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慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣治療預(yù)后因素分析

2020-12-14 04:19莫瓊婭董年潘俊杰樓雅芳
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2020年28期
關(guān)鍵詞:呼吸衰竭呼吸機(jī)阻塞性

莫瓊婭 董年 潘俊杰 樓雅芳

[摘要] 目的 探討分析影響慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣治療患者的預(yù)后因素。 方法 選擇2013年10月~2015年4月收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣治療患者的臨床資料(包括年齡、性別、實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)、并發(fā)癥及合并癥等),根據(jù)此次住院的臨床結(jié)局將研究對(duì)象分為存活組和死亡組,分析研究對(duì)象的各項(xiàng)臨床資料,通過單因素和多因素Logistic回歸分析,探討影響其預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素。 結(jié)果 ①入院后兩組血紅蛋白、血尿素氮、血清清蛋白、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣后PaCO2下降率是否大于31.64%、并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎、并發(fā)多臟器功能不全綜合征比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。②有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣后PaCO2下降率是否大于31.64%、并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎、并發(fā)多臟器功能不全綜合征是預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因素,PaCO2下降率是其保護(hù)因素。 結(jié)論 AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣患者并發(fā)多臟器功能不全綜合征、呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎是預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而PaCO2下降率>31.64%則是保護(hù)因素。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重;Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭;有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣;預(yù)后因素

[中圖分類號(hào)] R563? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)28-0105-05

Analysis of prognostic factors of invasive mechanical ventilation in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with type Ⅱ respiratory failure

MO Qiongya1 DONG Nian2 PAN Junjie1? ?LOU Yafang3

1.Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hangzhou Dingqiao Hospital (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dingqiao Branch Hospital), Hangzhou? ?310000, China; 2.Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou? ?325015, China; 3.Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou? ?310007, China

[Abstract] Objective To explore and analyze the prognostic factors of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) combined with type Ⅱ respiratory failure and who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods The clinical data (including age, gender, laboratory indicators, complications and comorbidities) of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and invasive mechanical ventilation treatment of type Ⅱ respiratory failure admitted from October 2013 to April 2015 were collected. According to the clinical outcome of this hospitalization, the study subjects were divided into survival group and death group. The clinical data of the study subjects were analyzed. Through single factor and multifactor logistic regression analysis, the independent factors affecting their prognosis were explored. Results ①There were significant differences in hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, serum albumin, whether the decrease rate of PaCO2 after invasive mechanical ventilation was greater than 31.64%, complicated ventilator-associated pneumonia, and complicated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in both groups after admission(P<0.05). ②Whether the decrease rate of PaCO2 after invasive mechanical ventilation was greater than 31.64%, complicated ventilator-associated pneumonia, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were independent factors affecting prognosis, and the decrease rate of PaCO2 was its protective factor. Conclusion The complication with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia in AECOPD combined with type Ⅱ respiratory failure patients with invasive mechanical ventilation are independent risk factors for poor prognosis, and the decrease rate of PaCO2 greater than 31.64% is a protective factor.

[Key words] Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Type Ⅱ respiratory failure; Invasive mechanical ventilation; Prognostic factors

慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–hronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一種以不完全可逆的氣流受限持續(xù)存在為特征的疾病,呈進(jìn)行性發(fā)展。COPD患者病情進(jìn)展,可導(dǎo)致生活質(zhì)量下降,勞動(dòng)力喪失,是目前公認(rèn)的全球公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)是指患者呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀如咳嗽咳痰、胸悶氣促等急性惡化,嚴(yán)重時(shí)可出現(xiàn)呼吸衰竭,AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭是使用機(jī)械通氣最常見的病因之一。根據(jù)已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)資料,因急性加重收住ICU的COPD患者住院期間死亡率達(dá)15%以上,1年內(nèi)死亡率為22%~43%[2-5]。多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道死亡率的影響因素包括較高的年齡、低蛋白血癥、合并癥、肺源性心臟病、既往急性加重或住院病史、長(zhǎng)期家庭氧療和呼吸困難嚴(yán)重程度[2-6]。其他影響AECOPD患者遠(yuǎn)期生存率的危險(xiǎn)因素還包括活動(dòng)耐量低、胸部CT顯示肺組織密度低和支氣管管壁厚[7]。但COPD患者長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后和近期預(yù)后的影響因素并不完全相同,許多長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后因素如肺功能并不影響近期預(yù)后[8]。

本研究分析70例AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣治療患者的臨床資料,探討其預(yù)后的影響因素,為重癥AECOPD患者的治療和管理提供依據(jù)。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選擇2013年10月~2015年4月收治的AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣治療的患者70例為研究對(duì)象。其中男51例,女19例;年齡48~88歲,平均(75.09±8.37)歲。根據(jù)患者住院期間的臨床結(jié)局,將研究對(duì)象分為存活組和死亡組。存活組指成功脫機(jī),病情好轉(zhuǎn),遵醫(yī)囑離院的患者。死亡組包括在院內(nèi)死亡及自動(dòng)出院后24 h內(nèi)死亡的患者。存活組50例,男34例,女16例;平均年齡(74.0±8.92)歲。死亡組20例,男性17例,女性3例,平均年齡(77.8±6.20)歲。兩組患者一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有確診病例均符合2014年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)呼吸分會(huì)COPD分組制定的《慢性阻塞性肺疾病診療指南》(2013年修訂版),此次因AECOPD入院,且合并2型呼吸衰竭。

排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)胸廓畸形、免疫抑制或免疫缺陷、惡性腫瘤合并急性呼吸衰竭者。(2)此次發(fā)病前基礎(chǔ)疾病不穩(wěn)定或急性加重者。(3)臨床資料不完整者。

