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磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)多場耦合分析的穩(wěn)定Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法

2020-11-09 03:16任書慧孟廣偉王吉賢周立明
關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)合材料

任書慧 孟廣偉 王吉賢 周立明?

摘? ?要:為提高磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)分析的精度,提出穩(wěn)定Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法(SNS-RPIM). 基于傳統(tǒng)Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法(NS-RPIM),引入與場變量梯度方差有關(guān)的穩(wěn)定項(xiàng),消除不確定參數(shù),推導(dǎo)了多場耦合問題的SNS-RPIM方程,求解了磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)靜力響應(yīng)問題,并與有限元法計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較. 數(shù)值算例結(jié)果表明,SNS-RPIM能夠得到更加接近真實(shí)解的結(jié)果,有效解決了有限元系統(tǒng)剛度偏硬的問題;在精度與收斂性方面,SNS-RPIM比有限元法表現(xiàn)得更加出色,從而為磁電彈材料的進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用提供了有效的分析方法.

關(guān)鍵詞:穩(wěn)定光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法;磁電彈材料;復(fù)合材料;梯度光滑技術(shù);數(shù)值方法

中圖分類號(hào):TB115? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

Stabilized Node-based Smoothed Radial Point Interpolation Method

for Multi-field Coupling Analysis of Magneto-electro-elastic Structures

REN Shuhui,MENG Guangwei,WANG Jixian,ZHOU Liming?

(School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Jilin University,Changchun 130025,China)

Abstract: In order to improve the accuracy in analyzing magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) structures, a stabilized node-based smoothed radial point interpolation method (SNS-RPIM) was proposed. Based on the traditional node-based smoothed radial point interpolation method, the stable item related to the gradient variance of the field variables was introduced to eliminate the uncertain parameter. The SNS-RPIM equations for multi-field coupling problems were derived, and the static responses of MEE structures were also solved. The results of SNS-RPIM were compared with those of finite element method. Numerical examples showed that SNS-RPIM can provide the result closer to the real solution and effectively solve the problem of 'overly-stiff' of finite element method. SNS-RPIM is better than FEM in terms of accuracy and convergence, which provides an effective analysis method for further application of MEE materials.

Key words: stabilized smoothed radial point interpolation method; magneto-electro-elastic(MEE) material;composite material;gradient smoothing technique;numerical methods

磁電彈材料是一種由壓電相(BaTiO3)與壓磁相(CoFe2O4)復(fù)合而成的智能材料,能夠?qū)C(jī)械能、電能與磁能相互轉(zhuǎn)化[1-2]. 磁電彈材料因其具有力電、力磁、磁電效應(yīng)而被廣泛應(yīng)用于智能結(jié)構(gòu)中,引起了國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注[3-4]. Jiang等[5]推導(dǎo)了在均布載荷作用下磁電彈懸臂梁響應(yīng)的解析解,為未來磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與分析奠定了基礎(chǔ). Wang等[6]求解了三維磁電彈圓柱板的自由振動(dòng)問題,得出了頻率方程. Ebrahimi等[7-8]利用Hamilton原理推導(dǎo)了磁電彈納米板的非局部控制方程,研究了納米板的屈曲行為.

