【主題語境】 人與社會/文學、藝術(shù)與體育/體育活動、大型體育賽事、體育與健康、體育精神

The 90-minute long game involves two goals,black and white checkered (格子) balls,goalkeepers,and no hand use.This sport,of course,is soccer — or football,as the majority of the rest of the world says.It’s confusing that some countries call this sport“football”while Americans and Canadians say“soccer”,but apparently the British are mostly to blame.

The name confusion is actually thanks to British universities in the early 1800s who tried standardizing various sports games that had different rules and regulations to differentiate between them,according to a paper by Stefan Szymanski,a professor of sports economics at the University of Michigan.

Rugby,formerly known as“rugby football” or“rugger”,is a translation of“football”where you can use your hands.Soccer,originally“association football”or“asoccer”,is the traditional translation of“football”where people don’t use their hands.People in England started shortening the names by dropping the“association”part of the phrase as well as the“a”in“asoccer”,per Szymanski’s paper.If your head hurts from thinking about this,prepare to have your mind blown by these things you probably never thought about—until just now.

Now comes the complexity:in 1869,Rutgers and Princeton colleges held the first traditional,recorded,football game using a unique combination of rules from both rugby and soccer,creating what we know as“American football”and what other countries refer to as“gridiron”.Thanks to the popularity of American football,soccer players in America keep to“soccer”to help differentiate themselves,according to theEncyclopedia Britannica.

If the name“soccer”stuck in Britain,and if Americans came up with a better one for American football,there would be much less confusion.So why did the“football”short kind of“association football”become more popular than“soccer”in England anyway? Originally,American influence on Britain during World War Ⅱ made“soccer”the popular term in England before the 1980s,The Atlanticreports.Once the sport became more popular in the United States around that time,the British stopped using“soccer”.Szymanski’s paper claims it could be thanks to American and British news organizations pushing either term in each country.

1.What caused the name confusion in the early 1800s?

A.Game time.B.Sports rules.

C.Ball popularity.D.News organizations.

2.What does the underlined sentence mean in Paragraph 3?

A.The name confusion is becoming stronger.

B.You cannot use your hands while playing games.

C.The names make people more difficult to understand.

D.Making the best of the head in the sports is extremely vital.

3.In which of the following do the two belong to the same one?

A.“Rugby”and“Asoccer”.

B.“Rugger”and“American football”.

C.“Soccer” and “Gridiron”.

D.“Gridiron” and “Association football”.

4.What does the author imply in the last paragraph?

A.The name confusion would become less.

B.The British disliked soccer during World War Ⅱ.

C.American soccer was more popular than English football.

D.History and culture had a great effect on the name confusion.

文章語言點學習

重點詞匯和短語

語法和長難句

句子解析：本句是一個but連接的并列句。前一分句中含有that引導的主語從句，用It充當形式主語；主語從句中含有while從句，表示“對比”。

譯文：讓人困惑的是，一些國家把這項運動叫作“football”，然而美國人和加拿大人卻稱之為“soccer”。出現(xiàn)這種情況，英國人要負主要責任。

句子解析：這是一個“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)的復合句。句中含有who和that引導的定語從句，分別修飾先行詞“British universities in the early 1800 s”和“various sports games”。

譯文：密歇根大學的一位體育經(jīng)濟學教授 Stefan Szymanski的一篇論文稱，命名的混亂實際上是19世紀的英國大學造成的。它們試圖讓多種多樣的運動名詞規(guī)范化，用不同的規(guī)則來區(qū)別它們。

句子解析：本句是一個復合句。if引導條件狀語從句。主句中的you probably never thought about—until just now是一個定語從句，修飾先行詞“these things”，省略了引導詞which或that。

譯文：如果你想到這個就傷腦筋了，那就做好準備，你會被到目前為止你從未想過的事情打擊。

詞匯鞏固練習

（一）根據(jù)英文提示，填寫單詞的正確形式。

1.We’ll need to get _________ (involve) in fighting crime whether it’s at work,at home,or at school.

2.According to the driver’s explanation,it was not his carelessness but the bad road conditions that were _________ (blame)for the accident.

3.The solution to a complex communications problem may rest with the use of a _________ (combine) of several modes of operation.

4.He was so curious that there were _________ (vary) questions he wanted to ask.

5.Rather than attending classes,students complete what are _________ (know) as“competency sets”.

6.Globalization has increased the _________ (complex)of political issues.

7.Dragons are not real animals,but look like a _________(combine)of many animals such as snakes,fish and deer.

（二）根據(jù)漢語提示，完成句子。

8.In the general population,right-handed people are____(占大多數(shù)).

9.Don’t always ________ your own failure _______ (歸咎于)others.

10.Sometimes you yourself are to blame.Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to ________________ (讓她的書面表達提高)in a short period.

11._________ (除了) breaking his leg,he hurt his arm.

12.When we say“diggers”,we __________ (指的是) any outside underground animal.

13.Keep your eye on these jokers,you never know what they will ______________ (想出).

