涂冬萍 王柳萍 趙立春 黃志其 翟勇進(jìn) 白隆華 莫長(zhǎng)明
摘 要:該文基于不膨大和膨大的牛大力根的轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序結(jié)果,采用生物信息學(xué)技術(shù)對(duì)篩選到的28 個(gè)牛大力淀粉酶基因進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明:28 個(gè)牛大力淀粉酶相關(guān)蛋白基因編碼的氨基酸序列分子量為20.78~349.39 KDa;均為酸性蛋白部分;部分亞細(xì)胞定位在葉綠體;具有PLN02784 super family、AmyAc-family super family結(jié)構(gòu)域;二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中除MsAm1、MsAm7、MsAm8、MsAm15、MsAm16、MsAm22、MsAm23、MsAm28中α螺旋占比最大外,無(wú)規(guī)則卷曲的比例最大;三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)具有α淀粉酶結(jié)構(gòu)、β淀粉酶結(jié)構(gòu)、異淀粉酶結(jié)構(gòu)等;淀粉酶基因家族共有86 個(gè)作用元件,MsAm9的作用元件最多(42 個(gè));系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù)表明MsAm15、MsAm16歸于1 類(lèi),且均具有motif 2、motif 3、motif 7,MsAm4、MsAm24、MsAm26歸于1 類(lèi),與擬南芥淀粉酶進(jìn)行比對(duì),AtBM4和MsAm6歸為一類(lèi),AtAM2和MsAm2歸為一類(lèi),AtBM8和MsAm5歸為一類(lèi),AtBM4和MsAm6歸為一類(lèi),AtAM10和MsAm22歸為一類(lèi),AtIM3和MsAm17歸為一類(lèi)。這些分析結(jié)果可為今后深入研究28 個(gè)牛大力淀粉酶的生物學(xué)功能和調(diào)控機(jī)制提供一定的理論依據(jù),為牛大力根部膨大的研究及品種的改良提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:牛大力,轉(zhuǎn)錄組,淀粉酶基因家族,理化特性
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):Q949
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1000-3142(2020)09-1288-12
Abstract:In order to lay the foundation for revealing the growth and development law and screening the genes related to root expansion by studying the biological activity of the amylase gene family of Millettia speciosa. Based on the transcriptome sequencing results of non-enlarged and enlarged root of M. speciosa,28 daphnia magna amylase genes were screened by bioinformatics technology. The results showed that the molecular weights of amino acid sequences encoded by 28 amylase-related protein genes ranged from 20.78 to 349.39 KDa. They were all acidic proteins,some of the subcellular localization was in chloroplast. They had PLN02784 super family and AmyAc-family super family conserved domains. The proportion of random coil in the secondary structure was the largest excluded from MsAm1,MsAm7,MsAm8,MsAm15,MsAm16,MsAm22,MsAm23 and MsAm28. Tertiary structure prediction showed that the amylase of M. speciosa contained α-amylase structure,β-amylase structure,and isoamylase structure. Amylase gene family had 86 functional elements,and MsAm9 had the most functional elements (42). The phylogenetic tree showed that MsAm15,MsAm16 belonged to the same category and had motif 2,motif 3,motif 7,and MsAm4,MsAm24,MsAm26 belonged to the other same category. Compared to Arabidopsis thaliana anylase,AtBM4 and MsAm6,AtAM2 and MsAm2,AtBM8 and MsAm5,AtBM4 and MsAm6,AtAM10 and MsAm22,AtIM3 and MsAm17 belonged to the same category,respectively. These results could provide a theoretical basis for the further study of biological functions and regulation mechanism of 28 M. speciosa amylase,and provide a reference for the study of root enlargement and improvement of M. speciosa amylase varieties.
