徐愛靜 孔德亮 李雙喜
[摘要] 目的 分析特利加壓素治療肝硬化腹水相關(guān)性急性腎損傷(AKI)Ⅰ期患者的效果及復(fù)發(fā)情況。 方法 收集2014年1月—2018年2月于長海醫(yī)院住院治療的123例肝硬化腹水AKI Ⅰ期患者的臨床資料,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對照組(n = 56)和觀察組(n = 67)。對照組給予常規(guī)治療,觀察組在此基礎(chǔ)上加用特利加壓素。并對所有患者隨訪6個(gè)月,評估兩組臨床療效,比較兩組治療前及隨訪結(jié)束后總膽紅素(TBil)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、白蛋白、血肌酐(Scr)、血鈉、國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)、終末期肝病模型(MELD)評分、終末期肝病模型-鈉(MELD-Na)評分和估算的腎小球?yàn)V過率(eGFR)水平,比較兩組復(fù)發(fā)率。 結(jié)果 兩組治療前的TBil、ALT、白蛋白、Scr、血鈉、血尿素氮(BUN)、INR、MELD評分、MELD-Na評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),但觀察組治療前的eGFR低于對照組(P < 0.05)。兩組隨訪結(jié)束后的TBil、ALT、Scr、INR均低于治療前,白蛋白、MELD評分、MELD-Na評分和eGFR均高于治療前(P < 0.05),且觀察組隨訪結(jié)束后的TBil、Scr、BUN均低于對照組,白蛋白、MELD-Na評分和eGFR均高于對照組(P < 0.05)。觀察組住院天數(shù)明顯短于對照組,治療應(yīng)答率明顯高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。隨訪1、3、6個(gè)月兩組的復(fù)發(fā)率及總復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。結(jié)論 特利加壓素治療肝硬化腹水AKI Ⅰ期患者能有效降低Scr、BUN,提高白蛋白、eGFR,改善患者腎功能,縮短患者住院時(shí)間,但對降低其復(fù)發(fā)率無顯著效果。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 特利加壓素;肝硬化;急性腎損傷;療效
[中圖分類號] R692? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)10(b)-0111-04
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the efficacy and recurrence rate of Terlipressin in the treatment of ascites-related acute renal injury (AKI) stage Ⅰ patients with cirrhosis. Methods Clinical data of 123 patients with AKI stage Ⅰ cirrhosis ascites treated in Changhai Hospital from January 2014 to February 2018 were collected and randomly divided into control group (n = 56) and observation group (n = 67) according to random number table method. Control group was given conventional treatment, and observation group was given Terlipressin on this basis. All patients were followed up for six months. Clinical efficacy of two groups was evaluated. The levels of total bilirubin (TBil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, serum creatinine (Scr), serum sodium, international normalized ratio (INR), end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, MELD-Na score and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were compared between two groups before treatment and after follow-up. The recurrence rate was compared between two groups. Results There were no significant differences in TBil, ALT, albumin, Scr, serum sodium, blood urea nitrogon (BUN), INR, MELD-Na score between two groups before treatment (P > 0.05). But eGFR of observation group was lower than that of control group before treatment (P < 0.05). TBil, ALT, Scr and INR of two groups after follow-up were lower than those before treatment, while albumin, MELD score, MELD-Na score and EGFR were higher than those before treatment (P < 0.05). TBil, Scr and BUN of observation group were lower than those of control group after follow-up, while albumin, MELD-Na score and eGFR of observation group were higher than those of control group (P < 0.05). The length of stay in observation group was significantly shorter than that in control group, and treatment response rate was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in recurrence rate and total recurrence rate between two groups after one, three and six months of follow-up (P > 0.05). Conclusion Terlipressin in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites AKI stage Ⅰ patients can effectively reduce Scr, BUN, albumin and eGFR, improve renal function, shorten the length of hospital stay, but has no significant effect on reducing the recurrence rate of AKI.
[Key words] Terlipressin; Cirrhosis; Acute kidney injury; Efficacy
