用的有：besides / what's more（更何況），what's worse / to make the matter worse / worse still / worse than all / worse than ever（更糟糕的是）。

You are sure to recover from your illness， because you're not seriously ill， and what's more， you have a good doctor. 你一定能康復(fù)，因?yàn)槟愕牟〔⒉粐?yán)重，更何況你還有一個(gè)好醫(yī)生。

You must give up smoking， because it will cost you much money， and what's worse， it will do harm to your health. 你必須戒煙，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)花掉你許多錢，更糟糕的是，它會(huì)傷害你的身體。

由以上例句可以看出besides與what's more通常連接肯定觀點(diǎn)，為某一褒義觀點(diǎn)提供理由。what's worse， to make the matter worse， worse still， worse than all， worse than ever通常連接否定觀點(diǎn)，為某一貶義觀點(diǎn)提供理由。使用這些過渡性詞匯時(shí)后一個(gè)理由比前一個(gè)理由更充分、說服力更強(qiáng)。

三、表達(dá)公認(rèn)觀點(diǎn)的過渡性詞匯

表達(dá)公認(rèn)觀點(diǎn)的過渡性詞匯有as we all know， as is known to all，均表示“眾所周知”。

As we all know， China is rich in natural resources. 眾所周知，中國自然資源豐富。

As is known to all， the Chinese people are hard-working and brave. 眾所周知，中國人民勤勞勇敢。

由以上例句可以看出，as we all know， as is known to all用在某一世人皆知的觀點(diǎn)之前，使下文將要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)可信度更高、說服力更強(qiáng)。

四、表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的過渡性詞匯

表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的過渡性詞匯主要有：as far as I know / as far as I'm concerned （就我所知的而言）， in my opinion / in the opinion of me （依我看）， in the eyes of me （在我看來）。

As far as I know， Mary is never late for school. 就我所知而言，瑪麗上學(xué)從不遲到。

As far as I'm concerned， she always lives alone. 就我所知而言，她一直獨(dú)自生活。

In my opinion， your knowledge needs updating / to be updated. 依我看，你的知識(shí)需要更新。

In the opinion of me， this suggestion makes sense. 依我看，這個(gè)建議很有道理。

In the eyes of me， health is the most important thing in the world. 我認(rèn)為健康是世界上最重要的東西。

從以上例句可以看出，上述過渡性詞匯通常用于句首，既表達(dá)了個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)，也顯得講話者謙虛客氣。

五、表達(dá)并列觀點(diǎn)的過渡性詞匯

表達(dá)并列觀點(diǎn)的過渡性詞匯常見的有：at the same time / in the meanwhile （與此同時(shí)）， in addition （另外）， on the other hand （另一方面）。

You should make good use of your time; at the same time， you should pay attention to your study method. 你應(yīng)該充分利用時(shí)間，同時(shí)注意你的學(xué)習(xí)方法。

You should care for your students; in the meanwhile， you should be strict with them. 你應(yīng)該關(guān)心你的學(xué)生，同時(shí)應(yīng)該對(duì)他們嚴(yán)格要求。

I will read a story this evening; in addition， I will write a letter. 今天晚上我要讀一篇小說，另外我還要寫一封信。

You should believe in yourself; on the other hand， you should be modest. 你應(yīng)該相信自己，另一方面也應(yīng)該謙虛。

從以上例句可以看出，這些過渡性詞匯往往連接兩個(gè)單句并列內(nèi)容，全句顯得對(duì)稱和諧、協(xié)調(diào)一致。

六、表示普遍規(guī)律的過渡性詞匯

表示普遍規(guī)律的過渡性詞匯常見的有：generally speaking （一般說來）， in general （一般說來）， all in all （總的說來）， as you can imagine（正如你可以想象的）。

Generally speaking， boys are much taller than girls. 總的說來，男孩比女孩高得多。

In general， physics is more difficult than chemistry. 一般說來，物理比化學(xué)難學(xué)。

All in all， it is not good for us to learn to smoke. 總的說來，學(xué)會(huì)抽煙不是好事。

從以上例句可以看出，上述過渡性詞匯通常用在一個(gè)陳述句之前，連接一個(gè)多數(shù)人認(rèn)同的事實(shí)來支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。