Key words:Millettia speciosa,transcription group,amylase gene family,physicochemical characteristics
牛大力為豆科蝶形花亞科崖豆藤屬植物美麗崖豆藤(Millettia speciosa)的干燥根。味甘性平,具補(bǔ)虛潤(rùn)肺、強(qiáng)筋活絡(luò)之效,臨床上對(duì)腰肌勞損、風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、肺結(jié)核、慢性支氣管炎等慢性疾病有一定療效(全國(guó)中草藥匯編編寫(xiě)組,1986)。主要分布于福建、湖南、廣東、廣西、海南、貴州等地,是兩廣地區(qū)著名的補(bǔ)骨強(qiáng)筋中藥,常用于制作藥膳、藥酒等(廣西壯族自治區(qū)衛(wèi)生廳,1992;廣東省食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局,2004;南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),2005;劉丹丹等,2009;韋翠萍等,2009;韋玉燕等,2010),為嶺南地區(qū)著名的藥食兩用植物?,F(xiàn)代實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,牛大力具有提高免疫功能、保肝、祛痰、鎮(zhèn)咳、平喘、抗氧化、抗炎、抗腫瘤等作用(周添農(nóng)等,2009;王呈文等,2013;羅軒等,2014;黃翔等,2014;陳蓉蓉等,2014)。隨著牛大力的深入開(kāi)發(fā)利用,除了加工成中成藥外,鮮品制作藥膳的需求迅速增長(zhǎng),以致價(jià)格不斷攀升。1999 年牛大力干品在產(chǎn)地收購(gòu)價(jià)為每kg 5~6 元,2007 年牛大力鮮品產(chǎn)地收購(gòu)價(jià)已升至 每kg 20元,到2012 年品質(zhì)較好的上等鮮品收購(gòu)價(jià)已暴漲至每kg 80~100 元,但目前市場(chǎng)無(wú)大宗貨源(伍家豪,2014)。
近年來(lái),隨著野生資源的減少,牛大力種植產(chǎn)業(yè)顯示出了廣闊的發(fā)展前景。但目前牛大力栽培中遇到了根不膨大,無(wú)法結(jié)薯的難題,影響了藥材的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),同一個(gè)植株的牛大力不同的根性狀差異顯著,結(jié)薯能力不同。目前還未見(jiàn)牛大力根膨大的分子機(jī)理的確切研究和報(bào)道?,F(xiàn)有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基因的表達(dá)顯著影響了植物膨大根的膨大,其中與木質(zhì)素和淀粉合成及代謝相關(guān)的基因變化明顯(Gui et al.,2011;Wang et al.,2016)。據(jù)報(bào)道,在紫薯儲(chǔ)藏根中,膨大的根淀粉含量下降,β-淀粉酶活明顯提高,淀粉降解加速。研究表明,淀粉酶的活性與儲(chǔ)藏根發(fā)育存在一定的關(guān)系。本研究基于牛大力根系轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)篩選出的淀粉酶基因家族成員進(jìn)行生物信息學(xué)分析,為今后研究及闡釋淀粉酶對(duì)牛大力根膨大及貯藏的分子機(jī)理提供參考,為牛大力膨大根優(yōu)良品種的選育
及將來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)基因培育牛大力等后期基因工程研究提供理論依據(jù)和基因資源。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
牛大力植株采集于廣西百色市那坡,經(jīng)廣西藥用植物園白隆華研究員鑒定為豆科美麗崖豆藤(Millettia speciosa)的干燥根,兩年生。取同一個(gè)植株中膨大根(肉質(zhì)明顯,較軟,易折斷,較脆,直徑大于2.5 cm)和不膨大根(肉質(zhì)不明顯,纖維性大,較硬,不易折斷,直徑小于1 cm),以該牛大力膨大根和不膨大根植物材料進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序。
1.2 方法
由武漢華大醫(yī)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)所有限公司在Illumina hiSq2500平臺(tái)對(duì)牛大力膨大根和不膨大根進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序并進(jìn)行序列分析。
基于牛大力根的轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)及其注釋結(jié)果,將搜索到的注釋為淀粉酶的unigene通過(guò)開(kāi)放閱讀框ORF Finder和預(yù)測(cè)保守域CDS Search在線軟件檢測(cè)確認(rèn)(圖1)。使用ExPAsy軟件對(duì)牛大力淀粉酶基因編碼的氨基酸序列的理化特性進(jìn)行在線預(yù)測(cè),并進(jìn)行跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域預(yù)測(cè)(http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM)。