由于傳統(tǒng)有限元法(FEM)在求解中存在“過剛”、體積自鎖等問題,導(dǎo)致結(jié)果不準(zhǔn)確. 近年來,Liu等[9]提出了廣義梯度光滑技術(shù),并基于該方法構(gòu)造出了一系列光滑有限元法(S-FEM)[10]和光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法(S-RPIM)[11]. 何智成等[12-13]和陳澤聰?shù)萚14]將光滑有限元應(yīng)用到聲學(xué)模擬中. 周立明等[15-16]將光滑有限元擴(kuò)展到了求解裂紋問題和多場耦合問題中,驗(yàn)證了光滑方法的準(zhǔn)確性. 在S-RPIM中,Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法(NS-RPIM)能夠消除FEM中“過剛”的問題,為所求解問題提供能量范數(shù)的上界解[9].該方法使用徑向基函數(shù)對(duì)場函數(shù)進(jìn)行近似,其形函數(shù)具有Kronecker Delta函數(shù)屬性,邊界條件可以如FEM一樣直接施加. 基于伽遼金弱形式與節(jié)點(diǎn)積分技術(shù),推導(dǎo)出系統(tǒng)方程. 基于這些優(yōu)點(diǎn),NS-RPIM在求解靜力學(xué)以及多場耦合問題中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用. Li等[17]采用NS-RPIM分析了二維、三維固體力學(xué)問題,驗(yàn)證了此算法的準(zhǔn)確性與優(yōu)越性. Zhou等[18]將NS-RPIM引入多場耦合問題的研究中,結(jié)果表明,NS-RPIM對(duì)于求解磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)的響應(yīng)問題是有效且可靠的.

盡管NS-RPIM在求解許多問題時(shí)表現(xiàn)良好,但研究表明[11,19],由于NS-RPIM的模型過于柔軟,會(huì)令其在求解動(dòng)態(tài)問題時(shí)產(chǎn)生偽非零能量模式,導(dǎo)致算法存在時(shí)間不穩(wěn)定性. 為增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)剛度,解決時(shí)間不穩(wěn)定性,Wang等[20]提出了一種穩(wěn)定算法,解決了Node-based光滑有限元方法中的缺陷并且減少了求解聲學(xué)問題中的色散誤差. Feng等[21]提出了一種穩(wěn)定的節(jié)點(diǎn)積分方法,分析了電磁問題. Yang等[22]解決了Node-based光滑有限元方法中的時(shí)間不穩(wěn)定性,更準(zhǔn)確的求解了金屬成型問題.

本文提出了穩(wěn)定NS-RPIM (SNS-RPIM),基于傳統(tǒng)NS-RPIM方法,引入與場變量梯度方差相關(guān)的穩(wěn)定項(xiàng),消除了不確定參數(shù),推導(dǎo)了求解多場耦合問題的SNS-RPIM方程,分析了磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)在靜力作用下的響應(yīng),并將所得結(jié)果與有限元法計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比.

1? ?基本方程

磁電彈材料平衡方程如下:

σij,j = 0,(i,j = 1,2,3)? ? ? (1)

Dl,l = 0,(l = 1,2,3)? ? ? (2)

Bl,l = 0,(l = 1,2,3)? ? ? (3)

式中:σij、Dl、Bl分別為應(yīng)力分量、電位移分量、磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度分量.

磁電彈材料的幾何方程如下:

Sij = (ui,j + uj,i),(i,j = 1,2,3)? ? ? (4)

Ek = -Φ,k,(k = 1,2,3)? ? ? (5)

Hk = -Ψ,k,(k = 1,2,3)? ? ? (6)

式中:Sij為應(yīng)變分量;Ek為電場強(qiáng)度分量;Hk為磁場強(qiáng)度分量;Φ與Ψ為電勢與磁勢.

磁電彈材料的本構(gòu)方程如下:

σi = Cij Sj - eki Ek - qki Hk? ? ? ? (7)

Dl = elj Sj + εlk Ek + mlk Hk? ? ? ? (8)

Bl = qlj Sj + mlk Ek + μlk Hk? ? ? ? (9)

式中:Cij、eki、qki 分別為彈性常數(shù)、壓電系數(shù)與壓磁系數(shù);εlk、mlk、 μlk 分別為介電常數(shù)、磁電耦合系數(shù)與磁導(dǎo)率. i,j = 1,2,… ,6; l = 1,2,3; k = 1,2,3.

