張昕
【問】 有這樣兩個(gè)句子:
As he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening.
Young child as he is, he knows a lot about the Internet.
請問兩句中的as屬于哪種用法?
(遼寧本溪? ?徐佳琦)
【答】 第一句中的as是連詞,意思是“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句有如下特點(diǎn):
1. 從句具有延續(xù)性,即使謂語是短暫動(dòng)詞,也要把動(dòng)作放大,使其成為一個(gè)過程。例如:
I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 在他下車時(shí),我看見了他。
2. 從句與主句的兩件事彼此獨(dú)立地發(fā)生或發(fā)展,只是在時(shí)間上有重疊,主句事件發(fā)生在從句事件的過程中,??勺g為“隨著”或“一邊……,一邊……”。例如:
As time passed, things seemed to get worse. 隨著時(shí)間的推移,事情好像變得更糟。
3. 有時(shí)從句用省略形式,特別當(dāng)從句是名詞做表語表示必然經(jīng)歷的某一階段的時(shí)間時(shí),如:as a child還是個(gè)小孩時(shí),as a student 還是個(gè)學(xué)生時(shí)。
第二句中的as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句,相當(dāng)于though,意思是“雖然”。 as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句有如下特點(diǎn):
1) 不能像別的連詞那樣位于從句的首位,而居于從句首位的是從句的表語、狀語或謂語中的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞。例如:
Young as she is, she is good at singing. 她雖然年幼,卻很會(huì)唱歌。
Much as I like it, I can't afford it. 我雖然很喜歡它,卻買不起。
Crying as she was, she went on with her writing. 她雖然哭著,卻繼續(xù)寫字。
2) 表語名詞置于首位時(shí),本來有的不定冠詞通常去掉。例如:
Child as she was, she wasn't a bit afraid. 她雖然是個(gè)小孩子,卻一點(diǎn)兒也不怕。
【問】 下面這幾道題我不知道如何選擇,您給我講解一下好嗎?
1. It is almost five years ______ we saw each other last time.
A. before? B. since? C. after? D. when
2. —Did Jack come back early last night?
—Yes. It was not yet eight o'clock __? ?__ he arrived home.
A. before? B. when? C. that? ?D. until
3. —How long do you think it will be ______ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon.
—Perhaps two or three years.
A. when? ?B. until? ?C. that? ?D. before
4. It was not until she got home ______Jennifer realised she had lost her keys.
A. when? ?B. that? ? C. where D. before
(吉林長春? ?王? ?淼)
【答】 這四道題的答案分別為B、B、D、B。題1考查的是“It be + 時(shí)間段 + since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句”,句意是“自從上次我們見面以來已經(jīng)近五年的時(shí)間了”。題2考查的是“It be + 時(shí)間點(diǎn) + when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句”,句意是“他昨晚回家時(shí)還不到8點(diǎn)”。題3考查“It will be + 時(shí)間段 + before”,意為“將過某段時(shí)間才……”。題4考查it在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的應(yīng)用,此題是not... until...的強(qiáng)調(diào)句:It is / was + not until從句 + that + 句子其他部分。
before, since和when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中較相似,容易混淆。要解答上面的題,首先要弄清楚句子的結(jié)構(gòu)以及所表達(dá)的意思。
1. “It be + 時(shí)間段 + since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句”表示“自從……已經(jīng)有多長時(shí)間了”。主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:
It is a month since I called you up. 我已有一個(gè)月沒給你打電話了。
2. “It + be + 時(shí)間點(diǎn) + when從句”中的it指時(shí)間,且表示時(shí)間的詞語前沒有介詞。主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞和從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)上一般是一致的,主句是will be時(shí),when從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。例如:
It was already 10 o'clock when we got home. 當(dāng)我們到家時(shí)已經(jīng)十點(diǎn)了。
It will be midnight when they get there. 他們到達(dá)那里時(shí)將會(huì)是半夜。
3. “It + be + 時(shí)間 + before從句”中的時(shí)間一般為表示一段時(shí)間的詞語,如long, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes等。主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式時(shí),意為“過多長時(shí)間才……”;主句謂語動(dòng)詞用否定式時(shí),意為“沒過多長時(shí)間就……”。例如:
It will be some time before we know the full results. 再過些時(shí)候我們才能知道全部結(jié)果。
It won't be long before we meet each other. 我們不久就會(huì)見面的。
4. “It be + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分(主語、賓語、狀語) + that...”是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,表達(dá)的意思為“是……;正是……;就是……”。it在這個(gè)句型中沒有實(shí)際意義。強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語要用that,而不能用when或where。例如:
It was yesterday that I met Bob in your room. 我就是昨天在你的房間遇見鮑勃的。
It was in your room that I met Bob yesterday. 我昨天就是在你的房間遇見鮑勃的。
【問】 有這樣一道題:
—You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ______, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to? ?C. doing? D. doing so
我選擇A,而老師給的正確答案是B。我不知道自己錯(cuò)在哪里。
(山東泰安? ?鄭? ?悅)
【答】 老師的答案是對的。本題考查動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式的區(qū)別及省略形式。mean后用動(dòng)詞不定式表示“打算;想要做某事”,后用動(dòng)名詞表示“意味著;意思是”。依據(jù)題意,排除C、D;第二個(gè)句子的詞尾有一個(gè)不定式,該不定式是重復(fù)第一句的不定式時(shí),可用to來代替,省去后面的原形動(dòng)詞,故應(yīng)選B。
動(dòng)詞不定式的省略有以下幾種情況:
1. 第二個(gè)句子的詞尾有一個(gè)不定式,該不定式是重復(fù)第一句的不定式時(shí),可用to來代替,省去后面的原形動(dòng)詞。例如:
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight? 你今晚愿意來吃飯嗎?
—I'd like to, but I am too busy. 我愿意,但我很忙。
2. 對話的答語中含有形容詞如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等加不定式作表語結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)。例如:
—Will you help other people who are in trouble? 別人有困難時(shí)你會(huì)伸出援手嗎?
—Yes, I am willing to. 是的,我樂意。
3. 不定式在句中某些動(dòng)詞如ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit 等后作賓語補(bǔ)足語或作主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)??墒÷浴@纾?/p>
Don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to. 不要?jiǎng)尤魏螙|西,除非你的老師讓你做。
4. 不定式在某些動(dòng)詞如like, love, care, decide, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade等后作賓語時(shí)常可省略。例如:
—Do you want to go abroad? 你想去國外嗎?
—Yes, I have decided to. 是的,我決定去。
5. 不定式在某些結(jié)構(gòu)如be able to, be going to, have to, ought to等后作復(fù)合謂語時(shí)可省略。例如:
I would like to attend the meeting but I'm afraid I won't be able to. 我倒愿意參加這個(gè)會(huì),不過我恐怕去不了。