使用SignalP-5.0及TargetP 1.1 Server分別對(duì) 28 條牛大力淀粉酶序列進(jìn)行信號(hào)肽預(yù)測(cè)和亞細(xì)胞定位。使用SWISS-MODEL在線工具分別對(duì)牛大力淀粉酶進(jìn)行二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)及三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)建模。使用PlantCARE (Lescot et al.,2002)對(duì)基因的順式調(diào)控元件、增強(qiáng)子和抑制子等進(jìn)行分析。基于淀粉酶的氨基酸序列,采用MEGA7.0鄰接法(Neighbor-joining),構(gòu)建牛大力淀粉酶系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(shù)(bootstrap=1 000)。利用MEME在線工具對(duì)牛大力淀粉酶基因編碼的氨基酸序列motif進(jìn)行分析。
2 結(jié)果與分析
經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序及分析,從轉(zhuǎn)錄組數(shù)據(jù)中篩選出28個(gè)淀粉酶,其堿基序列可掃描二維碼(圖2)。
2.1牛大力淀粉酶基因家族成員的一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)
2.1.1 牛大力淀粉酶基因家族成員的鑒定與理化性質(zhì)分析 基于牛大力根系轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序結(jié)果,搜索到注釋為淀粉酶基因的unigene共有28條,然后分別經(jīng)ORF Finder 和CDS Search確認(rèn)具有完整開(kāi)放閱讀框ORF,最后共鑒定到28條牛大力淀粉酶unigene,命名為MsAm1到MsAm28(表1),ORF Finder在線預(yù)測(cè)其編碼的淀粉酶前體氨基酸數(shù)目最少的為MsAm28(256 個(gè)),最大的為MsAm12(4 141個(gè))。 利用ExPAsy在線軟件對(duì)牛大力淀粉酶基因編碼的蛋白質(zhì)進(jìn)行理化性質(zhì)預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1,牛大力淀粉酶的分子量在20.78~349.39 kDa之間,均為酸性蛋白質(zhì),帶正電殘基(Arg+Lys)和帶負(fù)電殘基(Asp+Glu)均為0;不穩(wěn)定系數(shù)顯示MsAm1、MsAm8、MsAm15、MsAm16、MsAm18、MsAm21、MsAm25、MsAm27、MsAm28為穩(wěn)定蛋白,其余為不穩(wěn)定蛋白;總平均親水性及脂肪指數(shù)顯示該家族蛋白均屬于親水性蛋白。
2.1.2 牛大力淀粉酶基因序列預(yù)測(cè) 使用PlantCARE對(duì)基因的順式調(diào)控元件、增強(qiáng)子和抑制子等進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),該淀粉酶基因家族共有86個(gè)作用元件(圖3),MsAm9的作用元件最多(42個(gè)),其次是MsAm10(41個(gè)),MsAm28的作用元件最少(7個(gè))。28個(gè)淀粉酶中 均含有Unnamed__4作用元件,其次除了MsAm11外,均含有CAAT-box;除了MsAm1外,均含有STRE 。其次含量豐富的是MYB,除 MsAm8和MsAm28均含有,接下來(lái)依次為 MYC,ARE,MBS,as-1,MYB-like sequence,Unnamed__1,TGACG-motif等。
此外,淀粉酶的表達(dá)除了與根膨大有一定關(guān)系外,還具有廣泛的生物活性。α-淀粉酶能切割淀粉、糖原或多糖的內(nèi)部α-1,4 糖苷鍵,產(chǎn)生短鏈糊精、寡糖、葡萄糖和麥芽糖等產(chǎn)物,該過(guò)程使淀粉黏度迅速降低。α-淀粉酶可以從植物、動(dòng)物或微生物中獲得,不同來(lái)源的α-淀粉酶功能相似,但在最適溫度、pH等應(yīng)用條件上有差異(李文釗等,2017)。劉曉丹等(2017)發(fā)現(xiàn)淀粉酶能顯著降低小麥的糊化特性,從而降低了小麥的品質(zhì)。蘿卜因富含淀粉酶成為一種超低熱量的蔬菜,且對(duì)胃部粘膜的修復(fù)具有很好的促進(jìn)作用,能夠防止胃酸過(guò)多、胃炎及胃潰瘍,同時(shí)能夠增強(qiáng)消化機(jī)能(任喜波等,2012)。β-淀粉酶可能通過(guò)促進(jìn)葉片與角果皮淀粉分解而加強(qiáng)光合產(chǎn)物向籽粒的運(yùn)輸強(qiáng)度,并參與油菜種子中淀粉的調(diào)控(靳舒榮等,2019),且 β-淀粉酶影響著糙米的發(fā)芽(陶澍等,2018)。因此,研究植物中淀粉酶也將為植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及物質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)換等機(jī)理的闡釋提供科學(xué)參考,為將來(lái)基因工程育種提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
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(責(zé)任編輯 周翠鳴)