邊界條件為:

ui = [u][~]i,在Γd上? ? ? ?(10)

σij nj = [β][~]i,在Γs上,Γ = Γd ∪Γs? ? (11)

Φ = [Φ][~],在Γe上? ? ? ?(12)

Dl nl = [Q][~]i,在Γt上,Γ = Γe ∪Γt? ? (13)

Ψ = [Ψ][~],在Γm上? ? ? ?(14)

Bl nl = [R][~],在Γi上,Γ = Γm ∪Γi? ? (15)

式中:Γd與Γs分別為位移邊界與力邊界;Γe與Γt分別為電勢邊界與電位移邊界;Γm與Γi分別為磁勢邊界與磁通量邊界;[u][~]為Γd上給定的位移;[β][~]為Γe上給定的面力;[Φ][~]為Γe上給定的電勢;[Q][~]為Γt上給定的電位移;[Ψ][~]為Γm上給定的磁勢;[R][~]為Γi上給定的磁通量.

2? ?穩(wěn)定Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法

2.1? ?Cell-based T2L方案

Cell-based T2L方案[9]為計(jì)算xQ的形函數(shù)值選擇合適的局部支持節(jié)點(diǎn). 該方案選擇xQ周圍的兩層節(jié)點(diǎn)作為局部支持節(jié)點(diǎn). 第一層節(jié)點(diǎn)為xQ所在三角形單元的頂點(diǎn);第二層節(jié)點(diǎn)為與第一層節(jié)點(diǎn)直接連接的那些節(jié)點(diǎn),如圖1所示.

2.2? ?Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法

二維問題域Ω被離散為ne個(gè)三角形單元,包含nn個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn). 通過將節(jié)點(diǎn)xi = [xi,zi]T周圍三角形的邊中點(diǎn)與質(zhì)心依次相連,構(gòu)造以xi為中心的光滑域Ωi,如圖2所示.

問題域內(nèi)任一點(diǎn)xi處的近似位移u、近似電勢Φ與近似磁勢Ψ可表示為:

式中:Nu(xi)、NΦ(xi)與NΨ(xi)分別為NS-RPIM的位移形函數(shù)、電勢形函數(shù)與磁勢形函數(shù);ns為局部支持節(jié)點(diǎn)的數(shù)量;u、Φ和Ψ分別表示位移向量、電勢向量和磁勢向量.

通過引入梯度光滑技術(shù),根據(jù)式(16)~(18),節(jié)點(diǎn)xi處的光滑應(yīng)變S、光滑電場強(qiáng)度E與光滑磁場強(qiáng)度H分別為:

式中:Bu(xi)、BΦ(xi)與BΨ(xi)分別為節(jié)點(diǎn)光滑應(yīng)變矩陣、節(jié)點(diǎn)光滑電場強(qiáng)度矩陣和節(jié)點(diǎn)光滑磁場強(qiáng)度矩陣,其表達(dá)式為:

式中:nG為高斯點(diǎn)的數(shù)量;nseg為光滑域邊界的數(shù)量; n t

l,p為光滑域第p段邊界中單位法向量矩陣的分量; N t

l,p,q為第p段邊界上第q個(gè)高斯點(diǎn)處的形函數(shù)值; WG

q為第q個(gè)高斯點(diǎn)處的權(quán)值;Ai為光滑域的面積.

二維磁電彈的NS-RPIM靜力學(xué)方程可表示為:

式中:等效力向量Feq、等效剛度矩陣Keq以及電勢Φ和磁勢Ψ的求解公式見參考文獻(xiàn)[18].

2.3? ?穩(wěn)定Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法

為了在提高NS-RPIM計(jì)算精度的同時(shí)消除時(shí)間不穩(wěn)定性,在該算法中引入與場變量梯度方差相關(guān)的穩(wěn)定項(xiàng)來提高模型的剛度,令其更接近真實(shí)情況.