急性腎損傷(AKI)作為肝硬化的常見并發(fā)癥,具有較高的發(fā)生率,且與不良預(yù)后存在顯著正相關(guān)[1-2]。研究表明,肝硬化相關(guān)的AKI常見病因表型為腎前無氮血癥(PRA)、急性腎小管壞死(ATN)和肝腎綜合征(HRS)[3]。目前已有的診療手段對肝硬化腹水AKI收效甚微[4-5],已成為肝病治療中的棘手問題[6]。肝硬化患者AKI最新管理系統(tǒng)認(rèn)為,對HRS-AKI患者,應(yīng)早期應(yīng)用血管收縮劑,如特利加壓素、去甲腎上腺素等[7]。研究表明,約40%的HRS患者對血管收縮和白蛋白的聯(lián)合治療有效[8]。特利加壓素是一種新型人工合成的血管加壓素類似物,具有明確的縮血管功效,在臨床上廣泛應(yīng)用于HRS、肝硬化腹水等治療[9-10]。本研究對特利加壓素治療肝硬化腹水AKI Ⅰ期患者的效果、預(yù)后及復(fù)發(fā)率進(jìn)行臨床研究,為其臨床應(yīng)用提供更多依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2014年1月—2018年2月于長海醫(yī)院住院治療的肝硬化腹水相關(guān)性AKI Ⅰ期患者123例,其中觀察組67例,男51例,女16例;年齡50~65歲,平均(57.14±10.71)歲。對照組56例,男45例,女11例;年齡50~64歲,平均(56.37±9.69)歲。兩組患者一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合2015年國際腹水協(xié)會(ICA)HRS-AKI Ⅰ期臨床診斷且診斷明確[11];②臨床資料完整;③首次診斷、初始治療者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①入組前應(yīng)用腎毒性藥物及嚴(yán)重結(jié)構(gòu)性腎損傷患者;②對研究存在異議患者;③嚴(yán)重基礎(chǔ)疾病或并發(fā)癥患者;④嚴(yán)重心腦血管疾病患者;⑤惡病質(zhì)患者;⑥僅進(jìn)行過1次血肌酐(Scr)水平檢測的患者。
1.3 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
根據(jù)ICA提出的肝硬化患者AKI新診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):AKI分期Ⅰ期:Scr升高≥ 26.5 mmol/L,或高于基線水平1.5~2.0倍[12]。
1.4 治療方案
對照組患者給予原發(fā)病治療和一般支持治療,包括保肝、利尿、抗感染、抗病毒、營養(yǎng)支持等;觀察組在上述治療基礎(chǔ)上給予特利加壓素(深圳翰宇藥業(yè)股份有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20093804,1 mg)3~4 mg/d。1 mg加入0.9%氯化鈉注射液100 mL靜脈緩慢滴注(維持1 h),每6~8小時(shí)1次,療程均為7 d。
1.5 觀察指標(biāo)
觀察兩組治療前及隨訪結(jié)束后總膽紅素(TBil)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、白蛋白、Scr、血尿素氮(BUN)、血鈉、國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)、終末期肝病模型(MELD)評分、終末期肝病模型-鈉(MELD-Na)評分和估算的腎小球?yàn)V過率(eGFR)水平。觀察兩組患者疾病預(yù)后,隨訪6個(gè)月,觀察AKI的復(fù)發(fā)率。MELD計(jì)算公式:MELD分值=3.8×ln(TBiL水平)+11.2×ln(INR)+9.6×ln(Scr水平)+6.4×病因(病因:膽汁性或酒精性為0,其為1)。MELD-Na分值=MELD+1.59×(135-Na)。eGFR公式:eGFR(mL/min·1.73m2)=1.86×Scr-1.154×年齡-0.203×0.742女性。
1.6 臨床效果判定
臨床療效包括住院天數(shù)和AKI治療應(yīng)答率,定義[5],AKI治療無應(yīng)答:AKI無恢復(fù);AKI治療部分應(yīng)答:AKI Ⅰ分期下降及Scr降低至基線值≥26.5 μmol/L;AKI治療完全應(yīng)答:Scr降低至基線值26.5 μmol/L以內(nèi)。治療應(yīng)答率=(部分應(yīng)答+完全應(yīng)答)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù)。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù))[M(P25,P75)]表示,采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料用[例(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者治療前后相關(guān)觀察指標(biāo)水平比較
兩組治療前的TBil、ALT、白蛋白、Scr、血鈉、BUN、INR、MELD評分、MELD-Na評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),但觀察組治療前的eGFR低于對照組(P < 0.05);兩組隨訪結(jié)束后的TBil、ALT、Scr、INR均低于治療前(P < 0.05),白蛋白、MELD評分、MELD-Na評分和eGFR均高于治療前(P < 0.05),且觀察組隨訪結(jié)束后的TBil、Scr、BUN均低于對照組(P < 0.05),白蛋白、MELD-Na評分和eGFR均高于對照組(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者臨床效果比較
2.3 兩組患者隨訪復(fù)發(fā)率比較
3 討論
AKI主要表現(xiàn)為eGFR急劇下降,Scr和BUN迅速升高和伴水鈉潴留,這些癥狀是重癥患者預(yù)后不良的征兆和死亡的獨(dú)立預(yù)測參數(shù)[13]。HRS是AKI較為常見且危害較為嚴(yán)重的一種,未經(jīng)治療的Ⅰ型HRS生存預(yù)后極差,多數(shù)不足3個(gè)月[6,14]。相反,Ⅱ型HRS患者中位生存期6個(gè)月左右[15-16]。對此,本研究探討特利加壓素對肝硬化腹水相關(guān)性AKI Ⅰ期患者的療效,預(yù)后及對AKI復(fù)發(fā)的影響,欲為后期此類患者的臨床治療提供新的思路與方法。
與其他原因引起的腎前性AKI不同,HRS是肝硬化患者嚴(yán)重的功能性腎損傷。臨床研究結(jié)果表明,在約25%的患者中,使用血管收縮劑和白蛋白治療腎功能明顯改善[17]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,特利加壓素治療肝硬化腹水AKI Ⅰ期患者能有效降低Scr、BUN水平,提高eGFR水平,改善患者腎功能。臨床實(shí)踐表明,血管收縮劑的使用多有明顯不良反應(yīng),而特利加壓素相對較輕,最為明顯的是患者應(yīng)用后無明顯的缺血反應(yīng),且臨床效果明確[18]。有研究顯示,HRS患者應(yīng)用特利加壓素治療后對Scr水平、生存率以及逆轉(zhuǎn)率均有積極的作用[19]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組患者住院天數(shù)明顯短于對照組。另外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),短期特利加壓素治療對抑制HRS-AKI的復(fù)發(fā)具有積極作用,但中長期預(yù)防效果不明顯,與有關(guān)研究[20]結(jié)果基本一致,提示血管收縮劑對降低HRS的復(fù)發(fā)率效果不明顯。
綜上所述,臨床對于HRS-AKI Ⅰ期患者,應(yīng)早期應(yīng)用血管收縮劑-特利加壓素治療,以取得更佳的預(yù)后效果。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-27)