七、表示總結(jié)的過渡性詞匯

表示總結(jié)的過渡性詞匯常見有的in a word， altogether，均表示“總之”。

His suggestion is considerate and easy to perform. In a word， it is a good one. 他的建議很周到，也容易操作?？傊@是一個(gè)很好的建議。

She is kind， clever and diligent. In a word， she is lovely. 她善良、聰明、勤奮，總之，她很可愛。

從以上例句可以看出，這些過渡性詞匯用在對(duì)特定人物進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹的內(nèi)容后面做總結(jié)，使其在讀者心中留下深刻印象。

八、表示特定心情的過渡性詞匯

表示特定心情的過渡性詞匯有：to one's joy / delight （令某人高興的是）， to one's surprise （令某人驚訝的是）， to one's disappointment （令某人失望的是）， to one's satisfaction （令某人滿意的是）， to one's pride （令某人自豪的是）。

To our joy / delight， our team won all the games. 令我們高興的是，我們隊(duì)贏得了所有比賽。

To our disappointment， he didn't pass the driving test. 令我們失望的是，他沒有通過駕駛考試。

To our surprise， he dared to get angry with his teacher. 令我們驚訝的是，他敢和老師發(fā)火。

To our satisfaction， he worked out the difficult problem at his first attempt. 令我們滿意的是，他第一次嘗試就解出了這道難題。

To our pride， our son was admitted into a key university. 令我們驕傲的是，我們的兒子被一所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)錄取了。

九、表示轉(zhuǎn)折的過渡性詞匯

表示轉(zhuǎn)折的過渡性詞匯常見的有however， nevertheless，表示“然而”。

Some students think playing computer games is good for us. However， other students don't think so. 一些學(xué)生認(rèn)為打電腦游戲?qū)ξ覀冇泻锰?，然而別的學(xué)生并不這么認(rèn)為。

This kind of fruit is not very good to look at. However， it is very sweet to eat. 這種水果不好看，然而很好吃。

從以上例句可以看出，這些過渡性詞匯通常用于兩個(gè)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的簡單句之間，使表達(dá)內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)折得當(dāng)、過渡自然。

十、表示順序的過渡性詞匯

表示順序的過渡性詞匯常見的有：first （第一，首先）， second （第二）， then （然后）， finally / at last / in the end （最后）。

I will read many books this evening. First， I'll begin with this book. 今天晚上我要讀許多書。首先，我要從這本書開始。

First， he saw a film. Then， he went swimming. 首先，他看了一場電影，然后，他又去游泳。

At first， he was very excited， but in the end he calmed down. 一開始，他很興奮，但最后冷靜了下來。

鞏固練習(xí)：

一、根據(jù)中文提示完成下列各句，每空一詞。

1. He went to work in a hurry; ___ ___ ___ （結(jié)果） he left his handbag at home.

2. ___ ___ （多虧了） their support， I finished my work in time.

3. Don't be worried about this exam， because it will not be too difficult; ___ ___ （更何況）， you have made good preparations for it.

4. You can't speak in class， because you will break the rule of your class; ___ ___ （更糟糕的是）， it will affect your study.

5. ___ ___ ___ ___ （眾所周知）， China has the largest population in the world.

二、選擇適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡性詞匯并用其正確形式填空。

first， as we all know， in my opinion， at the same time， besides， as you can imagine， what's worse， as a result of?Now， more and more students are learning to smoke， and there are many reasons for it.

_1_， middle school students always have pressure and _2_ this， many learn to smoke to release their pressure. _3_， many students learn from stars to smoke so that they can show their unique style.

_4_， smoking does much harm to us. ? ?_5_， smoking is bad to our health and often causes a fatal illness. In the meanwhile， smoking costs us much money and increases the load of our life. _6_， smoking often causes a big fire， which causes a great loss.

_7_， smoking is really a bad thing. We should realize the harm of it and try to get rid of the habit. _8_， we should form other good habits.

If so， we can get rid of the bad habit of smoking.