以二維問題為例,如圖3所示,光滑域Ωi被近似為具有相同面積的圓,將近似域進(jìn)一步劃分為4個(gè)子光滑域. 局部坐標(biāo)系與光滑域的交點(diǎn)Gk

i(k = 1,2,3,4; i = 1,2,3,…,nn)作為補(bǔ)充積分點(diǎn),nn為結(jié)構(gòu)包含節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù). 積分點(diǎn)與節(jié)點(diǎn)xi之間的距離lc相等,大小為近似域的半徑. lc的計(jì)算公式為:

假設(shè)場變量的梯度在光滑域Ωi中連續(xù)且一階可導(dǎo),其在4個(gè)積分點(diǎn)處的泰勒展開式分別為:

3? ?數(shù)值算例

3.1? ?算例1

磁電彈材料(BaTiO3-CoFe2O4)板在邊AD受100 N/m2的均布載荷作用,為平面應(yīng)變問題,如圖4所示,邊長a = 2.0 m. 表1給出了磁電彈板的材料參數(shù),質(zhì)量密度為5 730 kg/m3,邊界條件為:ux = 0(邊CD),uz = Ф = Ψ = 0(邊BC),每個(gè)邊界的表面電荷與表面磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度均為零.

采用不同節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量(121、441和1 681個(gè))求解磁電彈板的廣義位移(位移ux、uz,電勢Φ,磁勢Ψ),驗(yàn)證SNS-RPIM的正確性以及收斂性. 表2給出了文獻(xiàn)[23]中A點(diǎn)處位移、電勢與磁勢的解析解,以及SNS-RPIM在不同節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量下的計(jì)算結(jié)果. 可見,SNS-RPIM的結(jié)果與解析解誤差很小,隨著節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量的增加,誤差減小,驗(yàn)證了SNS-RPIM求解磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)多場耦合問題的正確性、有效性.

3.2? ?算例2

磁電彈材料懸臂梁如圖5所示,長度L=0.030 m,寬度h=0.002 m,在B點(diǎn)承受200 N的靜力,為平面應(yīng)力問題. 懸臂梁在固定端處滿足ux=uz=Φ=Ψ =0. 懸臂梁材料屬性見表1,質(zhì)量密度為5 730 kg/m3.

在證明了SNS-RPIM正確性的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)磁電彈懸臂梁在靜力作用下的響應(yīng)進(jìn)行研究. 圖6給出了邊AB處的廣義位移,SNS-RPIM與FEM采用三角形單元,節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量為305個(gè). 其中,參考解為FEM采用180×12個(gè)四邊形單元的結(jié)果. 圖7給出了靜力作用下懸臂梁的云圖. 由結(jié)果可知,在所用節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量相同的情況下,SNS-RPIM的計(jì)算結(jié)果比FEM的結(jié)果更加接近參考解. 算例結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了SNS-RPIM的高精度、正確性和有效性.

在節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)為305? 、637和1 089個(gè)時(shí),對(duì)比了SNS-RPIM與FEM的能量誤差[24],如圖8所示. 可知在節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)相同的情況下,SNS-RPIM的能量誤差遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于FEM,并且隨著所用節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)的增加,能量誤差逐漸降低. 從而進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了SNS-RPIM的精確性,高收斂性與有效性.

4? ?結(jié)? ?論

本文基于場變量梯度方差構(gòu)造了穩(wěn)定項(xiàng),并將其引入了傳統(tǒng)Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法,提出了穩(wěn)定Node-based光滑徑向基點(diǎn)插值法. 隨后求解了磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)在靜力作用下的響應(yīng),得出以下結(jié)論:

1)將SNS-RPIM的結(jié)果與解析解進(jìn)行對(duì)比,

二者吻合良好,說明了本方法的正確性及有效性.

2)計(jì)算了SNS-RPIM與FEM在不同節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量

下的能量誤差,結(jié)果顯示SNS-RPIM具有良好的收斂性與準(zhǔn)確性.

3)SNS-RPIM利用較少的節(jié)點(diǎn)能夠達(dá)到更高的精度,消除了FEM模型剛度過硬的問題.

4)通過考慮SNS-RPIM與FEM對(duì)不同模型的

求解結(jié)果,表明SNS-RPIM在求解磁電彈結(jié)構(gòu)多場耦合問題時(shí)的可靠性和適用性.

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