1.2方法

所有病例均按照氣管插管指征行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣,根據(jù)患者自主呼吸情況選擇合適的通氣模式。參數(shù)設(shè)置:潮氣量(VT)6~8mL/kg,通氣頻率(f)12~20次/min,吸、呼氣時(shí)間比(I:E)≤1:2,根據(jù)血氧飽和度(SaO2)調(diào)節(jié)給氧濃度(FiO2),使SaO2維持>90%,壓力支持(PSV)10~20 cmH2O,呼氣末正壓(PEEP)4~6 cmH2O。在撤機(jī)過程中均采用SIMV+PSV模式,逐漸降低呼吸頻率、PSV,逐步過渡到間歇使用呼吸機(jī)、撤機(jī)和拔管,部分患者予無創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)支持。所有病例均進(jìn)行常規(guī)綜合治療,包括抗炎、化痰、解痙平喘,糾正電解質(zhì)及酸堿平衡紊亂,維持出入量平衡,同時(shí)予以營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持。合理使用抗生素,積極處理伴隨疾病及并發(fā)癥。對(duì)極度焦慮、煩躁不安者適當(dāng)予以鎮(zhèn)靜劑治療。

1.3觀察指標(biāo)

觀察入院24 h內(nèi)血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(White blood cell count,WBC)、血紅蛋白(Hemoglobin,HGB)、血清清蛋白(Albumin,ALB)、血尿素氮(Blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP),有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣前后動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治鲋笜?biāo)(PaCO2、pH值、PaO2/FiO2)。觀察有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣治療前是否有無創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)支持治療,入院治療過程中是否發(fā)生并發(fā)癥和合并癥,如呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎(Ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)、多臟器功能不全綜合征(Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)、拔管失敗。

檢測(cè)方法:①采集患者空腹外周靜脈血5 mL,分離血清,采用Beckman全自動(dòng)生化分析儀(Au5841)分析生化指標(biāo)。②采集患者外周靜脈血5 mL,使用同舸全自動(dòng)血細(xì)胞分析儀(XE2100)檢測(cè)血常規(guī)白細(xì)胞,采取免疫比濁法測(cè)定C反應(yīng)蛋白(西門子全自動(dòng)蛋白分析儀BNⅡ System)。③采集患者有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣前后動(dòng)脈血3 mL,采用雷度血?dú)夥治鰞x(ABL800)檢測(cè)血?dú)庵笜?biāo),氧分壓(PaO2)、二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)、pH值、PaO2/FiO2。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn);符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)或t'檢驗(yàn)(方差不齊時(shí)),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)或t'檢驗(yàn)(方差不齊時(shí));非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用M(QL,QU)表示,組間比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)。秩相關(guān)兩變量間相關(guān)性采用Spearman等級(jí)相關(guān)分析。采用單因素分析和多因素Logistic回歸分析。采用ROC曲線評(píng)價(jià)相關(guān)因素對(duì)預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)作用。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者血常規(guī)、CRP及生化指標(biāo)比較

死亡組HGB、ALB均顯著低于存活組(P<0.05),死亡組BUN顯著高于存活組(P<0.05)。見表1。

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[6] Matkovic Z,Huerta A,Soler N,et al.Predictors of adverse outcome in patients hospitalised for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Respiration,2012, 84(1):17-26.

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[8] Kaelin RM,Assimacopoulos A,Chevrolet JC.Failure to predict six-month survival of patients with COPD requiring mechanical ventilation by analysis of simple indices.A prospective study[J].Chest,1987,92(6):971-978.

[9] Connors AFJ,Dawson NV,Thomas C,et al.Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease.The SUPPORT investigators(Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments)[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1996,154(4Pt1):959-967.

[10] Safdar N,Dezfulian C,Collard HR,et al.Clinical and economic consequences of ventilator-associated pneumonia:A systematic review[J].Crit Care Med,2005,33(10):2184-2193.

[11] Muscedere JG,Martin CM,Heyland DK.The impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia on the Canadian health care system[J].J Crit Care,2008,23(1):5-10.

[12] Koulenti D,Blot S,Dulhunty JM,et al.COPD patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia:Implications for management[J].Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis,2015,34(12):2403-2411.

[13] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)重癥醫(yī)學(xué)分會(huì).呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎診斷、預(yù)防和治療指南(2013)[J].中華內(nèi)科雜志,2013,52(6):524-543.

[14] Hurst JR,Perera WR,Wilkinson TM,et al.Systemic and upper and lower airway inflammation at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2006,173(1):71-78.

[15] Shimada H,Moriwaki Y,Kurosawa H,et al.Inflammatory mediator and organ dysfunction syndrome[J].Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi,1998,99(8):490-496.

[16] Liu H,Zhang T,Ye J.Determinants of prolonged mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and acute hypercapnic respiratory failure[J].Eur J Intern Med,2007,18(7):542-547.

[17] Afessa B,Morales IJ,Scanlon PD,et al.Prognostic factors,clinical course,and hospital outcome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to an intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure[J].Crit Care Med,2002,30(7):1610-1615.

[18] Calverley PM,Anderson JA,Celli B,et al.Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].N Engl J Med,2007,356(8):775-789.

[19] Xiao K,Guo C,Su L,et al.Prognostic value of different scoring models in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome associated with acute COPD exacerbation[J].J Thorac Dis,2015,7(3):329-336.

[20] Khamiees M,Raju P,Degirolamo A,et al.Predictors of extubation outcome in patients who have successfully completed a spontaneous breathing trial[J].Chest,2001, 120(4):1262-1270.

(收稿日期:2019-09-18)

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