語篇解讀&答案

背景知識

從8世紀到19世紀，現(xiàn)代足球運動的前身以各種方式在歐洲存在著，直到1863年10月26日，英國足球協(xié)會在英倫召開了現(xiàn)代足球史上十分重要的會議，會議上草擬了第一份正式的足球比賽規(guī)則，這套正規(guī)原始規(guī)則經(jīng)英格蘭足協(xié)主席公布刊登在(BELIS LIFE)雜志上。這也標志著現(xiàn)代足球運動的誕生。

“soccer”這個詞可以追溯到19世紀，現(xiàn)代足球剛剛誕生的時候。密西根大學的教授Stefan Szymanski在最新發(fā)布的研究中指出，“soccer”的詞義更為精準，而“football”的詞義更寬泛。football一詞最初是指在地上而非馬背上進行的球類運動。在那時，“football”并不一定要靠踢的，一些“football”長期以來都用手玩。1871年，一些俱樂部在倫敦組建了橄欖球聯(lián)盟，隨后用兩種不同版本的“football”——橄欖球(rugby football)和英式足球(association football)來進行區(qū)別。在北美，由于美式橄欖球的盛行，人們需要用另一個名字來稱呼英式足球。于是人們選擇了它的英國昵稱“soccer”?！皊occer”一詞在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前并未在出版物中被廣泛使用。在1960年到1980年之間，它在英國的使用率達到高峰，幾乎可以和football一詞互換使用。

語篇解讀

本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了足球是被全世界人民所喜愛的一項運動。為什么在英國被稱為“football”，而在美國被叫作“soccer”，其中包含著許許多多的歷史和文化淵源。

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

試題答案 B A C D

試題解析

詞匯練習答案

1.involved 2.to blame 3.combination

4.various 5.known 6.complexity

7.combination 8.in the majority 9.blame；on

10.have her written English improved

11.As well as 12.refer to 13.come up with

【主題語境】人與社會/歷史、社會與文化/不同民族文化習俗與傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日

How to Trick or Treat

The jack-o-lanterns are carved,your costume (服裝) is all picked out,and the sun is just starting to set on Halloween night.___1___ With a few simple tips,you can have a safe and successful trick-or-treat experience.

Start trick-or-treat at around 6:00 or 6:30 pm.You’ll probably want to start trick-or-treat as soon as you get home from school,but be patient! Have a good dinner to fuel you up for the night,and wait until the sun starts to get a little lower before you head out.___2___

Wear or make a costume that you can move in easily.When you are deciding what to dress up as,choose a costume that doesn’t drag on the ground,which might make you trip in the dark.Make sure your shoes are comfortable,too—you’ll be walking around in them all night! ___3___ Go with face paint instead!

Knock on the door or ring the doorbell.If no one answers your knock after a minute or so,you can try one more time.__4___ It might feel a little disappointing,but you’ll save time and get more candy if you move on fast.

__5___ After you’ve gotten your candy,look up and say“Thank you! Happy Halloween!”This shows that you’re polite and appreciative,and is especially important if you decide to come back next year.They might remember you and give you an extra piece!

A.Go in a group with two or more friends.

B.Skip it and go on to the next one instead.

C.Now it’s time for the best part:trick or treat!

D.Aiming to leave by 6:00 or 6:30 pm is a good goal.

E.Thank them and wish them a happy Halloween.

F.If no one answers after that,just go on to the next house.

G.Avoid wearing masks,as well,which can make it hard to see.

文章語言點學習

重點詞匯和短語

語法和長難句

【功能注釋】本句是一個主從復合句。when引導時間狀語從句；主句中包括一個由that引導的定語從句和which引導的定語從句，修飾costume。

【譯文】當你決定穿什么樣的衣服時，選擇一件不會拖在地上可能會讓你在黑暗中絆倒的衣服。

詞匯鞏固練習

（一）根據(jù)英文提示，填寫單詞的正確形式。[訓練詞匯正確運用及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換能力]

1.He ___________ (trick) into taking drugs.

2.Many patients are not getting the medical __________(treat) they need.

3.This leaflet tells you how to avoid ________ (get) ill.

（二）根據(jù)語義，填寫合適的單詞或句型。[訓練詞匯、短語在語境中的寫作應(yīng)用]

4.These measures __________ (目的在于) preventing violent crime.

5.___________ (我將感激不盡) if you paid in cash.

語篇解讀&答案

背景知識

中世紀時期，萬圣節(jié)有一個流行的活動——制作“靈魂之餅”。“靈魂之餅”實際上就是一種上面覆有葡萄干的面包甜點。按照所謂的“慰靈”風俗，孩子們要挨家挨戶討要這種餅，這與現(xiàn)代的“不給糖果就搗蛋”活動非常相似。不給糖就搗蛋（trick or treat）是萬圣夜的主要活動，小孩裝扮成各種恐怖樣子，逐門逐戶按響鄰居的門鈴，索要糖果。

語篇解讀

本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了萬圣節(jié)的主要活動——“不給糖就搗蛋”的幾個簡單的方法。

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

備選項翻譯

試題解析

詞匯練習答案

（一）1.was tricked

2.treatment

3.getting

（二）4.are aimed at

5.I would/ I’d appreciate it